Machinery Guide Contents - Department of Agriculture and ...

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS2012 / 2013

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS2012 / 2013COMPILED BY :P. A. LUBBEC. G. ARCHERP. J. BURGERE. N. C. WHITEHEADObtainable from :Department Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries KZN Department Agriculture and Environmental Directorate of CommunicationsDirectorate Economic Services Affairs Private Bag X144Sub-Directorate: Production Economics ADSS: Sub-Directorate: Agric Econ & Marketing PretoriaPrivate Bag X416 P.O. Box 1244 0001PretoriaHilton0001 3245Tel: (012) 319 8086 Tel : (033) - 343 8035 / 8067PierreL@nda.agric.zaNeil.Whitehead@kzndae.gov.zaGail.Archer@kzndae.gov.zaThe publication is also posted on the various national and provincial websites

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTSPageINTRODUCTION 1 - 121.1 Notes on Machinery Costs 21.1.1 Depreciation 21.1.2 Interest 21.1.3 Insurance and Licence 31.1.4 Repairs and Maintenance 31.1.5 Fuel 31.2 Cost per Hectare 41.2.1 Cost per Unit of Measure 51.2.2 Duration Time per Hectare and per Kilometre 51.2.3 Cost per Hectare 5Table 1 : Tractor and Implement 6Table 2 : Self-propelled Combine Harvester 7Table 3 : Truck 8Table 4 : Tractor and Trailer 91.3 General Remarks 111.4 References 12TRACTORS2. TWO-WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS 13 - 152.1 Low Power Demand 132.2 Medium Power Demand 142.3 High Power Demand 153. FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS 16 - 213.1 Low Power Demand 16, 173.2 Medium Power Demand 18, 193.3 High Power Demand 20, 214. TWO-WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS : ORCHARDS 22 - 244.1 Low Power Demand 224.2 Medium Power Demand 234.3 High Power Demand 24i

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTSTRACTORSPage5. FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS : ORCHARDS 25 - 275.1 Low Power Demand 255.2 Medium Power Demand 265.3 High Power Demand 27IMPLEMENTS6. TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS 28 - 446.1 Rippers6.1.1 Rippers : Medium Duty 286.1.2 Rippers : Heavy Duty 286.2 Mouldboard Ploughs with Shear-bolt Protection6.2.1 Mounted 286.2.2 Mounted Reversible 286.3 Mouldboard Ploughs with Hydraulic, Spring or Other Plough Protection6.3.1 Mounted, Semi-mounted or Trailed 286.4 Disc Ploughs 286.5 Spring-Tine Chisel Ploughs 296.6 Disc Harrows6.6.1 Offset Disc Light 296.6.2 Trailed Offset with Wheels 296.6.3 Trailed Offset with Wheels (Oil Bath) 296.6.4 Tandem Discs 306.6.5 Semi-mounted or Trailed One-way 306.7 Rotary Harrow6.7.1 Medium Duty 306.7.2 Heavy Duty 306.8 Power Harrow 306.9 Ridgers6.9.1 Disc Ridgers 306.9.2 Shear Ridgers 306.10 Rotovators 30ii

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTSPage10. HAY AND SILAGE EQUIPMENT 38 - 4210.1 Mowers10.1.1 Cutterbar 3810.1.2 Disc and Drum 3810.2 Mower Conditioners10.2.1 Mounted 3910.2.2 Trailed 3910.3 Slashers10.3.1 Heavy Duty 3910.3.2 Extra-heavy Duty 3910.4 Haymakers 3910.5 Hay Rakes and Tedders10.5.1 Finger-wheel Rakes 4010.5.2 PTO-powered Rakes 4010.6 Hay Balers10.6.1 Square Balers 4110.6.2 Round Balers 4110.7 Bale Handling Equipment10.7.1 Round Bales 4210.7.2 Bale Wrapper 4210.7.3 Bale Shredder 4211. HARVESTING EQUIPMENT 42-4311.1 Trailed Combines 4211.2 Forage Harvesters11.2.1 Precision Chop 4211.2.2 Flail Type 4211.3 Threshers 4311.4 Potato Lifters 4312. FEED PROCESSING EQUIPMENT 4312.1 Hammermills12.1.1 Electric and PTO Driven (Electric Motor Excluded) 4312.1.2 Trailed with Intake Mechanisms 43iv

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTS12. FEED PROCESSING EQUIPMENT Page12.2 Feed Mixers12.2.1 Wagon Mixers 4312.2.2 Vertical Mixers 4312.3 Roller Mills (Motor Included) 4313.0 EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT 4413.1 Front End Loaders 4413.2 Rear Mounted Graders 4413.3 Dam Scoops 4413.4 Rear Mounted Post Diggers 4414. SELF-PROPELLED COMBINE HARVESTERS 45 - 4814.1 Maize Self - Propelled Combine Harvesters 45, 4614.2 Wheat Self - Propelled Combine Harvesters 47, 4815. CANE AND TIMBER EQUIPMENT 49 - 5115.1 Truck Trailers15.1.1 Cane Trailers 4915.1.2 Timber Trailers 4915.2 Tractor Trailers with Brakes15.2.1 Cane Trailers 5015.2.2 Timber Trailers 5015.3 Cane and Timber Loaders15.3.1 Cane 5115.3.2 Timber 5116. TRAILERS 5216.1 Two-Wheeled Trailers16.1.1 Flatbed 5216.1.2 Drop sides 5216.2 Tip Trailers : Low Speed 5216.3 Four-Wheeled Trailers 5216.4 Drawn Fire-Fighting Water-Carts - Without Pumps and Plumbing 52v

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTSPage17. LDV COSTS 53 - 5417.1 Two-Wheel Drive : Petrol 5317.2 Two-Wheel Drive : Diesel 5317.3 Two-Wheel Drive : Club Cab 5317.4 Two-Wheel Drive : Double Cab 5317.5 Four-Wheel Drive : Single Cab 5417.6 Four-Wheel Drive : Club Cab 5417.7 Four-Wheel Drive : Double Cab 5418. TRUCK COSTS 5518.1 Single Differential with Drop Sides 5518.2 Double Differential with Drop Sides 5518.3 Single Differential with Semi-Trailer 5518.4 6 x 4 Truck Tractor with Timber Trailer 5518.6 6 x 4 Truck Tractor with Sugar Cane Single Spiller Trailer 5519. ELECTRIC MOTORS 56 - 5819.1 Electric Motors : 1.1 to 4.0 Kw 5619.2 Electric Motors : 5.5 to 18.5 Kw 5719.3 Electric Motors : 22.0 to 75.0 Kw 5819.4 Electric Motors : 90.0 to 185.0 Kw 59FIELD CAPACITIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERYIntroduction 50Table 1 51 - 62vi

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTSPAGEINTRODUCTION 1-121.1 NOTES ON MACHINERY COSTS21.1.1 Depreciation21.1.2 Interest 21.1.3 Insurance and Licence31.1.4 Repairs and Maintenance31.1.5 Fuel 31.2 COST PER HECTARE31.2.1 Cost per Unit Measure 41.2.2 Duration Time per Hectare and per Kilometre 51.2.3 Cost per Hectare 5Table 1 Tractor and Implement 5Table 2 Self-propelled Combine Harvester 6Table 3 Truck 7Table 4 Tractor and Trailer 81.3 GENERAL REMARKS91.4 REFERENCES11TRACTORS2. TWO - WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS13 - 152.1 LOW POWER DEMAND132.2 MEDIUM POWER DEMAND142.3 HIGH POWER DEMAND153. FOUR - WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS16 - 213.1 LOW POWER DEMAND16, 173.2 MEDIUM POWER DEMAND18, 193.3 HIGH POWER DEMAND20, 21(i)Guide to Machinery Costs - Contents 2012 - 2013

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTSPAGE4. TWO - WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS : ORCHARDS22 - 244.1 LOW POWER DEMAND224.2 MEDIUM POWER DEMAND234.3 HIGH POWER DEMAND245. FOUR - WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS : ORCHARDS25 - 275.1 LOW POWER DEMAND255.2 MEDIUM POWER DEMAND265.3 HIGH POWER DEMAND27IMPLEMENTS6. TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS 28 - 446.1 RIPPERS6.1.1 MEDIUM DUTY286.1.2 HEAVY DUTY286.2 MOULDBOARD PLOUGHS WITH SHEAR-BOLT PROTECTION6.2.1 MOUNTED286.2.2 MOUNTED REVERSIBLE286.3 MOULDBOARD PLOUGHS WITH HYDRAULIC, SPRING OR OTHER PLOUGH PROTECTION6.3.1 MOUNTED, SEMI-MOUNTED OR TRAILED286.4 DISC PLOUGHS286.5 SPRING-TINE CHISEL PLOUGHS296.6 DISC HARROWS6.6.1 OFFSET DISC LIGHT296.6.2 TRAILED OFFSET WITH WHEELS296.6.3 TRAILED OFFSET WITH WHEELS (OIL BATH)296.6.4 TANDEM DISCS306.6.5 SEMI-MOUNTED AND TRAILED ONE-WAY306.7 ROTARY HARROW6.7.1 MEDIUM DUTY306.7.2 HEAVY DUTY30Guide to Machinery Costs - Contents 2012 - 2013(ii)

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 20136.7.CONTENTSPAGETILLAGE IMPLEMENTS (cont.)6.8 POWER HARROW 306.9 RIDGERS6.9.1 DISC RIDGERS306.9.2 SHEAR RIDGERS306.10 ROTOVATORS30TINE IMPLEMENTS7.1 CULTIVATORS7.1.1 ROW CROP317.1.2 FIELD CULTIVATORS (Shank tillers)317.1.3 FIELD CULTIVATORS (Vibro tillers)318. PLANTING EQUIPMENT32 - 348.1 SINGLE-KERNEL PLANTERS8.1.1 MOUNTED328.1.2 TRAILED328.2 SEED DRILLS8.2.1 MOUNTED338.2.2 TRAILED338.2.3 TRAILED : NO-TILL348.3 WHEAT PLANTERS348.4 POTATO PLANTERS348.5 VEGETABLE TRANSPLANTERS348.5 FINE SEED SEEDERS348.6 LAND ROLLERS349. PLANT NUTRITION AND PEST CONTROL EQUIPMENT35 - 379.1 FERTILIZER SPREADERS9.1.1 MOUNTED359.1.2 TRAILED369.2 MANURE SPREADERS369.3 LIME SPREADERS36(iii)Guide to Machinery Costs - Contents 2012 - 2013

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 20139.CONTENTSPAGEPLANT NUTRITION AND PEST CONTROL EQUIPMENT (cont.)9.4 MIST BLOWERS9.4.1 MOUNTED WITH PTO DRIVE369.4.2 TRAILED WITH PTO DRIVE369.5 BOOM SPRAYERS9.5.1 MOUNTED379.5.2 TRAILED3710. HAY AND SILAGE MACHINERY38 - 4210.1 MOWERS10.1.1 CUTTERBAR3810.1.2 DISC AND DRUM3810.2 MOWER CONDITIONERS10.2.1 MOUNTED3910.2.2 TRAILED3910.3 SLASHERS10.3.1 SLASHERS - HEAVY DUTY3910.3.2 SLASHERS - EXTRA HEAVY DUTY3910.4 HAYMAKERS 3910.5 HAY RAKES AND TEDDERS10.5.1 FINGER WHEEL RAKES4010.5.2 PTO-POWERED RAKES4010.6 HAY BALERS10.6.1 SQUARE BALERS4110.6.2 ROUND BALERS4110.7 BALE HANDLING EQUIPMENT10.7.1 ROUND BALES4210.7.2 BALE WRAPPERS4210.7.3 BALE SHREDDER42(iv)Guide to Machinery Costs - Contents 2012 - 2013

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTSPAGE11. HARVESTING EQUIPMENT 42 - 4311.1 TRAILED COMBINES4211.2 FORAGE HARVESTERS11.2.1 PRECISION CHOP4211.2.2 FLAIL TYPE4211.3 THRESHERS4311.4 POTATO LIFTERS4312 FEED PROCESSING EQUIPMENT4312.1 HAMMERMILLS12.1.1 ELECTRIC AND PTO DRIVEN (ELECTRIC MOTOR EXCLUDED)4312.1.2 TRAILED WITH INTAKE MECHANISMS4312.2 FEED MIXERS12.2.1 WAGON MIXERS4312.2.2 VERTICAL MIXERS4312.3 ROLLERMILLERS (MOTOR INCLUDED)4313 EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT 4413.1 FRONT END LOADERS 4413.2 REAR MOUNTED GRADERS 4413.3 DAM SCOOPS 4413.4 REAR MOUNTED POST DIGGER 4414. SELF-PROPELLED COMBINE HARVESTERS45 - 486.1 MAIZE SELF-PROPELLED COMBINE HARVESTERS45, 466.1 WHEAT SELF-PROPELLED COMBINE HARVESTERS47, 4815. CANE AND TIMBER EQUIPMENT49 - 5115.1 TRUCK TRAILERS15.1.1 CANE TRAILERS4915.1.2 TIMBER TRAILERS49(v)Guide to Machinery Costs - Contents 2012 - 2013

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 201315.CONTENTSPAGECANE AND TIMBER EQUIPMENT (cont)15.2 TRACTOR TRAILERS (WITH BRAKES)15.2.1 CANE5015.2.2 TIMBER5015.3 CANE AND TIMBER LOADERS15.3.1 CANE LOADERS5115.3.2 TIMBER LOADERS5116. TRAILERS5216.1 TWO-WHEELED TRAILERS16.1.1 FLATBED5216.1.2 DROPSIDES5216.2 TIP TRAILERS SLOW SPEED5216.3 FOUR-WHEELED TRAILERS5216.4 DRAWN FIRE-FIGHTING WATER CARTS WITHOUT PUMPS AND PLUMBING5217. LDV COSTS53 - 5417.1 2- WHEEL DRIVE : PETROL5317.2 2- WHEEL DRIVE : DIESEL5317.3 2- WHEEL DRIVE : CLUB CAB5317.4 2- WHEEL DRIVE : DOUBLE CAB5317.5 4-WHEEL DRIVE SINGLE CAB 5417.6 4-WHEEL DRIVE CLUB CAB 5417.7 4-WHEEL DRIVE DOUBLE CAB 5418. TRUCK COSTS5518.1 SINGLE DIFFERENTIAL WITH DROPSIDES5518.2 DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL WITH DROPSIDES5518.3 SINGLE DIFFERENTIAL WITH SEMI-TRAILER5518.4 DUAL AXLE TRUCK: HORSE ONLY5518.5 6 x 4 TRUCK TRACTOR WITH TIMBER TRAILER5518.6 6 x 4 TRUCK TRACTOR WITH SUGAR CANE SINGLE SPILLER TRAILER55(vi)Guide to Machinery Costs - Contents 2012 - 2013

GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS : 2012 - 2013CONTENTSPAGE19. ELECTRIC MOTORS56 - 5819.1 ELECTRIC MOTORS: 1.1 TO 4.0 KW5619.2 ELECTRIC MOTORS: 5.5 TO 18.5 KW5719.3 ELECTRIC MOTORS: 22.0 TO 75.0 KW5819.4 ELECTRIC MOTORS: 90.0 TO 185.0 KW59FIELD CAPACITICITIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY60 - 62(vii)Guide to Machinery Costs - Contents 2012 - 2013

INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDE FOR MACHINERY COSTS 2012 – 20131. INTRODUCTIONThe “Guide to Machinery Costs” is compiled to assist farmers, extension personnel, and others involved in costing farm operations, and machinerydecision making. These costs are updated annually and are based on available technical and financial data, in particular prices published in“Agfacts”. Prices of agricultural machinery vary between firms and regions.The performance of machines also varies under different working conditions. It is therefore important that the user interprets these costs intelligentlyfor a particular region, or set of circumstances.It is important to note that many machines are no longer available on the market, whilst new machines have entered the market. Equipment markedwith an asterisk (*) represents an alternative/higher price for the implement in question, whilst equipment which is no longer available is marked witha double asterisk (**). The price of this equipment is increased by an appropriate percentage based on the previous year’s price, and this equipmentwill not be listed in the following years. An adjustment to the expected life of the equipment is made from time to time, based on information receivedfrom researchers, manufacturers and users of equipment. Any information of this nature is welcome, together with any constructive criticism whichcan assist in improving this publication.Compilation of the “Guide to Machinery Costs” would not have been possible without the valuable assistance of the manufacturers and suppliers ofagricultural machinery, who have kindly provided the necessary technical and financial information.The initial computer programs were developed by Messers K.P. Archibald and G.F. Ortmann, formally of the Division of Agricultural ProductionEconomics – Natal region. These programs were converted to IBM compatible micro-computer by Mr. R.J. Gordijn and adapted by Mr P.A. Gordijnand Mr J.C. Mentz. The current version of this system was converted into Excel by Ms P.C. Pennefather. The Guide as been updated (annually) byMr P.A Lubbe, (National Department of Agriculture), E.N.C. Whitehead, Ms C.G. Archer, (Agricultural Development Support Services DirectorateKwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture), and Mr P.J. Burger, (Production Economics, Western Cape Department of Agriculture).Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20131

1.1 NOTES ON MACHINERY COSTSThe costs of owning and operating machinery can be divided into two categories – namely fixed costs and variable costs.Fixed costs are related to machinery ownership and occur regardless of whether the machinery is used or not. Fixed costs per hour of usageare inversely proportional to the amount of annual usage. Variable costs are directly related to the degree of utilization of the machine andinclude factors such as repairs and maintenance costs, fuel and lubricants.The division into fixed and variable costs is not always an absolute one. There is a valid argument for considering depreciation charges asbeing made up of two main components, one of which is determined by obsolescence and is a fixed cost, and the other relates to “wear andtear” and is considerably influenced by the use of the machine. In this case depreciation could be considered to be a variable cost.The cost figures in this “Guide to Machinery Costs” are AVERAGE figures excluding the current Value Added Tax, at the month of updating.They are based on assumed life expectancies and annual usage, obtained from studies done in South Africa, Great Britain and the U.S.A.According to Culpin (1959) it is unwise to assume a life expectancy beyond 15 years for any implement or machine. These figures aretherefore suggested, and serve as a guideline where specific information is unavailable.1.1.1 DepreciationDepreciation is the reduction in value of a machine with the passage of time. There are various methods of calculating depreciationcosts. The straight line method gives a constant annual charge for depreciation throughout the life of the machine, and this is themethod used in the “Guide to Machinery Costs” to calculate the depreciation costs.1.1.2 InterestA charge for interest is included as a fixed cost because the money which is invested in machinery could have been invested in otherproductive enterprises or investments. The interest rate that is used in the “Guide to Machinery Costs” is the interest rate that can beobtained on a medium- term (5 year) investment.The value of the machine decreases over time as reflected by annual depreciation charges. Consequently the amount of moneyinvested in the machine decreases, from the initial purchase price to the scrap value at the end of the machine’s useful life. The interestcharge takes this into account as it is based on the average investment during the life of the machine.Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20132

1.1.3 Insurance and LicenceThese costs are based on current charges imposed by various insurance companies and the government. In some instances insuranceand licence charges are assumed to be a percentage of the average investment of the machine.1.1.4 Repairs and MaintenanceThese costs are difficult to estimate as they vary greatly depending on operating conditions, management, maintenance programs, localcosts, etc. It is generally agreed that repair costs will increase with age but are unlikely to increase proportionally. Repair costs per hourof use will increase with age but tend to level off as the machine becomes older (Kepner et.al.,1978, page 36).Accurate estimates of repair costs are not easily obtainable. However, work done by the Directorate of Agricultural Engineering hasbeen used where appropriate (see Reference 4). Repair costs are quoted as a percentage of the purchase price of the machinery,divided by the annual use. The percentages are kept constant over the life of the machine thus obtaining an average cost during themachine’s useful life. There are disadvantages to this method, but for general reference purposes it is the most practical.For further information on repairs and maintenance cost formulae consult the reference list, with particular attention to references 1 and6.1.1.5 FuelFuel consumption is also a contentious issue and can vary greatly from area to area, machine to machine and even operator tooperator. Here again these figures are based on the results of surveys done in South Africa and the U.S.A. For further informationconsult references 1, 5 and 6.There are three levels of power demand for tractors – Light, Medium and Heavy – depending on the type of work being done. The fuelconsumption is in litres per kW-hour and varies for each level of power demand. There is also variation in the percentage of availablekW that is used at each level. (See notes at the foot of each page.)A single level of power demand is used for self-propelled combine harvesters. The fuel consumption is in litres per kW-hour and varieswith the engine power (kW).Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20133

In the case of LDVs and Trucks the fuel usage per 100km are the average figures supplied by the dealerships and manufacturers’standards. Clearly these consumption figures will vary from vehicle to vehicle, driver to driver, and circumstances in general. The listedfuel usage figures are for information purposes only, and users of the Guide need to adjust the fuel costs if their consumption figures arenoticeably different.The prices of diesel, petrol and oil were those prevailing on the highveld at the time of updating the Guide. Users may need to adjustthe fuel costs if current prices are significantly different to those used in the Guide.(See notes at the foot of each page.)1.2 COST PER HECTAREThe following remarks need to be kept in mind concerning the costs of using tractors and implements.1) The driver/operator and labour costs are not included in the listed costs2) The costs of materials (e.g. baling twine, wire, seed, fertilizer) are not included in the listed costs.1.2.1 Cost per Unit of MeasureMachinery costs included in this Guide are listed below, together with the unit of measure.Tractors R/Hour (R/Hr) The cost per hour is based on clock hours and not tractor hours.Implements R/Hour (R/Hr)Self-Propelled Combine Harvesters R/Hour (R/Hr)Trailers R/Hour (R/Hr)LDVs Cents/Kilometer (c/Km)Trucks Cents/Kilometer (c/Km)Electric Motors R/Hour (R/Hr)If the necessary conversion factors are available these costs can be translated into the cost per hectare, per tonne, etc.Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20134

1.2.2 Duration Time per Hectare and per KilometreThe duration time per hectare depends upon the working width of an implement, the work speed, and the effectiveness of the machinerybeing used to carry out an activity. The following formula can be used to calculate the duration time per hectare:To calculate a Rand per hectare value, information is required on the time requirement of the machine per hectare. Some roughguidelines to these figures are reported in the “Field Capacities” section at the end of this publication. Take note that this figure willlargely depend on the shape of the field, speed of the machine, area, etc.In the case of vehicles, and Cane and Timber equipment, the duration time is given by the following formula:In other words, the duration time per kilometre is the inverse of the average speed.1.2.3 Cost per HectareTo determine costs per hectare from the data in the “Guide to Machinery Costs”, the following formula can be used:Costs per Hectare (R/Ha) = Cost per Hour (R/Hr) x Duration time per Hectare (Hr/Ha)In other words, the duration time of the activity (e.g. ploughing, spraying, fertilizing) is multiplied by the cost per hour.Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20135

The cost per hour will be that of the tractor, plus the cost of any implement used with the tractor to perform the activity (e.g. tractor andplough, tractor and boom sprayer, tractor plus trailed combine harvester). The cost of a self-propelled combine harvester will replacethe cost of the tractor when appropriate.The costs per ton (unit of yield) can be determined by using the following formula:Costs per Ton (R/Ton) = Cost per Hectare (R/Ha) ÷ Tons per Hectare (Ton/Ha)Costs per Ton (R/Ton) = Cost per Hectare (R/Ha) x Hectare per Ton (Ha/Ton)The following tables give some indication how the information in the Guide can be used to determine the costs of using equipment toperform a range of farming activities.The costs in the following tables are taken from the Guide to Machinery Costs 2012-2013.Table 1 :Tractor and Implementa) Activity Duration TimesTractor Implement DurationActivityPower(kW)Drive(2W/4W)Power Demand(L/M/H)DescriptionWorkingWidth (m)(A)WorkingSpeed (km/hr)(B)Effectiveness(%)(C)(hr/ha)(= 10000 ÷ (A x Bx1000 x C/100))Plough 98 4W H 3 furrow Disc Plough 2.6 2.6 85 1.74Plant 63 4W M 3 Row (1.5m) Maize Planter 1.5 3.0 85 2.61Fertilize 63 4W M 4000l Double-disc Fertilizer Spreader 3.2 3.2 85 1.15Spray 63 4W L 12m Boom Sprayer 12 6.0 85 0.16Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20136

) Activity Costs per Hour and per HectareActivityDurationTime(Hr/Ha)(A)kW 2/4 WTractor Tractor Costs Implement Implement Costs Total CostsPowerDemand(L/M/H)Fixed(R/Hr)Variable(R/Hr)Total(R/Hr)(B)DescriptionFixed(R/Hr)Variable(R/Hr)Total(R/Hr)(C)Per Hour(D = B + C)Per Ha(D x A)Plough 1.74 98 4W H 78.97 252.92 331.89 3 furrow Disc Plough 13.98 10.41 24.38 356.27 619.91Plant 2.61 63 4W M 52.02 147.93 199.95 3 Row (1.5m) mtd. Maize Planter 46.44 25.15 71.59 271.54 708.72Fertilize 1.15 63 4W M 52.02 147.93 199.95 4000l Double-disc Fert Spreader 427.54 282.52 710.06 910.01 1 046.51Spray 0.16 63 4W L 52.02 135.80 187.82 12m mtd. Boom Sprayer 38.46 13.02 51.48 239.30 38.29This information indicates that it costs R356.27/hour to plough using a 98kW (4-wheel) drive tractor which is pulling a 3 furrow disc plough,assuming that ploughing is a Heavy operation. It indicates that it costs R708.72 to plant one hectare using a 63kW (4-wheel) drive tractorwhich is pulling a 3 row (1.5m) mounted planter, assuming that planting is a Medium operation and it takes 2.61 hours to plant one hectare.No costs are included for labour, or seed and other materials.Table 2 :Self-Propelled Combine Harvester : Wheata) Activity Duration TimeCombine detailsDurationActivityPower(kW)DescriptionWorkingWidth(m)(A)WorkingSpeed(km/hr)(B)Effectiveness(%)(C)(hr/ha)(= 10000 ÷ (A x Bx1000 x C/100))Harvest 216 9.1 m self-propelled wheat combine 9.1 5.0 90 0.244Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20137

) Activity Costs per Hour and per HectareActivityDurationTime(Hr/Ha)(A)9.1m S-PwheatcombineFixed(R/Hr)Combine CostsVariable(R/Hr)Total(R/Hr)(B)Total CostsPerHour(B)Per Ha(B x A)Harvest 0.244 216 kW 968.73 657.19 1 625.92 1 625.92 396.72Table 3 :Trucka) Activity Duration TimeActivityTransport8t grainDescriptionTruck Details Average Speed DurationCapacity(Ton)(A)Km/Hr(B)Hr/Km(C = 1 ÷ B)Km/Hr.Ton(D = B ÷ A )Hr/Km.Ton(E = C ÷ A)8.0t Single-differential Truck 8.0 80.0 0.0125 10.00 0.0016b) Activity Costs per Kilometre, per Hour, and Per TonActivityTruck DescriptionFixed(R/Km)Truck CostsVariable(R/Km)R/Km(F)R/Hr(= F x B)Total CostsR/Km.Ton(= F ÷ A)R/Hr.Ton(= F x D)Transport8t grain8.0t Single-differential Truck 2.58 5.53 8.11 648.80 1.01 81.10Example: Assume that a maize farmer achieved a yield of 8t/Ha on 2 hectares. He needs to transport 16t of grain He is using an 8.0t singledifferentialtruck, with an average speed of 80Km/Hr. This means that 2 trips will have to be done. The total distance travelled for both return trips is50km. Using the tables above, as a guideline, the following costs can be derived.Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20138

c) Example : Truck Activity CostsActivityTonnageTransported(Tons)(A)TotalDistanceTravelled2 loads(Km)(B)TruckDescription8.0 Ton(C = 8)TruckCost(Fixed +Variable)(R/Km)(D)Km/Hr(E)Aver. Speed Duration Total CostsHr/Km(F = 1 ÷ E)Km/Hr.Ton(G = E ÷ C)Hr/Km.Ton(H = F ÷ C)R/Km(D)R/Hr(I = D x E)R/Km.Ton(J = D ÷ C)R/Hr.Ton(K = I ÷ C)Transport8t grain16.0 50.0 Single-diff. 8.11 80.0 0.0125 10.00 0.00156 8.11 648.80 1.01 81.1The total distance travelled = 50km (B)The total cost per kilometre (R/Km) = R 8.11 (D)The total cost of the return trip = R 405.50 (L= B x D)Tonnage transported = 16 tons (A)Cost per ton = R 25.34 (M = L ÷ A)The 16t maize grain yield was from2 hectares= 8T/Ha (N)Cost per hectare = R 202.72 (M x N)Table 4 :Tractor and Trailera) Activity Duration TimeTractor Trailer Average Speed DurationActivityPower(kW)Drive(2W/4W)PowerDemand(L/M/H)DescriptionCapacity(Ton)(A)Km/Hr(B)Hr/Km(C = 1 ÷ B)Km/Hr.Ton(D = B ÷ A)Hr/Km.Ton(E = C ÷ A)TransportGrain98 4W H 10T 4-wheel Trailer with dropsides 10.0 10.00 0.10 1.00 0.01Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 20139

) Activity Costs per Hour, per Kilometre, and per TonTractor Tractor Costs Trailer Trailer Costs Total CostsActivitykW;2/4 W;L/M/HFixed(R/Hr)Vari.(R/Hr)Total(R/Hr)(F)DescriptionFixed(R/Hr)Vari.(R/Hr)Total(R/Hr)(G)R/Hr(H = F + G)R/Km(I = H x C)R/Hr.Ton(J = H ÷ A)R/Km.Ton(K = I ÷ A)Transport 98 4W; H 78.97 252.92 331.89 10T 4-wheel Trailer with dropsides 22.94 13.03 35.97 367.86 36.79 36.79 0.37Example: Assume that a maize farmer has to transport 10 tons of maize from the field to the silo. He is using a 98kW (4-wheel) drive tractor and a10T 4-wheel trailer (with dropsides), with an average speed of 20Km/Hr. This means that 1 trip will have to be done. The total distance travelledfrom the field to the silo 10km. Using the tables above, as a guideline, the following costs can be derived.c) Example : Tractor and Trailer Activity CostsActivityTransport10t grainTonnageTransported(Tons)(A)TotalDistanceTravelled(Km)(B)Tractor98 4W; HTotal CostR/Hr(C)4 W Trailer10 Ton(D = 10)Total CostR/Hr(E)Km/Hr(F)Aver. Speed Duration Total CostsHr/Km(G = 1 ÷ F)Km/Hr.Ton(H = F ÷ D)Hr/Km.Ton(I = G ÷ D)R/Hr(J = C + E)R/Km(K = J x G)R/Hr.Ton(L = J ÷ D)R/Km.Ton(M = K ÷ D)10.0 10.0 331.89 35.97 20.0 0.05 2.00 0.005 367.86 18.39 36.79 1.84Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 201310

The total distance travelled = 10km (B)The total cost per kilometre (R/Km) = R 18.39 (K)The total cost of the trip = R 183.90 (N = B x K)Tonnage transported (Yield) = 10 tons (A)Cost per ton (R/T) = R 18.39 (O = N ÷ A)The 10t maize grain yield was from2 hectares= 5T/Ha (P)Cost per hectare = R 91.95 (O x P)Other combinations of tractors, vehicles and equipment can be determined using the illustrations above.1.3 GENERAL REMARKSa) Cost per hour is based on clock hours and not tractor meter hours.b) The driver / operator cost is not included in the costs.c) The baling costs do not include twine or wire costs.1.4 REFERENCES1. AGFACTS., April 2012, “Agricultural Machinery Price Comparisons”2. ASAE STANDARDS, 1984 ASADE D230. “Agricultural Machinery Management Data”, Sections 3 & 6 (formally the ASAE Yearbook).3. Barnard, C.S. and Nix, J.S., “Farm Planning and Control”, 1978. Cambridge University, Cambridge. Chapter 4.4. Botha, F.G., Lake, C.T. and Swanepoel, P.J., 1994. “Bestuursdata vir Landbou Werktuie in Suid-Afrika”. Directorate of AgriculturalEngineering, Pretoria.Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 201311

5. Bucket, M., “An Introductuion to Farm Organization and Management”, 1981. Pergamon Press. Oxford. Chapter 8.7.6. Culpin, C., “Farm Mechanization Management”, 1959. Crosby Lockwood and Son Ltd, London. Chapter 2 pg 12 – 27. Appendix tables 2.3.7. Hunt, E., “Farm Power and Machinery Management, 7", 1973. Iowa State University Press, Iowa pg 5, 43, Chapter 4.8. Kepner, R.A., Baines, R and Barger, E.L., “Principals of Farm Machinery Management”, 3 rd Ed, AVI, Connecticut pg 31-37.9. Nell, W.T., 1978. “Ekonomiese Parameters vir Meganisasie Beplanning in Droëlandse SaaiBoerdery”. M.Sc. (Agric) Thesis, University ofPretoria.Guide to Machinery Costs – Introduction 2012 - 201312

FIELD CAPACITIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINESAN INTRODUCTIONThe field capacity in ha/10-hour day = Speed in km/h x working width in m x N.Where N = Field Efficiency, which is measured as a decimal. The field efficiency factor allows for time spent on turning on theheadlands, refueling the tractor, filling seed and fertilizer bins on a planter, etc. In the tables which follow, average field efficiencies forthe different operations are given. In practice, this figure might differ from the actual values depending on how efficiently the operationsare carried out.EXAMPLE 1A single-tine subsoiler is used at a speed of 5 km/hr and at a spacing of 2m. From field observations it is determined that 17 percent ofthe time is spent on turning at the headlands and refueling the tractor. Determine the field capacity.Working speed = 5km/hrWorking width = 2mField efficiency = 100 – 17 = 83% i.e. 0.83 as a decimalField capacity = 5 x 2 x 0.83= 8.3ha/10-hour day.In the following tables, the column “kW REQUIRED”, gives an indication of the actual power required to carry out the operation atspecified field capacity. It should be kept in mind that a naturally aspirated engine working under Highveld conditions can only deliverapproximately 80% of its rated power as measured at sea level. A turbo charged engine is assumed not to lose any power with anincrease in altitude. Therefore, if the table indicates that 40kW is required, a tractor with an advertised rated power of 40/0.8 = 50kW hasto be used. If the tractor is fitted with a turbo charger, a 40kW turbo-charged tractor would suffice.In some places of the tables a recommended tractor size is specified. This is for certain operations where the physical size of the tractor,and not the power of the tractor determines the field capacity for the operation. An example of such an operation is the use of a highspeed planter where a smaller tractor is unstable at high speeds although sufficient power is available. The lifting capacity of a threepointhitch may also be a limiting factor in certain operations.GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS – FIELD CAPACITIES 60

The field capacities listed in Table 1 can be adjusted to suit the specific requirements by interpolation between the work rates for themachines. If for instance, a 55kW tractor is available and the work rate for ploughing in a sandy soil has to be determined, it can be donea s follows:Available kW at Highveld altitude=0.8 x 55 = 44kWFrom Table 1 it can be seen that 48kW is required to plough 10Ha per day.The field capacity with 44kW available will then be:Field Capacity (ha/10-hour day) = (10ha/day x 44kW) ÷ 48kW= 9.2ha/dayTable 1 usually provides for three soil types, namely sandy, sandy-loam and clay-loam. This classification is very wide and the workrates have to be modified for ploughing in the specific soil and comparing it with the field capacities in Table 1. The tabulated figures canthen be adjusted for the specific soil type.(By J. Pretorius and A.J. Heynes, Pr. Eng.)Directorate: Agricultural Engineering.GUIDE TO MACHINERY COSTS – FIELD CAPACITIES 61

Implement1) FIELD CULTIVATOR75 mm depth & N = 83%2) LIGHT DISC HARROW65 mm depth & N = 83%kW RequiredSand Firm Soil Loose SoilSpeed(km/hr)ha/dayTractorsizeWidth 1.6m 24 28 8.0 10.0 30-353.0m 36 43 8.0 20.0 45-543.0m 45 54 9.2 23.0 56-683.7m 48 57 9.0 28.0 60-714.5m 55 64 10.0 38.0 68-806.0m 70 80 10.0 50.0 88-1007.5m 90 100 10.0 62.0 113-1259.0m 117 120 10.0 75.0 146-150Sand Firm Soil Loose SoilWidth 1.6m 24 28 8.0 10.0 30-353.0m 36 43 8.0 20.0 45-543.0m 45 54 9.2 23.0 56-683.7m 48 57 9.0 28.0 60-714.5m 55 64 10.0 38.0 68-806.0m 70 80 10.0 50.0 88-1007.5m 90 100 10.0 62.0 113-1259.0m 117 120 10.0 75.0 146-1503) HEAVY DISC (OFFSET OR ONE-WAY)150mm depth & N = 83%Sand Firm Soil Loose SoilWidth 3.0m 70 85 8.0 20.0 88-1063.8m 85 110 8.0 25.0 106-1384.6m 105 130 8.0 31.0 131-1635.5m 120 160 9.3 36.0 150-2006.5m 150 - 11.3 43.0 188-250Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 62

Implement4) CHISEL PLOUGH200mm depth,300mmspacing & N = 83%5) RIPPER PLOUGH380mm depth, 500mmspacing & N = 83%SandkW RequiredFirm SoilLoose SoilSpeed(km/hr)ha/dayTractorsizeWidth 2.2m 38 48 60 5.5 10.0 48-753.0m 47 60 74 5.5 14.0 59-923.4m 60 71 108 7.0 20.0 75-1354.0m 70 82 125 7.0 23.0 88-1564.5m 86 105 150 7.6 29.0 108-1884.9m 93 120 170 7.6 31.0 116-2125.4m 108 140 198 8.0 36.0 135-2486.1m 150 194 274 9.8 50.0 188-3432 - t = 1.0m 40 45 60 6.5 5.5 50-753 - t = 1.5m 48 60 78 7.0 9.0 60-985 - t = 2.5m 60 75 100 6.8 14.0 75-1257 - t = 3.5m 70 100 120 6.8 20.0 88-1509 - t = 4.5m 100 130 170 7.2 28.0 125-21211 - t = 5.5m 120 150 195 4.0 33.0 150-244Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 63

Implement6) MOULDBOARD PLOUGH250mm depth & N = 83%kW RequiredSand Firm Soil Loose SoilSpeed(km/hr)ha/dayTractorsize2 x 508mm = 1.02m 24 - - 5.0 4.5 303 x 508mm = 1.52m 40 - - 5.8 7.5 504 x 508mm = 2.03m 48 - - 5.9 10.0 605 x 508mm = 2.54m 60 - - 6.1 13.0 755 x 508mm = 2.54m 72 - - 7.3 15.5 906 x 508mm = 3.05m 100 - - 8.1 21.0 1258 x 406mm = 3.25m 113 - - 8.2 22.5 1418 x 457mm = 3.66m 138 - - 8.8 27.0 1733 x 406mm = 1.22m - 40 - 5.0 5.0 504 x 406mm = 1.63m - 48 - 5.0 7.0 605 x 406mm = 2.03m - 60 - 5.5 9.0 905 x 406mm = 2.03m - 72 - 7.0 12.0 1256 x 406mm = 2.44m - 100 - 7.9 16.0 1507 x 406mm = 2.85m - 120 - 8.0 19.0 1758 x 406mm = 3.25m - 140 - 8.2 22.0 2008 x 457mm = 3.66m - 160 - 8.2 25.0 503 x 406mm = 1.22m - - 40 3.3 3.5 604 x 406mm = 1.63m - - 48 3.6 5.0 905 x 406mm = 2.03m - - 63 4.2 7.0 795 x 406mm = 2.03m - - 73 5.6 9.5 916 x 406mm = 2.44m - - 100 6.6 13.5 1257 x 406mm = 2.85m - - 143 7.8 18.5 1798 x 406mm = 3.25m - - 163 7.9 21.0 2048 x 457mm = 3.66m - - 200 6.6 26.0 250Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 64

ImplementSpeed(km/hr)ha/day7) HEAVY SPIKE-TOOTH HARROW150mm depth and N = 83%5-section = 5.5mSandy Loam30 8.7 40.0 388-section = 7.3m 45 9.0 55.0 5612-section = 11.0m 65 9.3 85.0 8116-section = 14.6m 95 9.9 120.0 1208) SPREADER (LIME OR FERTILIZER)N = 60%Sandy Loam9) MAIZE PLANTERFull Fertilizer & N = 60%kW RequiredTractorsizeWidth 3m 15 8.0 14.0 304m 18 8.0 19.0 306m 24 8.0 29.0 408m 27 8.0 38.0 5010m 34 8.0 48.0 7512m 42 8.0 58.0 7514m 47 8.0 67.0 9016m 54 8.0 77.0 11018m 60 8.0 86.0 130SandFirm SoilLoose Soil2 x 0.91 m = 1.82m (*M) 21 20 19 8.0 9.0 352 x 0.91 m = 1.82m (*M) 25 23 22 12.0 13.0 354 x 0.91 m = 3.64m (*M) 25 23 22 6.0 13.0 404 x 0.91 m = 3.64m (*M) 33 40 29 8.0 18.0 404 x 0.91 m = 3.64m (*M) 43 39 37 10.0 22.0 504 x 0.91 m = 3.64m (**T) 50 46 44 12.0 26.0 556 x 0.91 m = 5.46m (*M) 38 34 33 6.0 20.0 50Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 65

ImplementkW RequiredSpeed(km/hr)ha/day9) MAIZE PLANTER (cont)Full Fertilizer & N = 60%6 x 0.91 m = 5.46m (**T)Sand50Firm Soil46Loose Soil44 8.0 26.0 606 x 0.91 m = 5.46m (**T) 60 56 54 10.0 33.0 706 x 0.91 m = 5.46m (**T) 74 68 65 12.0 39.0 758 x 0.91 m = 7.28m (**T) 49 45 43 6.0 26.0 708 x 0.91 m = 7.28m (**T) 66 60 58 8.0 35.0 808 x 0.91 m = 7.28m (**T) 83 76 73 10.0 44.0 908 x 0.91 m = 7.28m (**T) 98 90 86 12.0 52.0 10012 x 0.91 m = 10.92m (**T) 75 68 65 6.0 39.0 9012 x 0.91 m = 10.92m (**T) 98 90 86 8.0 52.0 10012 x 0.91 m = 10.92m (**T) 120 110 105 10.0 65.0 12012 x 0.91 m = 10.92m (**T) 142 130 125 12.0 78.0 1502 x 2.29m = 4.58m (*M) 18 17 16 6.0 16.5 402 x 2.29m = 4.58m (*M) 24 22 21 8.0 22.0 502 x 2.29m = 4.58m (*M) 29 27 26 10.0 27.0 552 x 2.29m = 4.58m (*M) 36 33 32 12.0 33.0 553 x 2.29m = 5.87m (*M) 27 25 24 6.0 25.0 553 x 2.29m = 5.87m (**T) 36 33 32 8.0 33.0 603 x 2.29m = 5.87m (**T) 46 42 40 10.0 41.0 703 x 2.29m = 5.87m (**T) 55 50 48 12.0 49.0 754 x 2.29m = 9.16m (**T) 36 33 32 6.0 33.0 904 x 2.29m = 9.16m (**T) 49 45 43 8.0 44.0 904 x 2.29m = 9.16m (**T) 60 55 53 10.0 55.0 1004 x 2.29m = 9.16m (**T) 74 68 65 12.0 66.0 110Note: *M = Mounted**T = TrailedTractorsizeGuide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 66

Implement9) MAIZE PLANTER (cont)Starter fertilizer and N = 70%SandkW RequiredFirm SoilLoose SoilSpeed(km/hr)ha/dayTractorsize2 x 0.91 m = 1.82m (*M) 21 20 19 6.0 8.0 352 x 0.91 m = 1.82m (*M) 25 23 22 12.0 15.0 354 x 0.91 m = 3.64m (*M) 22 21 20 6.0 15.0 354 x 0.91 m = 3.64m (*M) 25 24 23 8.0 20.0 354 x 0.91 m = 3.64m (*M) 27 26 25 10.0 25.0 454 x 0.91 m = 3.64m (**T) 33 31 30 12.0 30.0 506 x 0.91 m = 5.46m (*M) 26 25 24 6.0 23.0 456 x 0.91 m = 5.46m (**T) 33 31 30 8.0 30.0 556 x 0.91 m = 5.46m (**T) 42 40 38 10.0 38.0 606 x 0.91 m = 5.46m (**T) 50 48 46 12.0 46.0 708 x 0.91 m = 7.28m (**T) 35 34 32 6.0 31.0 658 x 0.91 m = 7.28m (**T) 44 42 40 8.0 41.0 708 x 0.91 m = 7.28m (**T) 55 53 50 10.0 51.0 808 x 0.91 m = 7.28m (**T) 66 64 60 12.0 61.0 9012 x 0.91 m = 10.92m (**T) 51 48 46 6.0 46.0 8012 x 0.91 m = 10.92m (**T) 68 65 62 8.0 61.0 9012 x 0.91 m = 10.92m (**T) 83 80 76 10.0 76.0 10012 x 0.91 m = 10.92m (**T) 100 98 92 12.0 92.0 110Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 67

Implement9) MAIZE PLANTER (Cont)Starter fertilizer and N = 70%SandkW RequiredFirm SoilLoose SoilSpeed(km/hr)ha/dayTractorsize2 x 2.29m = 4.58m (*M) 15 15 14 6.0 19.0 352 x 2.29m = 4.58m (*M) 21 20 19 8.0 25.0 452 x 2.29m = 4.58m (*M) 25 24 23 10.0 32.0 552 x 2.29m = 4.58m (*M) 30 28 27 12.0 38.0 553 x 2.29m = 5.87m (*M) 24 23 22 6.0 29.0 503 x 2.29m = 5.87m (**T) 30 28 27 8.0 38.0 553 x 2.29m = 5.87m (**T) 37 36 34 10.0 48.0 603 x 2.29m = 5.87m (**T) 44 42 40 12.0 58.0 704 x 2.29m = 9.16m (**T) 30 28 27 6.0 38.0 804 x 2.29m = 9.16m (**T) 40 38 36 8.0 51.0 804 x 2.29m = 9.16m (**T) 50 48 45 10.0 64.0 904 x 2.29m = 9.16m (**T) 59 58 54 12.0 77.0 10010) WHEAT DRILL350mm rows & N = 60%Firm Soil7-row = 2.45m 15 7.0 10.0 409-row = 3.15m 20 7.0 13.0 4514-row = 4.90m 39 9.0 26.0 7018-row = 6.30m 51 9.0 34.0 8021-row = 7.35m 60 9.0 40.0 9027-row = 9.45m 76 9.0 51.0 100Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 68

11) CULTIVATORN = 83%ImplementkW RequiredFirm SoilSpeed(km/hr)ha/dayTractorsize4 x 0.91m = 3.64m 17 4.0 12.0 254 x 0.91m = 3.64m 26 6.0 18.0 354 x 0.91m = 3.64m 34 8.0 24.0 504 x 0.91m = 3.64m 43 10.0 30.0 556 x 0.91m = 5.45m 26 4.0 18.0 406 x 0.91m = 5.45m 39 6.0 27.0 506 x 0.91m = 5.45m 52 8.0 36.0 656 x 0.91m = 5.45m 65 10.0 45.0 808 x 0.91m = 7.28m 34 4.0 24.0 608 x 0.91m = 7.28m 52 6.0 36.0 708 x 0.91m = 7.28m 69 8.0 48.0 858 x 0.91m = 7.28m 86 10.0 60.0 1002 x 2.29m = 4.58m 22 4.0 15.0 352 x 2.29m = 4.58m 33 6.0 23.0 502 x 2.29m = 4.58m 43 8.0 30.0 602 x 2.29m = 4.58m 54 10.0 38.0 703 x 2.29m = 6.87m 33 4.0 23.0 503 x 2.29m = 6.87m 49 6.0 34.0 603 x 2.29m = 6.87m 65 8.0 45.0 803 x 2.29m = 6.87m 82 10.0 57.0 1004 x 2.29m = 9.16m 43 4.0 30.0 804 x 2.29m = 9.16m 65 6.0 45.0 1004 x 2.29m = 9.16m 88 8.0 61.0 1104 x 2.29m = 9.16m 109 10.0 76.0 120Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 69

Implement12) TRAILED COMBINE FOR MAIZEwith unloading wagon & N = 80%without unloading wagon & N = 65%kWha/day at a yield of2t/ha 3t/ha 4t/ha 5t/ha 6t/ha1-row 38 12 8 6 5 42 x 0.91m 42 14 10 7 6 51-row 38 10 7 5 4 32 x 0.91m 42 12 8 6 5 413) SELF-PROPELLED COMBINE FOR MAIZEwith unloading wagon & N = 80%4 x 0.91m = 3.64m 38 24 16 12 10 84 x 0.91m = 3.64m 48 38 26 19 15 136 x 0.91m = 5.46m 68 58 38 29 23 196 x 0.91m = 5.46m 95 80 54 40 32 262 x 2.29m = 4.58m 38 24 16 12 - -2 x 2.29m = 4.58m 48 38 26 19 - -3 x 2.29m = 6.87m 68 58 38 29 - -3 x 2.29m = 6.87m 95 80 54 40 - -without unloading wagon & N = 65%4 x 0.91m = 3.64m 38 20 13 10 8 74 x 0.91m = 3.64m 48 31 21 16 12 106 x 0.91m = 5.46m 68 47 31 23 19 166 x 0.91m = 5.46m 95 65 44 33 26 212 x 2.29m = 4.58m 38 20 13 10 - -2 x 2.29m = 4.58m 48 31 21 16 - -3 x 2.29m = 6.87m 68 47 31 23 - -3 x 2.29m = 6.87m 95 65 44 33 - -Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 70

ImplementkWha/day at a yield of2t/ha 3t/ha 4t/ha 5t/ha 6t/ha14) SELF-PROPELLED COMBINE FOR WHEATWith unloading wagon & N = 80%2.70m 38 34 17 11 93.66m 48 48 24 16 124.57m 68 77 38 26 196.71m 95 115 58 38 29Without unloading wagon & N = 65%15) BOOM SPRAYERN = 60%Implement2.70m 38 27 14 9 73.66m 48 39 20 13 104.57m 68 62 31 21 166.71m 95 94 47 31 25kW RequiredSpeed(km/hr)ha/dayTractorsize (kW)Band 4 x 0.91m 15 6.0 13.0 306 x 0.91m 15 6.0 30.0 308 x 0.91m 15 6.0 26.0 302 x 2.29m 15 6.0 16.5 303 x 2.29m 15 6.0 25.0 304 x 2.29m 20 6.0 33.0 406m Boom 20 6.0 22.0 408m Boom 25 6.0 29.0 5012m Boom 25 6.0 43.0 50Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 71

ImplementkW RequiredSpeedTractorha/day(km/hr)size (kW)16) CUTTER-BAR MOWER ha/dayN = 80%1.8m knife 10 9.0 3517) DISC MOWERN = 80%1.6m 30 10.0 381.8m 30 12.0 382.0m 35 13.0 442.4m 46 15.0 582.8m 46 18.0 5818) PICK-UP BALERHay and N = 50% 35 25 1 7 13 10 8 719) ROUND BALERHay and N = 50%Small 45 56 30 2 0 15 12 10 8Medium 48 60 40 2 7 20 16 13 11Large 52 65 45 3 0 23 18 15 1320) HAY RAKEN = 80%2.0m 16 352.4m 18 353.0m 20 356.0m 26 3521) TRANSPORTNo measurements have been made of the required power.For a tractor and trailer the following can be used to calculate approximate fuel consumptionTerrainBrittle Crops (ha/day)11131733Other Crops (ha/day)15182346Fuel consumption/ litre per ton-kmFlatUndulatingHilly0.050.100.15Guide to Machinery Costs - Field Capacities 72