Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

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Possible results from a Query POSITIVE one or more RRs found NEGATIVE definitely no RRs match the query SERVER FAIL cannot find the answer REFUSED not allowed to query the server
How do you use an IP addressas the key for a DNS query Convert the IP address to dotted-quad Reverse the four parts Add ".in-addr.arpa." to the end; specialdomain reserved for this purposee.g. to find name for 158.125.1.208Domain name: 208.1.125.158.in-addr.arpa.Query Type: PTRResult: www.lut.ac.uk.Known as a "reverse DNS lookup" (because we arelooking up the name for an IP address, ratherthan the IP address for a name)
Page 1: Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
Page 4 and 5: What is an Exchange Point Network A
Page 6 and 7: Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Co
Page 8 and 9: Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Mu
Page 10 and 11: Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? So
Page 12 and 13: Faculty Qualifications—PN• ONLY
Page 14 and 15: Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Pe
Page 16 and 17: Internet Exchange Point SolutionEve
Page 18 and 19: Why use an IXP? PEERING Shared medi
Page 20 and 21: Why use an IXP? SAVES MONEY!!! Traf
Page 22 and 23: Exchange Point DesignISP 6ISP 5 ISP
Page 24 and 25: Peering at an IXP Each participant
Page 26 and 27: Exchange Point examples LINX in Lon
Page 28 and 29: DHCP: Dynamic HostConfiguration Pro
Page 30 and 31: DHCP client-server scenarioDHCP ser
Page 32 and 33: Computers use IP addresses.Why do w
Page 34 and 35: hosts.txt does not scale✗ Huge fi
Page 36 and 37: DNS is Hierarchical.(root)/ (root)u
Page 38 and 39: DNS: iterated queriesroot name serv
Page 40 and 41: Domain Names are (almost)unlimited
Page 42 and 43: Commonly seen ResourceRecords (RRs)
Page 46 and 47: DNS is a Client-Serverapplication (
Page 48 and 49: Three roles in DNS RESOLVERTakes re
Page 50 and 51: ROLE 1: THE RESOLVER A piece of sof
Page 52 and 53: How do you choose whichcache(s) to
Page 54 and 55: Example: Unix resolverconfiguration
Page 56 and 57: The trailing dot# dig lboro.ac.uk.
Page 58 and 59: Understanding output from dig STATU
Page 60 and 61: DNS recordsDNS: distributed db stor
Page 62 and 63: DNS protocol, messagesName, type fi
Page 64 and 65: HTTP overviewHTTP: hypertext transf
Page 66 and 67: HTTP connectionsNonpersistent HTTP
Page 68 and 69: Nonpersistent HTTP (cont.)5. HTTP c
Page 70 and 71: Persistent HTTPNonpersistent HTTP i
Page 72 and 73: HTTP request message:general format
Page 74 and 75: Method typesHTTP/1.0 GET POST HEADa
Page 76 and 77: HTTP response messagestatus line(pr
Page 78 and 79: Trying out HTTP (client side) for y
Page 80 and 81: Cookies: keeping “state” (cont.
Page 82 and 83: User-server interaction:authorizati
Page 84 and 85: Web caches (proxy server)Goal: sati
Page 86 and 87: Content distribution networks(CDNs)
Page 88 and 89: FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
Page 90 and 91: FTP: separate control, data connect
Page 92 and 93: E-Mail(SMTP, POP, IMAP)
Page 94 and 95:
Electronic MailMail Serversmailbox
Page 96 and 97:
Scenario: Alice sends messageto Bob
Page 98 and 99:
Try SMTP interaction foryourself: t
Page 100 and 101:
Mail message formatSMTP: protocol f
Page 102 and 103:
MIME typesContent-Type: type/subtyp
Page 104 and 105:
POP3 Short for Post Office Protocol
Page 106 and 107:
POP3 (more) and IMAPMore about POP3
Page 108 and 109:
POP3 vs IMAPWith IMAP, all your mai
Page 110 and 111:
EximExim is an open source mail tra
Page 112 and 113:
NAT: Network AddressTranslation Mot
Page 114 and 115:
Private Addresses
Page 116 and 117:
NAT: Network AddressTranslationImpl
Page 118 and 119:
NAT: Network AddressTranslation 16-
Page 120 and 121:
Provider NATs? ConsideredHarmful156
Page 122 and 123:
TURN protocol Protocol for UDP/TCP
Page 124 and 125:
STUN (RFC 3489) Defines operations
Page 126 and 127:
Configuring NAT in LinuxLinux uses
Page 128 and 129:
Multimedia Networking
Page 130 and 131:
GoalsPrinciples Classify multimedia
Page 132 and 133:
Streaming stored multimedia Streami
Page 134 and 135:
Streaming live multimediaExamples:
Page 136 and 137:
A few words about audiocompression
Page 138 and 139:
Packet loss and delay Network loss:
Page 140 and 141:
How should the Internet evolveto be
Page 142 and 143:
Principles for QOS Guarantees Examp
Page 144 and 145:
Principles for QOS Guarantees Alloc
Page 146 and 147:
Summary of QoS Principles
Page 148 and 149:
Scheduling Policies: morePriority s
Page 150 and 151:
Scheduling Policies: still moreWeig
Page 152 and 153:
Diffserv ArchitectureEdge router: p
Page 154 and 155:
Classification and Conditioning Pac
Page 156 and 157:
Firewalls156
Page 158 and 159:
Firewall goals All traffic from out
Page 160 and 161:
Traditional packet filtersAnalyzes
Page 162 and 163:
Access control listsApply rules fro
Page 164 and 165:
Advantages and disadvantages oftrad
Page 166 and 167:
Firewall lab: iptables iptables Pro
Page 168 and 169:
iptables: Example commandiptables -
Page 170 and 171:
iptables Options-p protocol type (t
Page 172 and 173:
Firewall Lab: Part B Rules for outg
Page 174 and 175:
Stateful filters: example Log each
Page 176:
Demarcation Zone (DMZ)applicationga
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Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

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