Gascon, S., Leiter, M., Andres, E., Santed, M., Pereira, J., Cunha, M., Albesa, A., Montero-Marin, J.,Garcia-Campayo, J., & Martinez-Jarreta, B. (2012). The role <strong>of</strong> aggressions suffered by healthcareworkers as predictors <strong>of</strong> burnout. <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Clinical Nursing, 22(21), 3120-3129.Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam BooksGomez, A. (2010). Testing the cycle <strong>of</strong> violence hypothesis: Child abuse <strong>and</strong> adolescent dating violence aspredictors <strong>of</strong> intimate partner violence in young adulthood. Youth Society, 43(1), 171-192.Gr<strong>and</strong>, D. (2013). What is brainspotting? Retrieved from http://www.brainspotting.pro/page/what-brainspottingHeseltine, K., Howells, K, & Day. A. (2010). Brief anger interventions with <strong>of</strong>fenders may be ineffective. Areplication <strong>and</strong> extension. Behavior <strong>Research</strong> <strong>and</strong> Therapy, 48(3), 246-250.Immordino-Yang, M., & Singh, V. (2013). Hippocampal contributions to the processing <strong>of</strong> social emotions.Human Brain Mapping, 34(4), 945-955.Lanius, R., Vermetten, E, Loewenstein, R, Br<strong>and</strong>, B, Schmahl, C, Bremner, J, & Spegal, D. (2011). Emotionalregulation in PTSD: Clinical <strong>and</strong> neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American<strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry, 167(6), 640-647.Lin, D., Boyle, M., Dollar, P., Hyosang, L., Lein, E., Persona, P., & Anderson, D. (2010). Functional identification<strong>of</strong> an aggressions locus in the mouse hypothalamus. Nature, 470, 221-226.Pally, R. (2008). The predicting brain: Unconscious repetition, conscious reflection, <strong>and</strong> therapeutic change.The <strong>International</strong> <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Psychoanalysis, 88(4), 861-888.Rajmohan, V., & Moh<strong>and</strong>as, E. (2009). The limbic system. Indian <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry, 49(2), 132-139.Rakic, P. (2009). Evolution <strong>of</strong> the neocortex: Perspectives from developmental Biology. Nature ReviewsNeuroscience, 10, 724-735.Shapiro, F. (2012, March 2). The evidence on E.M.D.R. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://consults.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/the-evidence-on-e-m-d-r/?_r=0Terrell, D. (2009). What is brainspotting? How does it compare to EMDR therapy? San Diego <strong>Trauma</strong>Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.s<strong>and</strong>iegotraumatherapy.com/emdr-articles/terrell-brainspotting.htmIJTRP | Summer 2014Watt, B., & Howells, K. (2010). Skills training for aggression control: Evaluation <strong>of</strong> an anger managementprogram for violent <strong>of</strong>fenders. Legal <strong>and</strong> Criminal Psychology, 4(2), 285-300.Yeo, B., Krienen, F., Sepulcre, J., Sabancu, M., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., ROffman, J., Smoller, J, Zollei,L., Polimeni, J., Fischi, B., Lio, H, & Buckner, R. (2011). The organization <strong>of</strong> the human cerebralcortex estimated by functional connectivity. <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Neurophysiology, Retrieved fromhttp://jn.physiology.org/content/early/2011/05/27/jn.00338.2011.full.pdf+html27
From the Cutting Edge: Trends In <strong>Trauma</strong> <strong>Practice</strong>Secondary <strong>Trauma</strong> in Forensic Settings: Effects on Court Personnel, Jurists, Jurors, <strong>and</strong> CorrectionalOfficersLee Norton, PhD, MSW, LCSW, George Woods, M.D., Lauren Brown, MSSW, LCSWOverview <strong>of</strong> Secondary <strong>Trauma</strong>There is no single authoritative definition <strong>of</strong> secondary trauma; however, there is general consensusamong traumatologists that indirect exposure (i.e. listening to stories about trauma or caring for a personsuffering from trauma) to overwhelming events can cause the same symptoms <strong>of</strong> helplessness <strong>and</strong> horroras seen in those who directly experience trauma. Symptoms <strong>of</strong> traumatic stress have been observed <strong>and</strong> describedfor centuries <strong>and</strong> are the foundation <strong>of</strong> modern theories <strong>of</strong> secondary stress. The Iliad <strong>and</strong> Odysseynarrate the persistent horrors <strong>of</strong> war (Shay, 1994; 2002). Neurologists studied the phenomenon <strong>of</strong> hysteriain the 19th century (Goetz, 1987). Physicians at the front lines described shell shock in WWI (Myers,1940), <strong>and</strong> war neurosis in WWII (Kardiner, 1947). In the 1970’s, the Vietnam war disgorged thous<strong>and</strong>s<strong>of</strong> abjectly incapacitated veterans who were plagued by severe symptoms that were not well known or understood.Social scientists responded to this post-war condition, <strong>and</strong> also to the similar symptoms seen invictims <strong>of</strong> rape <strong>and</strong> domestic violence. In 1980, the DSMIII included the first diagnosis <strong>of</strong> posttraumaticstress disorder (PTSD). This edition emphasized the cause <strong>of</strong> traumatic stress symptoms—events that wereexperienced with “intense fear, terror, <strong>and</strong>/or helplessness,” that were “outside the range <strong>of</strong> usual humanexperience,” <strong>and</strong> “would be markedly distressing to almost anyone” (APA, 1980).<strong>Research</strong> into post-traumatic conditions following the Vietnam war did not subside, <strong>and</strong> interdisciplinaryinterest in the subject remained high. Informed by a growing body <strong>of</strong> data, the authors <strong>of</strong> the DSMIIIRshifted their attention from cause to effect, <strong>and</strong> revised the diagnostic criteria <strong>of</strong> PTSD to include three categories<strong>of</strong> symptoms: intrusion, avoidance, <strong>and</strong> arousal (APA, 1987). By the 1990’s, enough data had beengenerated to allow researchers <strong>and</strong> clinicians to move from description to prescription regarding traumaticstress. Moreover, clinicians, researchers <strong>and</strong> other practitioners began to notice that not only individualswho sustained direct trauma developed symptoms; helpers, familymembers, <strong>and</strong> others also became symptomatic (McCann &Pearlman, 1990).<strong>Trauma</strong> researcher Charles Figley pursued this theme. In his text,“Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary <strong>Trauma</strong>tic StressDisorder in Those who Treat the <strong>Trauma</strong>tized”, he describes howhealth care providers could become “traumatized by concern”(Figley, 1995, p. 5). Recognition <strong>of</strong> the secondary effects <strong>of</strong> traumawas a defining advancement in the field <strong>of</strong> traumatology, <strong>and</strong>lead to the hypothesis that a much broader population <strong>of</strong> individualscould be at risk for secondary traumatic stress than at firstwas thought. Increased knowledge about the infectiousness <strong>of</strong>anxiety <strong>and</strong> trauma supported the notion that numerous pr<strong>of</strong>essionalsoutside the mental health field suffered from the secondarysymptoms <strong>of</strong> traumatic stress. Figley <strong>and</strong> his progeny edifiedthe communicable effect <strong>of</strong> trauma from patient to doctor, victimto caretaker, disenfranchised to advocate. Cumulative researchIJTRP | Summer 201428
Change language