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7. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of the Internal Ballast Trunk FlowThe internal trunk flow was investigated in both full and model scale. A typical trunkconfiguration [Kotinis 2005] was generated and the corresponding pressure boundary conditions,as calculated from the external flow simulations, were imposed on the inlet/outlet plena. Theforward plenum was located at a point about x/L = 0.04 between the 0.2 and 0.35 designwaterlines. The aft plenum was located at a point near x/L = 0.925 between the 0.3 and 0.45design waterlines.The pressure distribution was assumed to be the same in both full and model scale. Thisassumption is justified by the fact that the Reynolds number is relatively high in both cases andthe body at ballast draft is relatively streamlined (low form drag). The computational gridconsists of a hybrid mesh with 705,9<strong>15</strong> cells. The trunks were assumed to be filled with ballastwater and the natural trunk flushing was initiated by new ballast water entering the systemthrough the inlet plenum. The volume flow rate at the inlet and outlet plena was monitored untilconvergence to a constant value was observed. The unsteady flow solver in FLUENT wasutilized with a time step size of one second (1s). The solution at each time step was consideredto have converged when the residuals dropped by four orders of magnitude. The computationalmodel geometry of the double bottom structure is shown in Fig. 7.1.Figure 7.1: Computational Model Geometry of Double Bottom StructureThe average volume flow rate at full scale is 0.969 m 3 /s. The model scale solution has anaverage flow rate of 1.02*10 4 m 3 /s. The corresponding ratio is approximately 9,500. This resultis in agreement with the scaling factor between the ship scale flow rate and the model scale flowrate, Q s = Q m l 5/2 , theoretically derived in the initial investigation of the BallastFree ShipConcept based on Froude scaling. This scaling assumed that the flow rate scaling should beproportional to the scale factor l raised to the 2.5 power. The corresponding exponent of thegeometric scaling factor based on the numerical CFD results was approximately 2.52.18
8. Model ConstructionThe model of the SeawaySized Bulk Carrier for use in subsequent hydrodynamicoptimization testing has been contracted for construction by F.M. Pattern Works of NorthVancouver, BC. This is the primary deliverable of the project and its procurement representsapproximately half of the project funding. The model is under construction at the time of thiswriting and delivery of the completed 5 m scale model is expected near the end of October 2006.Progress photographs of the glue up of the aft portion of the hull are shown in Figs. 8.1 and 8.2.Figure 8.1: Aft Portion of the Scale Model SeawaySized Bulk Carrier –Inverted Stern Quarter View19
Page 3 and 4: Mission StatementThe Great Lakes Ma
Page 5 and 6: Technical Report Documentation1. Re
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSOverview and Backg
Page 9 and 10: Overview and Background:During Marc
Page 11 and 12: Advisory Board:One of the first tas
Page 13 and 14: University of MichiganDr. Armin Tro
Page 15 and 16: Specific Project Awards to Universi
Page 17 and 18: - October 8, 2005 GLMRI Affiliate U
Page 19 and 20: - October 7, 2006 The 2 nd GLMRI Af
Page 21 and 22: SeawaySized Bulk Carrier Model fo
Page 23 and 24: Table of Contentspage1. Introductio
Page 25 and 26: List of FigurespageFigure 2.1: Typi
Page 27 and 28: 2. BackgroundThe initial Sea Grant
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2.2: Typical Forward Plenum
Page 31 and 32: Table 3.1: BallastFree Bulk Carri
Page 33 and 34: 4. Model Construction ConstraintsTh
Page 35 and 36: 6. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CF
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Page 41 and 42: 9. Potential Economic Impacts of th
Page 43: Expanding Regional Freight Informat
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Page 49 and 50: Workshop participants also effectiv
Page 51 and 52: information to share with governmen
Page 53 and 54: Most of this information has been c
Page 55 and 56: A New Perspective on Information De
Page 57 and 58: • Assemble data and report inform
Page 59 and 60: Looking Ahead: Next StepsThe main o
Page 61 and 62: Again, according to MISNA, the mari
Page 63: References Cited[1] Maritime Inform
Page 67: Schematic Diagram of the Structure
Page 71 and 72: Example 1: Basic Mapping FunctionsF
Page 73 and 74: Figure B.7User now queries the port
Page 75 and 76: Example 3: Mapping the NetworkFigur
Page 77: APPENDIX CCode Specifications for G
Page 80 and 81: Michigan: 01 Alpena 19 Marine C
Page 83: APPENDIX DMeeting Participants in t
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The HMT Generates Substantially Mor
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vii
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paid by the now terminated Incan Su
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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 Research
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presentation, “A Transportation I
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− United States General Accountin
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− Short Sea Vessel Service and Ha
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Detailed views of these data presen
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Guarantee Fee for MARAD'sTitle XI P
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Table 2.4: Great Lakes Assessments
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Table 2.10: Duty Assessments on Gre
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Certification Fee for Payment of Ve
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6) HMT TablesAs noted above and in
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Table 2.14: Total Bid Dollars by Co
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2003 Arcadia Harbor, Mi $33,2462003
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Chapter 3: The U.S. Harbor Maintena
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providing for - (1) revenue from im
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Community’s RC. No panel has been
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evenue to fund current and future h
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The Support for Harbor Investment P
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Table 3.3: Percent Change in U.S. F
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Harbor Maintenance Tax Time Line198
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Table 4.3: Output ImpactIndustry Di
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ReferencesChapter 1[1] Stewart, Ric
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[31] United States V. United States
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[66] American Association of Port A
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Appendix A: Tax Inventory DataSourc
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Overview of Maritime Tax Inventory
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31 U.S.C. 9701; P.L. 100-710, 46 C.
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Merchant Marine Act of 1936 as amen
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Reform Act of 1998, P. L. 105-258,
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Appendix C: Detailed HMT TimelineHA
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complete and refunds are issued.Imp
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There was unexpected good news for
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Articles... assembled abroad in who
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that each and every regulation is s
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Another challenge to the HMF as app
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Appendix D: Estimating Harbor Maint
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D-3
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Alternatives to Petroleum Based Fue
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
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Table 4.10:Great Lakes Biodiesel Pl
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of a longterm lowtemperature st
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Chapter 1: Overview1.1 Introduction
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Chapter 2: Biodiesel: An Alternativ
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2.2.2 Properties of BiodieselThe pr
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e renewable fuels (e.g. ethanol and
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2.4 Engine Test DataSummaries of th
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OEM manufacturer should be consulte
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A review of the literature addressi
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credit and a biodiesel mixture cred
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Figure 2: U.S. Diesel DemandMoving
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Demand Forecast. Table 3.4 below sh
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fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) be us
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Minnesota incentivesTable 3.11: Min
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Figure 3: Glycerin as Market RiskSo
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Figure 4: Great Lakes Region IMPLAN
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Definitions used in this report:Mea
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column shows that in Year 1 of cons
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Operations. Tables below show the e
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When operations for the biodiesel p
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verify that separation of the blend
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was considered the hot topic, very
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ReferencesChapter 1No referencesCha
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http://www.irs.gov/publications/p37
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Appendix A: Demand and Supply Suppo
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Table A2: Minnesota Soybean Produ
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Table A6: Marine Diesel Sales, Co
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Table of ContentsSections Page #1.
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2. Introduction: Background and Obj
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3. MethodsThe LLO has a surveygra
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Figure 2. Sidescan sonar mosaic of
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Figure 4. Single track (detailed) s
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Figure 7. Single track (detailed) s
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Figure 10. Detailed multibeam bathy
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5. Potential Economic Impacts of th
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Final Report: Great Lakes Maritime
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Evaluation Measures and ResultsTo e
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Appendix ASummary of Publicity & Re
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Appendix BGreat Lakes Maritime Tran
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Appendix DGreat Lakes Maritime Tran
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REFERENCESDuluth Port Authority. 20
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Steel Starts Here (12:00 minutes) b
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Appendix FGreat Lakes Shipping: Did
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15. What are the top 3 products shi
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Properly Loaded Ship Listing ShipHO
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FoghornGreenhouse gasGroundedHarbor
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