tractors-on-farms-pdf

The purpose of these guidelinesis to help reduce the risk of injuriesand fatalities by providing practicalguidance on how to manage varioustractor hazards.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis guideline was prepared by WorkSafe New Zealand (WorkSafe NZ), with representatives from:> > Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC)> > Beef and Lamb New Zealand>DairyNZ >> > Dairy Women’s Network>FarmSafe>> > Federated Farmers of New Zealand Inc> > Horticulture New Zealand> > Landcorp Farming Limited>Lincoln > University> > Ministry for Primary Industries> > New Zealand Council of Trade Unions (NZCTU)> > New Zealand Dairy Workers Union> > New Zealand Transport Agency (NZTA)> > Primary Industry Training Organisation> > Rural Con<strong>tractors</strong> New Zealand> > Rural Women New Zealand Inc> > University of Auckland> > University of OtagoThe guide was largely adapted from an existing draft FarmSafe New Zealand publication Guidelines for theSafe Use of Tractors. Parts were also adapted from the ACC publication: Tractor Safety: Information thatcould Save your Life.WorkSafe New Zealand also acknowledges the following organisations for providing information used todevelop this guide:> > WorkSafe Victoria (Australia)> > Workcover South Australia (Australia)> > Department of Commerce, Western Australia> > Australian Centre for Agricultural Healthand Safety> > The Health & Safety Executive (UK)Contains public sector information published by the Health and Safety Executive and licensed under theOpen Government Licence v1.0.This document uses material prepared by the Western Australian Department of Occupational Health,Safety and Welfare.DISCLAIMERWorkSafe New Zealand has made every effort to ensure that the information contained in this publicationis reliable, but makes no guarantee of its completeness. WorkSafe New Zealand may change the contentsof this guide at any time without notice.June 2014Except for the logos of WorkSafe New Zealand, this copyright work is licensed under a Creative CommonsAttribution-Non-commercial 3.0 NZ licence.To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/nz/In essence, you are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, as longas you attribute the work to WorkSafe New Zealand and abide by the other licence terms.

TRACTORS: KEY POINTSOperators must be trained/experiencedenough to do the jobAlways wear a seatbelt if the tractor hasa Roll-Over Protective Structure (ROPS)Do not carry passengers on <strong>tractors</strong> thatdo not have instructor seats, ROPS, andsafety beltsEnsure PTO shafts and connectionsare guarded and keep clear when itis engagedNever jump on or off a moving tractor

TABLE OF CONTENTS01 INTRODUCTION 41.1 Purpose 51.2 Scope 51.3 Development 502 HAZARDS AND CONTROLS 62.1 Passengers 72.2 Getting on and off the tractor 72.3 Loud noise 82.4 Using the controls 82.5 Tractor stability 82.6 Towing a trailer and other heavy farm implements 92.7 Turning on and crossing slopes 92.8 Travelling downhill 102.9 Travelling uphill 102.10 Rollover 112.11 Hydraulics 122.12 Front-end loaders 122.13 Front-end lifting forks 132.14 Falling objects 132.15 Hay bales 132.16 Using <strong>tractors</strong> for farm forestry 142.17 Mounted or trailed equipment 142.18 Power take-off shaft 142.19 Mowers 162.20 Balers 162.21 Three-point linkage 162.22 Rotary cultivators 172.23 Disc harrows 172.24 Trailers 182.25 Tractor fires 192.26 Overhead power lines 192.27 Working alone and in isolation 202.28 Personal factors 202.29 Unauthorised tractor access 202

03 DRIVING ON THE ROAD 213.1 Driving on the road 223.2 What class of licence do I need? 223.3 Definition of a road 223.4 Managing on-road hazards 2204 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 234.1 Young people on <strong>tractors</strong> 244.2 Training for health and sfety representatives 2405 MAINTENANCE 255.1 How to maintain the tractor 265.2 What maintenance? 265.3 Maintenance checklist example 2806 REFERENCES 316.1 Glossary 326.2 Bibliography 34FIGURES1 Getting on or off with three points of contact 72 Falling objects 133 Power take-off guarding (PTO = power take-off; POC = power output coupling;PIC = power input coupling) 144 Correct and incorrect hitching pins 183

SECTION 1.0 // INTRODUCTIONThis publication provides practical guidance for using<strong>tractors</strong> safely on farms.1.1 PURPOSEThis guideline outlines potential hazardsof using <strong>tractors</strong> on farms, and providesrecommendations to eliminate, isolate andminimise those hazards. WorkSafe NZ acceptsthese recommendations as current industrybest practice. They will help you comply withthe Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992(the HSE Act).On average, six to seven farmers are killedevery year in New Zealand, when using farm<strong>tractors</strong>. Many hundreds have been seriouslyinjured. The main types of accidents involvingfarm <strong>tractors</strong> are:> > <strong>tractors</strong> rolling over> > people being run over> > people being tangled in implementsand machinery.Other risks are:> > tractor fires> > working under raised loads> > touching overhead power lines> > noise-induced hearing loss> > slips, trips and falls while getting onand off the tractor.1.2 SCOPEThis guide applies to farmers, agriculturalcon<strong>tractors</strong> and anyone else using <strong>tractors</strong>on farms. Training providers will also findthis guide useful.It focuses on on-farm use of <strong>tractors</strong>. Foron-road guidance, see NZTA’s AgriculturalVehicles Guide.Every model of tractor is different and willhave slightly different safety requirements.Read and follow the instructions in theoperator’s manual to ensure you’re operatingyour tractor safely.1.3 DEVELOPMENTIndustry experts helped WorkSafe NZ developthis guide. WorkSafe NZ also conducted athorough review of both accident statisticsand published academic literature, and lookedat how overseas health and safety regulatorsmanage the same issues.WorkSafe NZ made every effort to ensure thehazard controls in this guide reflect currentbest practice.The cost to the injured person, theirfamilies, their businesses and New Zealandare too high. We must improve tractordriving practices.5

02/HAZARDS ANDCONTROLS6IN THIS SECTION:2.1 Passengers2.2 Getting on and offthe tractor2.3 Loud noise2.4 Using the controls2.5 Tractor stability2.6 Towing a trailer and otherheavy farm implements2.7 Turning on and crossingslopes2.8 Travelling downhill2.9 Travelling uphill2.10 Rollover2.11 Hydraulics2.12 Front-end loaders2.13 Front-end lifting forks2.14 Falling objects2.15 Hay bales2.16 Using <strong>tractors</strong> forfarm forestry2.17 Mounted or trailedequipment2.18 Power take-off shaft2.19 Mowers2.20 Balers2.21 Three-point linkage2.22 Rotary cultivators2.23 Disc harrows2.24 Trailers2.25 Tractor fires2.26 Overhead power lines2.27 Working alon andin isolation2.28 Personal factors2.29 Unauthorised tractor access

SECTION 2.0 // HAZARDS AND CONTROLSThe most common hazards faced by tractor operatorsare set out on the following pages. Guidance is providedabout ways to effectively control those hazards.2.1 PASSENGERSPassengers riding on <strong>tractors</strong>, tractorimplements or trailers are at a high risk ofinjury. Tractors travel over uneven groundand passengers can easily be jolted, losetheir grip and fall. If someone falls underthe wheels or into trailed machinery, theycan be seriously hurt or die.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Do not carry passengers on <strong>tractors</strong>without instructor seats, roll-overprotective structures (ROPS) andsafety belts.Most older <strong>tractors</strong> are not designed to carrypassengers. You can carry a passenger if thetractor is fitted with ROPS, cabs, an instructorseat and safety belt.Do not carry passengers on tractormountedimplements or trailers thatare not designed to carry people.2.2 GETTING ON AND OFFTHE TRACTORThe most common tractor injuries happenwhen people get off the tractor. These happenwhen people slip and fall to the groundor jump down and land heavily on unevenground. If the driver gets off facing away fromthe tractor, their pant cuffs or boot loops cansnag, tripping them forward off the tractor.MANAGING THE HAZARD:When climbing on and off a tractor, alwayskeep three points of contact (eg twohands and one foot) with the tractor orground. Get off facing towards the tractor,the same as you do when getting on.Never jump on or off a moving tractor.12Some types of trailed machinery, like ridgers,are designed for people to ride on andoperate. Passengers can ride on this typeof implement if the machinery is safe andwell-kept.You can carry passengers on a transport traymounted to the tractor’s three-point linkage.Tell the passengers to hold on.3Figure 1: Getting on or off with three pointsof contact7

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMSClean the steps regularly. You are more likely toslip and fall if the tractor steps are dirty or wet.Modern <strong>tractors</strong> have a colour coding systemto identify the levers:Drivers should also wear suitable footwearwith a good grip and clothes, like overalls,that will not snag on machinery.Before getting off, always put the tractorin neutral, apply the brakes and disengagethe power take-off, even just to open a gate.If you’re leaving the tractor to do somethingelse, shut off the engine.ORANGEYELLOWBLACKMovement (gears, 2WD,4WD, accelerator)Power take-off (PTO)Rear three-point linkage2.3 LOUD NOISETractor engines create lots of noise. Driversare exposed to this noise if the tractor doesnot have a sound-proof cab. If people drive<strong>tractors</strong> for a long time, over a number ofyears, they can suffer from noise-inducedhearing loss (NIHL).MANAGING THE HAZARD:If the tractor does not have a sound-proofcab, always wear hearing protection.2.4 USING THE CONTROLSMany injuries happen because farmers tryto work the tractor controls when standingbeside the tractor. The tractor can run overthe driver, crushing them under the wheels.As people age they lose speed and dexterity;this can put them at greater risk from beingrun over.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Always work the tractor’s controls fromthe driver’s seat unless the manufacturerhas specifically designed controls for usein other positions. Never start the tractorfrom the ground.Most tractor controls are designed to be usedfrom the driver’s seat. Only use the controlsfrom there. If the manufacturer has designedcontrols that you can work from the ground,make sure you’re standing where you are notin danger of being run over and crushed.Start the tractor engine ONLY when sitting inthe seat – never start it from the ground.2.5 TRACTOR STABILITYTractors are used in all farming regions inNew Zealand in tough terrain. Steep, rough,slippery or loose ground and towing implementsincrease the risk of losing control.Manufacturers advise caution in all thesecircumstances. The tractor could becomeunstable because of sudden changes indirection and the tractor’s centre of gravity.Drivers can easily lose control of <strong>tractors</strong>after hitting an object, finding poor groundconditions or when towing implements andtrailers. The driver can fall off the tractorand hit the ground, another object or thetractor itself.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Where appropriate, take steps to improvethe stability of the tractor.8

SECTION 2.0 // HAZARDS AND CONTROLS> > Widen the wheel-base (by fitting dualwheels for example).> > Add wheel weights that bolt into thewheel’s centre.> > Slow down on rough ground and slopes.> > Before going up or down hills, carefullycheck the ground and set the tractor upto meet the conditions. You might have toget off the tractor and walk the route youplan to take. When planning your route,find an emergency run-out spot in caseyou lose traction.> > On 4WD <strong>tractors</strong>, reverse the tyres tohelp with traction braking on the frontaxle. (Some manufacturers recommendthis practice on steep land.)2.6 TOWING A TRAILER ANDOTHER HEAVY FARM IMPLEMENTSThe trailer’s or mounted implement’s weightbehind the tractor can cause instability andaffect the steering:> > The weight on the rear wheels can makethe tractor keep going in a straight linewhen the steering wheel is turned.> > A load that is too heavy to control, or atrailer without a good braking system,can jack-knife.> > Mounted spray tanks cause more instabilitybecause of the liquid’s movement.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Do not tow a trailer or implements tooheavy for the tractor. Stay within themanufacturer’s guidelines.The higher the mounted equipment is onthe tractor’s rear linkage, the less stable thetractor becomes. Keep mounted equipmentas low as possible, while making sure you canstill use it effectively.If necessary, fit a counterweight at the frontof the vehicle to keep the front wheels onthe ground.Try to avoid sharp turns.Think about fitting baffles in tanks to reduceliquid movement, and stabiliser bars or chainson the three-point linkage to prevent sidewaysmovement of the tank.For more information on safe towing, see thetowing section later in this guide.2.7 TURNING ON ANDCROSSING SLOPESTractors need to turn when they come to rowends or when steering around trees. You aremore likely to overturn a tractor when turningon and crossing slopes. Slopes change thetractor’s centre of gravity and when thetractor turns, centrifugal forces keep thetractor moving in a straight line. These forcescan cause the tractor to roll over. If a tractorbegins to slide sideways, it may tip over in aditch, or run into an obstacle and overturn.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Don’t turn down a slope – this isvery dangerous.> > Don’t work across slopes if your tractorhas large diameter, tubeless, low-groundpressuretyres.> > Plan work across slopes so you make turnsuphill rather than downhill.> > Slow down before turning or crossing slopes.> > Keep alert at row ends and make as wide aturn as possible.> > Apply a single brake in the direction of theturn (left turn, left brake).> > Sometimes the up-hill wheel brake can beapplied to maintain direction stability. Thisforces the bottom wheels to drive, keepingthe nose of the tractor up-hill, and givesbetter traction.> > Don’t do tractor work on steep slopes.9

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMS2.8 TRAVELLING DOWNHILLSelecting the wrong gear can result inlosing control of the tractor:> > too high a gear and engine brakingmay not hold back the tractor> > too low a gear and the tractor maystart to slide, like brakes applied ona slippery surface.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Always drive straight down steep hills.> > Do not drive diagonally across and downslopes. Find the gentlest possible slopeand drive straight down.> > Select a low gear before driving downand apply the throttle to reduce thechance of the engine stalling.> > Engage ‘diff lock’ before starting a hilldescent for maximum braking and toprevent singlewheel lockup. (CAUTION:The tractor will not turn as efficientlywhen diff lock is on.)> > Drive slowly forward (heavy end up slope)controlling your speed with engine braking.Allow for any towed implements’ extraweight. Check surface conditions, slopeand route.> > If the tractor starts to slide forward, quicklypulse the throttle until you regain traction.Do not brake, as you have to keep thewheels turning to keep traction.> > If the engine loses power, apply the brakeand put the tractor in ‘park’ mode.> > If you lose control, drop any implementsinto the ground to act as an anchor.> > Keep the tractor well-maintained and filtersclear to reduce the chance of engine failure.2.9 TRAVELLING UPHILLWhen travelling uphill, the weight moves tothe rear of the tractor, increasing the risk ofthe tractor flipping over backwards.The wheels can lose traction and make thetractor slew to the side, increasing the riskof the tractor rolling over.The tractor can also start rolling backwards,increasing the risk of a backwards flip if thebrakes are applied suddenly.Some modern <strong>tractors</strong> have hydraulicallypowered brakes and steering. If the enginestalls, you can lose power to the brakesand steering.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Always drive straight up steep hills.> > Select a low gear before driving up andapply the throttle to minimise the possibilityof the engine stalling.> > Climb with the heavy end up the slope(in reverse).> > If it’s a straight climb, engage diff lock andfour-wheel drive before starting.> > Don’t change gear when moving up slopes.This increases the risk of the tractor flippingbackwards. If you lose traction, apply thebrake and clutch together, select reversegear and back down the hill.10

SECTION 2.0 // HAZARDS AND CONTROLS2.10 ROLLOVERTractor rollovers – tipping sideways orbackwards – can seriously injure or killdrivers. They are often pinned or trappedunderneath the tractor.Many people think that <strong>tractors</strong> only turnover in steep or hilly country. While that isa high-risk situation, research shows abouthalf of tractor rollovers happen on flat orslightly sloping ground. These accidentsusually involve obstacles like stumps,stones, ruts or ditches.Most <strong>tractors</strong> have a high centre of gravity.Increased loads, raised implements anddriving across slopes change the centreof gravity, increasing the risk of rollover.Speed strongly influences the tractor’sstability and is a big factor in many rollovers.As the speed of the tractor increases, suddenturns, braking or gear changes are felt moreabruptly, increasing the chances of a rollover.MANAGING THE HAZARD:All agricultural <strong>tractors</strong>, except thoseexcluded (as follows), must be fitted withroll-over protective structures (ROPS).Any agriculture <strong>tractors</strong> bought new after1 September 1970 must have a ROPS meetingthe relevant design and manufacturingstandards, except for the following:> > Tractors bought new on or before31 August 2001:> > Crawler <strong>tractors</strong> and wheeled<strong>tractors</strong> weighing under 762kg ormore than 4000kg.> > Tractors bought new after 31 August 2001:<strong>tractors</strong> weighing under 700kg.> > Tractors used:> > in any orchard, hop garden, blueberrygarden or greenhouse> > in any vineyard carried out beneath vinessupported overhead> > work in or near any building or structureused to keep and care of poultry forfinancial gain.If it is not practical to fit ROPS to anagricultural tractor because of the type ofthe work it’s used for, you can apply for anexemption. Send your application to:The Chief ExecutiveWorkSafe New ZealandPO Box 165Wellington 6140Or email info@worksafe.govt.nzFor more information on safety frames,see the Approved Code of Practice forRoll-over Protective Structures on Tractorsin Agricultural Operations: www.business.govt.nz/healthandsafetygroup/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/acop-roll-over-protective-structures-on-<strong>tractors</strong>-in-agricultural-operations/rops-tractor-acop-pdfAll new agricultural <strong>tractors</strong> bought after31 August 2001 must have seatbelts.Fit seatbelts in line with AS 2664 or anequivalent standard with the same orstricter criteria.Always keep seatbelts and anchor pointsin good condition.Display seatbelt warning signs in everyprotective structure, warning drivers to weartheir seatbelt to help reduce the chance ofthem being hurt if there’s a rollover or othersimilar accident.11

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMSWhen driving a tractor, always wearseatbelts when they are fitted and thetractor has a ROPS.Seatbelts hold the operator in the protectivestructure during rollovers, reducing the chanceof injury.2.11 HYDRAULICSMost mounted implements use thetractor’s hydraulic power. Connecting anddisconnecting the hoses for these implementsis dangerous as it can spray high-pressure oil.Hydraulic hoses will fail. When the failed hosefeeds a ram supporting weight, that weightcan drop, quickly and unexpectedly. Peoplestanding in the weight’s path can be seriouslyinjured or killed.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Never work under equipment that’s onlysupported by a hydraulic ram.> > When parking the tractor – even for a shorttime – lower the front and rear hydraulics tothe ground. Make it part of your routine.2.12 FRONT-END LOADERSFront-end loaders handle different types ofmaterial like feed, manure, soil and gravel.Their versatility lets you easily load, lift,transport and handle materials.However, heavy loads raised too high raisethe tractor’s centre of gravity and increasethe chances of rollover.Front-end loaders carry lots of weight and aredangerous if the weight falls on someone.Front-mounted tines, forks, buckets and otherdevices are dangerous if the tractor has ahead-on crash.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Carry the load with the bucket orattachment lowered. Raising itreduces stability.> > If you have to work under raised equipment,make sure it has a stable support thatcan’t move. Use a jack stand or othersturdy support. Don’t rely on hydraulicsor mechanical locks.> > Regularly check hoses for wear and tear.Don’t put your hands around or close tohydraulic hoses under pressure. The oil canpenetrate the skin, causing serious injuries.> > Before working with the hoses, jiggle thelevers to release the oil pressure.> > Drivers should wear gloves and eyeprotection when working on hydraulicequipment.> > Work hydraulic controls from the driver’sseat or according to manufacturer’sinstructions.When operating a front-end loader:> > Keep the speed down when carrying a load.> > Avoid sudden stops when carrying a load –the tractor could overbalance.> > Back down slopes when carrying a load.> > Lower the bucket or attachment to theground when parking.Train operators to use front-end loaders safely.Check the tractor’s front-end loader has arated lifting capacity. Consult the machinerysupplier and manufacturer’s specificationsabout lift ratings and locations. Whenchecking the tractor’s lift capacity, you mayneed to attach a counterbalance – carriedon the three-point linkage – before using afront-end loader.12

SECTION 2.0 // HAZARDS AND CONTROLSKeep the bucket (or other attachment) as lowas possible to maximise driver visibility andtractor stability. Turn the leading edge of afront-mounted bucket downward or upward,so it is safer on road. Also considerpositioning the implement to reduce thechance of it ‘digging in’ if you suddenly losehydraulic power to the front-end loader.Carry out maintenance according to themanufacturer’s directions. It is important tocheck the front tyres and highly stressedparts of the lifting mechanism for cracksand excessive wear.2.13 FRONT-END LIFTING FORKSForks can be dangerous when driving on-roadif the tractor has a head-on crash.MANAGING THE HAZARD:If driving on the road, position forks(and anything else sticking out) toreduce the risk to other road users.Do an assessment based on the tractor’sdesign and the function and shape of theprojecting parts. Work out the safest positionbased on this assessment.2.15 HAY BALESLifting hay bales or other heavy objectscan increase the risk of rollover. Hay andwrapped silage can also roll back down theloader’s arms onto the driver if the load isheld too high, or fall from a stack onto thetractor driver.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Use the right attachment for the job andfollow the manufacturer’s recommendations.> > Use a hay spike for hay and a grab forwrapped silage. Do not use flat forksor buckets.> > Carry bales slowly and as low as possibleto the ground.> > Check the tractor’s lift capacity.> > Use a counterbalance if necessary.> > Do not carry bales stacked higher thanthe back frame of the forks. If possible,extend the height of the frame if you wantto safely pick up more bales.> > Be careful not to turn the implementupwards, letting the bales slip down thelift arms.2.14 FALLING OBJECTS105°Many tractor operators are killed and injuredby objects falling onto the tractor.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Use a tractor with a falling objectprotective structure (FOPS) if youcould be hit by falling objects.10°Figure 2: Falling objects13

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMS2.16 USING TRACTORS FORFARM FORESTRYWhen using <strong>tractors</strong> in farm forestry, theoperator could be hit by falling objectslike tree limbs or felled trees.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Use a tractor with FOPS for farm forestrytasks and work within the manufacturer’srecommendations.> > Do not use wheeled <strong>tractors</strong> for directlypulling trees.> > When winching logs, don’t back the tractoragainst a tree for extra anchorage. Use abigger tractor.> > Keep cables and chains in good conditionand store correctly when they’re not in use.> > Watch out for dead limbs on trees – any treemovement could bring them down.2.17 MOUNTED OR TRAILEDEQUIPMENTTractors are designed to use a wide range ofmounted or trailed implements. These helpthe farmer do a huge variety of farm tasks.There are various forms of mounted andtrailed equipment, including Power Take-Off(PTO) operated equipment (like mowers),three-point linkage attachments (like backblades) and trailers.Some implements make the tractor lessstable, increasing the risk of it rolling over.The three-point linkage or hydraulics canalso cause problems.2.18 POWER TAKE-OFF SHAFTThe PTO shaft is found at the rear of a tractorand uses a tractor’s engine to drive tools orequipment attached to the tractor – suchas post drivers, mowing equipment, boomspraying equipment and feed grain roller mills.They are also found on other machines, suchas slashers.People have been killed and seriously injuredafter getting caught in PTO shafts andcouplings. There does not need to be anypart sticking out from the PTO assembly tocause entanglement. Clothing only needs towrap around the shaft once, then the frictionof the fabric touching itself makes it stick,and as the PTO turns, the force wrapping thefabric around the shaft increases.To assess the risk of injury from aPTO, consider:> > Is the turning equipment guardedwell enough?> > Are workers trained properly? Do theyknow the dangers of using this equipment?> > What is the risk of clothing, hair, jewelleryor tools getting caught in the PTO?> > Was the PTO made and tested to anappropriate standard?MANAGING THE HAZARD:PTO shafts must be appropriately guarded.The guarding for a PTO includes:> > A fixed power output coupling (POC) guard(also known as the ‘tractor master guard’),which should be permanently attached tothe tractor. If it is movable, it must be heldsecurely in place when the tractor is in use.> > An implement power input coupling (PIC)guard, which should be permanentlyattached to the implement. If it is movable,it must be held securely in place when inuse. There should be no nip-points wherebody parts or clothing can be caught.> > A PTO shaft guard, which extends intothe POC and PIC areas for the maximumpractical distance. The guard can be eitherrotating or not. A non-rotating guardneeds a way to be restrained. A rotatingguard must turn freely and be able to bestopped by hand without risk of injuryor entanglement.14

SECTION 2.0 // HAZARDS AND CONTROLSGuarding considerations:> > Where protection is needed in the PTOdrive line, place torque limiters, free wheelsor clutches at the power input connection(tool end) of the PTO drive shaft.> > Do not rest the PTO drive shaft on theguards when it is uncoupled.> > When the machine is not in use, supportthe drive shaft and the guard on the cradle.If there is no cradle, support the shaft andguards using something else that equallyprotects against damage.> > All guards specified by the manufacturermust be in place and well maintained.> > If a guard needs to be removed formaintenance or cleaning, isolate and lockoutmachinery so it cannot be startedwithout the guard.Older <strong>tractors</strong> and tools may not have originalPOC or PIC guards, or the originals may notbe in a safe condition. Employers must stillmake sure all parts of the PTO are adequatelyguarded. This may mean buying guards orhaving them made.Keep clear of the PTO and attachedequipment when it is running.> > Make sure everyone is clear before engagingthe PTO. Keep them away when using PTOdrivenequipment.> > Never step across or lean over a rotatingpower shaft. Always walk around the tractor.> > Always disengage the PTO before you getoff the tractor.> > Refer to the manufacturer’s fitting, operatingand maintenance instructions.> > Check all guards regularly (eg daily whenin use) for wear and damage, and replacedamaged guards.PIC GuardPOC GuardPTO Shaft GuardTractorImplementFigure 3: Power take-off guarding (PTO = power take-off; POC = power output coupling;PIC = power input coupling)15

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMS2.19 MOWERSTractor-mounted mowers have bladesthat spin at high speed. If these blades hitsomeone, they can cause serious injuryor death. Blades that hit stones or otherobjects can propel them at speed towardthe driver or nearby people – anotherpotentially deadly hazard.Some rotary (flail) mowers have pivot boltsthat can wear and shear off. They are usedto secure the cutting blades and when theybreak, the blades are ejected at speed.These parts can hit people near the mower(including the driver).MANAGING THE HAZARD:A skirt should be fitted around themower’s openings and outside edge.A skirt reduces the chances of stones andother objects hitting people. Keep the skirtwell-maintained.Only fit manufacturer-recommended pivotbolts to the mower. Check the bolts regularlyand replace them if worn.2.20 BALERSBalers are complex machines with lots ofmoving parts. They have the potential tocause serious injury or death.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Follow manufacturer’s recommendationswhen using balers.When using conventional balers:> > Use the correct ground speed to avoidoverloading.> > Correctly splice and thread the baling twinein the tractor. You should not be able to pullanything out of the knotter while the baleris in use.> > Remove all twine before re-feeding balesinto the baler. The baling twine is too strongto break if anyone gets entangled.> > Never feed broken bales into the baler byhand – use a pitchfork instead, or leave thebale on the ground and drive into it.When using round balers:> > Use the correct ground speed to avoidoverloading.> > No one should stand near the rear of thebaler when ejecting the bale.> > Never eject large bales on slopes where theycould roll.> > Always engage the mechanical gate safetylock before entering the open rear gate area.Do not rely on the hydraulic controls.> > The large springs and hydraulic hoses store alot of energy. Relieve the pressure or tensionbefore servicing. Follow the manufacturer’smaintenance and operating rules.> > Keep the correct tension on drive belts.A loose belt can start a fire.2.21 THREE-POINT LINKAGETractors are designed to connect to ploughsand other implements with a three-pointlinkage. The three points create a triangleso the implement’s weight is carried by thetractor itself. This system is designed totransfer some of the implement’s weight tothe tractor at a point below its centre ofgravity, which increases its traction.Trailers, on the other hand, have wheelsand support their own weight.Some <strong>tractors</strong> have ‘quick hitches’ to connecttrailed equipment to the three-point linkage.This moves the towing point further back,and the tractor might react unpredictablywhen braking and cornering.Connecting implements incorrectly or abovethe tractor’s centre of gravity can cause atractor to roll over backwards.16

SECTION 2.0 // HAZARDS AND CONTROLSPulling objects by connecting chains orcables to a point that is too high, instead ofthe draw bar, can also cause a tractor to rollover backwards.If you use the wrong hitching pin it cansuddenly fail and whatever you are towingcan disconnect.You also risk being crushed or run over whenconnecting an implement to the tractor.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Always connect implements to the tractorthe way the manufacturer designed them.This connects the load well below thetractor’s centre of gravity.Keep the pull angle horizontal and as lowas possible.Always match the equipment to the correctsizedtractor. Check the manufacturer’srecommendations. Use a counterweightif necessary.Don’t let anyone stand between the implementand the tractor when reversing to connect.If you have to move the tractor when attachingthe implement, helpers should step out ofthe area between the tractor and implement.If you have to inch the tractor into positionwhile someone puts in the connecting pins,back the tractor up too far, get the helper toapproach, then inch the tractor forward untilthe helper can insert the pins.The correct sequence for attachingimplements to the three-point linkage is:left, right then centre.2.22 ROTARY CULTIVATORSMANAGING THE HAZARD:Make sure the cultivator is well-maintainedand use it in line with the manufacturer’srecommendations.> > Don’t work the cultivator if the blade boltsare missing.> > Make sure there is no interference whenyou lift, back or turn the cultivator.> > If the tractor lunges while cultivating a hardsurface, immediately step on the clutchand brake pedals. Inspect for damage andremove the hazards before starting again.> > Always raise the cultivator at the end of awork run. Blades that keep turning in thesoil could propel the tractor.2.23 DISC HARROWSDisc harrows are heavy pieces of equipmentwith spring-tensioned parts. It is dangerousif the tension suddenly releases.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Make sure the harrows are well-maintainedand operate them according to themanufacturer’s recommendations.> > Make adjustments before getting ontothe tractor.> > Place blocks or supports under elevatedparts when working on discs.> > Release the hydraulic pressure beforeworking on the hydraulic lines.> > Beware of springs under tension whendismantling or maintaining the disc harrows.Rotary cultivators are heavy pieces ofequipment. They can cause serious injuryif people get caught in them.17

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMS2.24 TRAILERSTractors often pull wheeled trailers usinga drawbar with a clevis hitch or a fittedtow ball. Tractors can rear up and roll overbackwards if they are used with trailersconnected to a high hitch point.Accidents happen when steering onslopes or slippery surfaces with poor trailerbrakes because it pushes the tractor sideways,causing it to slide out of control.Excessive wear can also be placed onthe tractor’s brakes.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Always connect wheeled trailers to thedrawbar. This means the load is pulledunder the tractor’s centre of gravity.Check that the safety chain or cable issuitable for the job. Always use correctlysized and rated pins.Use the correct high-strength steel hitchingpin designed for the tractor and the task. Usethe appropriate diameter pin for the tractor ortrailer coupling’s diameter, whichever has thesmaller hole. The coupling pin’s diameter mustnot be smaller than 75 per cent of the largercoupling hole.Do not repair or weld coupling pins andtowing hooks. Replace pins and hooks thatare damaged, deformed, cracked or wornat any point to below 90 per cent of theiroriginal diameter, or the manufacturer’s weartolerance, whichever is less.Securely retain coupling pins by a lockingmechanism.Figure 4: Correct and incorrect hitching pinsDo not repair tow-eyes. Always replace themif they are worn beyond 10 per cent of theoriginal diameter or the manufacturer’s weartolerance, whichever is less.Fit a safety chain between a tractor and towedtrailers or implements, except those carried ona three-point linkage. The safety chain’s tensilestrength (its breaking load) must be equal toor greater than the total weight towed.The safety chain’s length must be adjustableso it is neither too tight nor too loose. Wherepractical, attach the chain to the tractor’schassis, not the hitch. The chain’s tensilestrength must be displayed on the chainusing a plate or similar method.Also:> > Use a large enough tractor and choose thebest gear to stop the combination within asafe distance.> > Buy trailers with a suitable braking systemto match your tractor. Ask the supplier forbrake efficiency information.> > When connecting implements or trailersin train, make sure the collective weightdoes not go over the manufacturer’srecommendations. Correctly hitch all trailers.18

SECTION 2.0 // HAZARDS AND CONTROLS2.25 TRACTOR FIRESFires can cause serious and fatal injuries.Three things must be present for a fire: air,material that can burn and an ignition or heatsource. Around three-quarters of all tractorfires start in the engine compartment. Somecommon causes are grease or oil build-up,hay or straw, or bird’s nests.If the tractor does catch fire, approach it withextreme caution. Even a small fire can flareup dramatically when doors, hatches or otherareas are opened to gain access. Fires are verydangerous when liquid fuels are involved.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Keep the tractor clean, remove ignitionsources and carry a fire extinguisher.Regularly remove caked-on grease, oil, cropresidue, dry chaff, leaves, bird nests andother material. Clear away wrapped plantmaterial on bearings, belts and other movingparts – and check them for wear. Make surethe exhaust system is in good condition andleak-free. Check exposed electrical wires fordamage or wear.A fully charged 2kg extinguisher is yourbest source of fire protection. If a fire breaksout, quickly shut off the engine, grab theextinguisher and get out. Try to use theextinguisher’s flexible hose to shoot thechemical at the flames’ base from a safedistance. Blanket the flames to starve thefire of oxygen and prevent the fire restarting.2.26 OVERHEAD POWER LINESIf any part of a tractor, front-end loader,mounted implement or trailer touchesoverhead power lines, it can be lethal.If an operator touches the tractor and theground at the same time, they could beseriously hurt or killed when electricityflows through them.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Avoid working near overhead power linesif possible.> > Know the minimum line heights andthe maximum height/reach of <strong>tractors</strong>and machines passing below or nearpower lines.> > Look up before raising implements.> > Think about the height and reachof machinery when buying or hiringreplacements.> > Mark power lines on a farm map andpass this information on to employees,con<strong>tractors</strong> and other visitors that needto know where they are.Do not get out of the tractor if it or animplement touches power lines. Instead,ring for help, warn people not to comenear and wait until the power companyhas made it safe.If the fire extinguisher runs out, use water(from troughs or creeks) or soil to put outthe fire.Use a mobile phone or two-way radio tocall for help.19

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMS2.27 WORKING ALONEAND IN ISOLATIONWorking alone is a common hazard infarm work.If a farmer has a tractor accident in aremote area, it can be a long time beforehelp arrives. Sometimes the injuries canget worse or the farmer could die.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Tell someone where you are workingand when you plan to return. Have regularcheck-in times – help will arrive morequickly if you do not return.It is important to have a way to raise thealarm if you are injured, like a mobile phoneor emergency beacon. Some mobile phoneshave GPS that can easily communicate yourlocation. You can even download applications(apps) to smart phones so you can trackwhere several phones are at once, in real time.Work out an emergency plan with workersand family members so they know what todo if something goes wrong.As an employer, make sure tractor driversknow the hazards of working a tractorand how their own behaviour and attitudesimpact on them.As a tractor driver, take responsibility andlet someone know if you’re not up to thejob for any reason.2.29 UNAUTHORISEDTRACTOR ACCESSIt can be dangerous if someone drivesthe tractor without the owner knowingor giving permission.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Take the keys out of the tractor and/orput other measures in place to make surethe tractor is only used with the farmer’sknowledge and permission.Do not let friends and colleagues drive<strong>tractors</strong> unless they are properly trainedand given permission.2.28 PERSONAL FACTORSSometimes, fatigue, stress, attitude (eg overconfidenceor recklessness), drugs or alcoholcan impair tractor drivers. This causes poorjudgement, and reduced balance, coordinationand reaction times, and increases the risk of aserious injury or fatality.MANAGING THE HAZARD:Don’t operate a tractor under the influenceof drugs or alcohol. Reassess tasks andfind other jobs if there are stress andfatigue issues.20

03/DRIVING ONTHE ROADIN THIS SECTION:3.1 Driving on the road3.2 What class of licence doI need?3.3 Definition of a road3.4 Managing on-road hazards21

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMSIf you’re driving a tractor on the road, follow theroad rules.3.1 DRIVING ON THE ROADAll <strong>tractors</strong> driven on the road must becapable of getting a warrant of fitness, even ifthey don’t have one.Check that the tractor and any implementor trailer is not too wide and has the correctsignage. See NZTA’s Vehicle Dimensionsand Mass Rule for more information:www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/rules/vehicledimensions-and-mass-2002-index.html3.2 WHAT CLASS OF LICENCEDO I NEED?Tractor or agricultural vehicle drivers thatdrive on New Zealand roads must have atleast a Class 1 Driver Licence (a car licence),so they will have studied the road code toget the licence. It is the basic guide to safe,legal and considerate road user behaviourin New Zealand.Under the Land Transport (Driver Licensing)Amendment Rules 2013:a. You need a class 1 licence (full or restricted)or overseas tractor licence to drive a tractorup to 18 tonnes (or in combination up to25 tonnes) up to 40kph.b. You need a class 1 (full) with wheelsendorsement to drive:> > a tractor up to 18 tonnes (or combinationof up to 25 tonnes) over 40kph> > other agricultural vehicles under 18 tonnes(eg combine harvesters) up to 40kph.c. You need a class 2 licence with wheelsendorsement to drive other agriculturalvehicles under 18 tonnes (eg combineharvesters) over 40kph.d. You need the appropriate class of licencefor all other non-agricultural vehicles oragricultural vehicles heavier than 18 tonnesor 25 tonnes in combination.If you are driving any agricultural vehicle ona Class 1 licence, you do not need to followthe work time rules or keep logbooks.For more information about agriculturalvehicle road rules, see: www.nzta.govt.nz/vehicle/your/agriculture-forklifts.html3.3 DEFINITION OF A ROAD‘Road’: includes a street and any place towhich the public have access, whether asof right or not. This includes all bridges,culverts, ferries and fords forming part ofany road, street or place to which the publichave access.For more details of the current road transportand driver licencing rules please see: www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/rules/about/index.html3.4 MANAGING ON-ROADHAZARDSTo read all the rules, check out NZTA’sAgricultural Vehicles Guide.22

SECTION 5.0 // MAINTENANCE04/TRAININGREQUIREMENTSIN THIS SECTION:4.1 Young people on <strong>tractors</strong>4.2 Training fo health and safetyrepresentatives23

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMSGive thorough training to all tractor-driving employees.As well as training, employers must make sure thatpeople who don’t have the knowledge or experience todrive <strong>tractors</strong> are supervised by an experienced person.Give all drivers information about theworking procedures of every machine theyare expected to use, the hazards they willface and closely supervise them until theyprove they can work on their own. Thisincludes all implements, front-end loaders,trailers, ballast and counterweights.Training should include:> > Induction – all workers and con<strong>tractors</strong>should receive information about hazards,control measures, farm rules and policy,safe work procedures and how to safelyuse a particular tractor, implement, loaderor trailer.> > On-farm training – experienced co-workerscan do this.> > Direct supervision – provide this forinexperienced operators until they reachan appropriate level of competency.> > Formal training and accreditation –this provides independent, up-to-dateknowledge and best practice. Organise thisthrough a recognised training organisation.Operators should obtain appropriate NZQAqualifications for the class of tractor theyhave to operate.Keep records of induction and training for alltractor operators.4.1 YOUNG PEOPLE ON TRACTORSChildren under 15 years are normally not ableto drive <strong>tractors</strong> or implements. However,Section 61 of the Health and Safety inEmployment Regulations 1995, states thatin special cases, children over 12 years oldcan drive or ride on <strong>tractors</strong> or implementsif they:> > are fully trained in using the tractorand any implements attached to it> > are in a safe position on the tractoror implement> > are the only child on the tractor.It is important that:> > they only use the tractor for agriculturalwork, or> > the tractor is only used to train a child todrive the tractor for agricultural work.Despite this, farm owners and managersstill must keep young people driving <strong>tractors</strong>safe and make sure they are not put at risk.4.2 TRAINING FOR HEALTHAND SAFETY REPRESENTATIVESThe Health and Safety in Employment Act1992 gives employees the right to be involvedin workplace health and safety matters. Oneway this can be achieved is by electing ahealth and safety representative. This issomeone employees can go to when theyhave any concerns or suggestions regardinghealth and safety in the workplace. Therepresentative will work with the employerin good faith to find a solution.This representative is allowed to take twodays paid leave each year to go to approvedhealth and safety training.24

SECTION 2.0 // TRAINING REQUIREMENTS05/MAINTENANCEIN THIS SECTION:5.1 How to maintain the tractor5.2 What maintenance?5.3 Maintenance checklistexample25

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMSTractors work hard and wear out. Brakes, steeringand tyres – all critical to the tractor’s safety – areparticularly prone to wear. Accidents happenwhen tractor maintenance is delayed beyond themanufacturer’s specifications. This puts operatorsat greater risk and increases costs through replacingparts and components, or causing businessinterruptions and breakdowns. Trying to repair atractor in the field is also hazardous.5.1 HOW TO MAINTAINTHE TRACTORTractors need regular maintenance. It mustbe scheduled and planned, and can differfrom one tractor to another. Always read themanufacturer’s operation and maintenancemanual for advice.Keep all service and maintenance recordsfor the tractor’s life so that it can be passedon to the new owner if the tractor is sold.You are likely to get a better price for it too!5.2 WHAT MAINTENANCE?Keep your tractor maintenance up-to-date.Even small things, like mud and dirt, buildup on the cab floor and get under thepedals. A brake pedal depressing onto fivecentimetres of caked dirt is a pedal thathas five centimetres less travel.SAFE PRACTICE DURING TRACTORMAINTENANCE:1. Apply the park brakeChock the wheels and apply the parkbrake before starting maintenance.2. Lower hydraulic equipmentLower hydraulic equipment to theground before starting maintenance.3. Disconnect the batteryRemove the key and, if practical, disablethe tractor by disconnecting the battery tomake sure the tractor cannot accidentallystart during maintenance.If guards or protective covers have to beremoved for maintenance, attach them tothe tractor with a lanyard so they don’t getlost, and re-attach them correctly.26

SECTION 5.0 // MAINTENANCEWHAT TO CHECKCheck batteryterminals and levels.Check brake andclutch fluids.Check hydraulic fluidlevels.Check fuel levels.Check grease points.Check engine oil filterand dipstick level.Check hydraulicfilters.Check the radiatorcatch tank.Check for birds’nests.Check tyres fordamage and wearand make sure wheelnuts are tight.Check for rust weepfrom the wheel nuts.It may be a signof loose nuts. Alsocheck for cracksin rims.Check seatbelt.27

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMS5.3 MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST EXAMPLEBelow is a typical tractor maintenance checklist. Get a competent person, who knows thetractor’s acceptance/rejection criteria, to do the maintenance.MAKE:MODEL:REGISTRATION:YEAR:ODOMETERREADING:OWNER ORLOCATION:ITEM CHECK ITEM CHECKBrakes > > Check adjustment, pads,linings and brake fluid levels.> > Auxiliary or parking brake stopstractor from moving.> > Check all discs, drums, brakelinings and linkages for anysigns of wear and damage.> > Check wheel cylinders and thatthere are no brake fluid leaks.> > Check brake pedals locktogether and brakes pull evenly.Lubricate where applicable.> > Check there is nothing underthe brake pedal to hinderapplication (eg mud or tools).Tyres > > Roadworthy and givegood control.> > Adequate tread depth andare free from excessive wear,cuts or other damage.> > See manual for correctpressure settings.> > Check tyre pressures withvalve at 12 o’clock position.> > If any liquid ballast hasbeen added, this will affectpressure readings.Roll-overprotectivestructure(ROPS)Fallingobjectprotectivestructure(FOPS)Front-endloader> > Tractor is fitted with ROPSmeeting AS 1636 Tractors –Roll-Over Protective Structure– Criteria and tests for roll over(if relevant).> Tractor meets ApprovedCode of Practice for RollOverProtective Structures onTractors in AgriculturalOperations.> > FOPS is in good conditionand is undamaged (no holesdrilled etc.) and all bolts aresecurely fastened.> > No loose, worn, corroded ormissing bolts.> > Tractor is fitted with FOPSthat meets AS 2294.1Earthmoving Machinery –Protective Structures for FallingObjects and has a confirmingspecification plate.> > FOPS is provided, is in goodcondition and meets themanufacturer’s specifications.> > No damaged worn or missingpins. Pins are correctlyretained with lynch pins ormanufacturer’s clips or bolts.> > Pins are well lubricated.> > Lubrication is done in line withthe maintenance schedule.28

SECTION 5.0 // MAINTENANCEITEM CHECK ITEM CHECKWheels > > Check wheel nuts are allpresent and tight.> > Check for rust weep from thewheel nuts. It may be a signof loose nuts.> > Grease wheel bearings. Replaceretainers where needed.> > Check wheels for freemovement. No signs of wheelbearing wear or obstruction.> > Check alignment and ‘toe in’ –refer to manual.Steering > > Check for smooth movementof steering wheel from full leftto full right.> > Check linkages, ball joints andsockets, rubber boots coveringlinkages are all free from mud;there are no blockages andsigns of wear or damage.> > Check power steering fluid(hydraulic oil) level.> > Clean all steering hosesand inspect for scuff marksand leaks.Guards > > Tractor safety guards are inplace and are in good condition.> > Power take-off (PTO) guardsare fixed in place, functionaland undamaged.> > Check PTO attachments, noloose, missing or broken pins,bolts or lynch pins.Clutch > > Note: Do this test with thewheels chocked.> > When park brake is appliedand clutch pedal depressedthere is some easy clutch pedaltravel before resistance is felt(check operator’s manual forspecifications and methodof adjustment).Seatbelts > > Seatbelt is provided and isin good working order.> > Seat is in good condition andeach driver can adjust it.> > Note: Seatbelts are necessaryif the tractor is fitted witha ROPS.Drive belts > > Check condition and tensionmeet manufacturer’sspecificationsGreasingpoints,nipples> > Find greasing points andlubricate as recommended bythe operator’s manual.> > Clean grease nipples beforegreasing to stop dirt getting in.Do not over-grease universaljoints or sealed bearings as itwill damage the seals and allowdirt into the joint.Fluid levels > > All fluid levels (tractor and anyattachment) as recommendedin the operator’s manual:> > radiator water level> > transmission fluid> > engine oil> > battery fluid> > brake fluid> > fuel tank filled> > hydraulic oil level on threepointlinkage or front-endloader (FEL) (Refer tooperator’s manual for ram/cylinder position)> > Oil reservoir level on loader (ifsupply is separate from tractor).Exhaust > > Holes and corrosion.> > Excessive noise.> > Looseness.> > Spark-arrestor fitted.> > Note: replace the exhaust ifany holes are found in it.29

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMSITEM CHECK ITEM CHECKBattery > > Battery attached securely.> > Terminals free of corrosionand tightness.> > Electrolyte levels.> > Damaged casing.Air filter > > Check, clean and replaceregularly in line with themanufacturer’s specifications.Levercontrols> > Operator lever controls areclearly identified and markedshowing what they are and howthey work.> > Check for damage to knobs orlevers and repair before usingthe machine.Lights > > Check and replace lights thataren’t working.> > Lights (field, head, tail andexternal warning lights).> > Horn works.> > Indicators and mirrors workingand clean.Hydraulichoses> > Hoses are not leaking or worn.> > Switch tractor off – wipe allhose and fitting surfaces witha clean rag.> > Wear eye protection, glovesand close fitting clothing.> > Restart tractor and cycle all thehydraulics until the oil reachesoperating temperature.> > Lower attachments to theground then turn engine offand check that all cleaned areasshow no signs of dampness.> > DO NOT place hands aroundhoses or connections when thesystem is under pressure.Attachmentcontrols> > Test for correct operation of allcontrols for three-point linkageand FEL attachment.> > Check for excessive hydrauliccreep by starting the tractorand lifting the bucket orattachment to its full height.Turn off the engine andwatch how quickly the raisedequipment drops. Followmanufacturer’s instructions.> > Refer to manufacturer’soperator manual or equipmentspecifications for drop rates.> > Ensure no-one enters the areaduring this inspection.Other > > A first aid kit, working fireextinguisher and other personalprotective equipment are onthe tractor.> > Earmuffs available for anytractor without a cab.> > Know safe work load (SWL),axle loads and counterbalancerequirements for allattachments.> > Windows clean with goodall-around visibility.Other > > Operator’s cabin is free ofmud and oil.> > Platform access, steps andhandrails are secure, clean andhave three points of contact.> > All gauges and lights in thecabin operate correctly whenthe tractor is running (referto operator’s manual).> > Vehicle registration (ifapplicable) is current andclearly visible.MAINTENANCE CHECK PERFORMED BY:DATE:NEXT CHECK DUE (DATE):30

SECTION 2.0 // HAZARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS06/REFERENCESIN THIS SECTION:6.1 Glossary6.2 Bibliography31

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMS6.1 GLOSSARYTermDefinition2WD4WDTwo-wheel drive.Four-wheel driveAll Practicable Steps Section 2A Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992:‘The steps taken to achieve the result that it is reasonably practicableto take in the circumstances, having regard to:1. the nature and severity of harm that may be suffered if theresult is not achieved; and2. the current state of knowledge about the likelihood and severity ofharm that will be suffered if the result is not achieved; and3. the current state of knowledge about harm of that nature; and4. the current state of knowledge about the means available to achievethe results and about the likely effectiveness of eachof those means; and5. the availability and cost of each of those means.‘To avoid doubt, a person required by the Health and Safety inEmployment Act 1992 to take all practicable steps is required to takethose steps only in respect of circumstances that the person knows orought reasonably to know about.’CounterweightDiff lockFELFOPSForksImplement (mounted ortrailed)Lift ratingsLoad ratingA weight you can attach to the front or rear of the tractor to offset theweight of other front- or rear-mounted implements. The counterweightdistributes the weight of the tractor and implements more evenly overthe front and rear wheels, improving traction and stability.A locking differential. This provides increased traction, compared to astandard or ‘open’ differential, by restricting each of the two wheels onan axle to the same turning speed regardless of traction or differencesin resistance seen at each wheel.Front-end loader. An articulated hydraulic lift arm (most oftendetachable) with a bucket or scoop that fits on to the front of a tractorfor digging and loading earth and other substances.Falling object protective structure. A reinforced cab or safety framedesigned to protect the driver or passenger from objects that fallonto the cab.An implement most often connected to the front-end loader for liftingand impaling loads, such as hay bales.An agricultural machine attached to a tractor to do work in agriculturalproduction, eg, ploughing, harrowing, mowing.See load ratingThe maximum load for which something is designed.32

SECTION 6.0 // REFERENCESTermNIHLPTOQuick hitchROPSTinesThree-point linkageTow eyeWheel brakeDefinitionNoise-induced hearing loss. A hearing loss disorder that results fromexposure to high-intensity sound, especially over a long time.Power take-off. A system made up of an output shaft on a tractor(usually on the rear of the tractor between the three-point linkage) withteeth or ridges. It is designed so a drive shaft can be easily connectedto a matching input shaft on the other end. The power take-off allowsimplements to use energy from the engine of the tractor.A system attached to the three-point linkage that is designed to allowimplements to be attached in a faster, easier way.Roll-over protective structure. A reinforced cab or safety framedesigned to protect the driver and passenger from crush injuries inthe event of a rollover by creating separation between the tractorand the ground.Prongs or sharp points, such as those on a fork.A system for attaching implements to the tractor. It is made up of threehitch-points that create a triangle shape and allow the weight of theimplement to be carried by the tractor itself. Unlike a trailer, which maysupport its own weight.The hole in the tractor drawbar through which the hitch-pin is insertedto connect trailers and other implements.Brakes that apply to specific wheels. Wheel brakes can be used to helpthe tractor make sharp turns.33

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMS6.2 BIBLIOGRAPHYACADEMIC PAPERSAnalysis of Tractor-Related Deaths, ZerrinErkol, Bora Buken, Yavuz Hekimoglu, HayriErkol, Haluk Ince & Omer Utku Erzengin.Journal of Agromedicine 18(2) 2013www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1059924X.2013.767737Effectiveness of Roll-Over ProtectiveStructures in Reducing Farm TractorFatalities, Stephen Reynolds & William Groves.American Journal of Preventative Medicine,18(4), sup1, May 2000www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(00)00142-2/abstract – Contact usfor a copy of this articleEpidemiology, Surveillance, and Preventionof Farm Tractor Overturn Fatalities, Henry P.Cole, Robert H. McKnight & Teresa A. Donovan.Journal of Agromedicine 14(2), 2012www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10599240902805991Farm Machinery Injuries: Injury InvolvingTractor Run-Over, Rural Industries Researchand Development Corporation & the AustralianCentre for Agricultural Health and Safety, 2006rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/06-033.pdfJournal of Agromedicine, 15(3) 2010www.tandfonline.com/toc/wagr20/15/3 –Contact us for any of these articlesMaking Farm Machinery Safer: Lessons fromInjured Farmers, Rural Industries Research andDevelopment Corporation (Short report 145)farmsafewa.org/media/1348/Making%20Farm%20Machinery%20Safer%20SR145.pdfNational Agricultural Tractor Safety Initiative,Agricultural Safety and Health Centers,NIOSH, 2006nasdonline.org/static_content/documents/1916/d001837.pdfPotential Exposure to Hazardous WorkActivities: Tractor Usage among Farmwomen,Ann Carruth, Lana Skarke, Karen Gilmore &Elizabeth Brown. Journal of Agromedicine11(3–4) 2006www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J096v11n03_04#.Up7I7tHxvugStructural Deterioration of Tractor SafetyCabs with Age, AJ Scarlett, AD Stockton, JSPrice & JM Bacon. Health and Safety Executive,2004 (Research report 251)www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrhtm/rr251.htm andwww.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr251.pdfTractors and Rollover Protection in theUnited States, Dennis Murphy, John Myers, EAMcKenzie, Richard Cavaletto, John May & JulieSorensen. Journal of Agromedicine 15(3) 2010www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1059924X.2010.484309NEW ZEALAND GUIDANCEA Guide to the ACOP for ROPS on Tractors inAgricultural Operations, OSH, FFNZ, 2001www.business.govt.nz/healthandsafetygroup/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/roll-over-protective-structures-on-<strong>tractors</strong>-inagricultural-operations-a-guide-to-the-approvedcode-of-practice-for/rops-tractor-p.pdfACOP for ROPS on Tractors in AgriculturalOperations, OSH, FFNZ, 2001www.business.govt.nz/healthandsafetygroup/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/acop-roll-over-protective-structures-on<strong>tractors</strong>-in-agricultural-operations/ropstractor-acop-pdfGuarding Farm Machinery: Tractor PowerTake-Offs and Transmission Machinery,OSH, 1989www.business.govt.nz/healthandsafetygroup/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/guarding-farm-machinery-tractor-powertake-offs-and-transmission-machinery/farmmachinery.pdf34

SECTION 6.0 // REFERENCESGuidelines for the Provision of Safety,Health and Accommodation in Agriculture,OSH, 1996www.business.govt.nz/healthandsafetygroup/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/agriculture-guidelines-for-the-provision-ofsafety-health-and-accommodation-in/agricu-g.pdfGuidelines for the Safe Handling,Transportation and Stacking of Large HayBales, OSH, 1995www.business.govt.nz/healthandsafetygroup/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/hay-bales-guidelines-for-the-safe-handlingtransportation-and-stacking-of-large/haybales.pdfTractor Safety: Information that could Saveyour Life, ACC, 2012www.acc.co.nz/PRD_EXT_CSMP/groups/external_ip/documents/publications_promotion/prd_ctrb132513.pdfGUIDANCE FROM OTHER JURISDICTIONSA Guide to Tractor Safety (AU), WorkCover,SA, 2001www.safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/docs/empRuralTractorSafetyGuide.pdfDairy Workers Safety And Health: TractorSafety on Dairy Farms (US),Progressive Dairyman, 9 May 2013www.progressivedairy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10565:dairy-worker-safetyand-health-tractor-safety-on-dairyfarms&catid=49:management&Itemid=75Front End Loaders and their Attachmentson Tractors: A Guide on Health and SafetyStandards (AU), WorkCover NSW, 2011www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/resources/pdfs/frontendloader-attachment-tractor.pdfGeneral Tractor Safety (US), PD Ayers.Colorado State University Extension, 2013(Fact sheet no. 5.016)www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/farmmgt/05016.html or http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/farmmgt/05016.pdfHealth and Safety Guidelines for New andExperienced Tractor Operators (CA), FarmSafety Association, 2006www.farmsafety.ca/public/manuals/manualtractor%20operators.pdfMachinery Guarding Safety (AU), WorkSafe,WA, 2005 (Farm safety fact sheet no. 6)farmsafewa.org/media/1345/Machinery%20Guarding.pdfManaging Risks of Plant in the Workplace:Code of Practice (AU), Safework Australia, 2013www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/695/Managing-Risks-Plant-V2.pdfOccupational Health and Safety Guidelines forFarming Operations in Ontario (CA), Ministryof Labour, Ontario, 2009 Section 1:Tractors and Other Self-Propelled FarmEquipmentwww.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/farming/gl_<strong>tractors</strong>.phpOECD Standard Codes for the OfficialTesting of Agricultural and Forestry Tractors,OECD, 2013www.oecd.org/tad/code/oecdstandardcodesforthe-officialtestingofagriculturalandforestry<strong>tractors</strong>-2013.htmOperator Seat Restraints for Tractors andMobile Work Equipment in Agricultureand Forestry (UK), HSE, 2012 (Agricultureinformation sheet; no. 37 (rev 1))www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ais37.pdf35

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMSPreventing Farm Incidents Caused by MovingParts, Farm Safety Association, Quebecwww.farmsafety.ca/public/manuals/preventing-accidents-movingparts.pdfRural Plant: Code of Practice 2004 (AU),Workplace Health and Safety Queensland, 2011Section 7 Guarding and Section 8 Managementof other specific plant risks. [Includes <strong>tractors</strong>]www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/resources/pdfs/rural-plant-cop-2004.pdfSafe Design and Operation of Tractors: Codeof Practice 2005 (AU), Workplace Health andSafety Queensland, 2011www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/resources/pdfs/tractor-cop-2005.pdfSafe Implement Hitching: A Guide for SafeConnection of Agricultural Tractors toImplements (CA), Association of EquipmentManufacturers; Canadian Agricultural SafetyAssociation, 2011www.healthandsafetyontario.ca/HSO/media/WSPS/Resources/Downloads/Safe_Implement_Hitching_Guide.pdf?ext=.pdfSafe Jacking of Tractors (AU), Worksafe,Department of Commerce, WA, 2007farmsafewa.org/media/1365/Safe_jacking_of_trac.pdfSafe Use of Tractors with Attachments: AHandbook for Workplaces (AU), Departmentof Commerce, WA, 2009www.commerce.wa.gov.au/worksafe/PDF/Guides/Safe_use_of_<strong>tractors</strong>_with_attachment.pdfSafety Risk to Farm Tractor Operations: RollOver Protective Structure Certification (CA),Safe Manitoba, 2013 (SAFE farms bulletin 6)safemanitoba.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bulletins/safefarms_bulletin6.pdfThe Farm Safety Guide (CA), OccupationalHealth & Safety, Saskatchewan, rev ed. 2010www.lrws.gov.sk.ca/farm-safety-guideTractor and Rural Machinery Safety (AU),Worksafe NTwww.worksafe.nt.gov.au/Bulletins/HealthAndSafetyTopics/Plant/12.01.02.pdfTractor Power Takeoffs (AU),farmsafewa.org/media/1380/Tractor_PTOs.pdfTractor Rollovers, Australian Centre forAgricultural Health and Safetyfarmsafewa.org/media/1377/Tractor%20Rollovers.pdfTractor Safety (AU), Australian Centre forAgricultural Health and Safety, 2008www.aghealth.org.au/tinymce_fm/uploaded/Health%20Workers/gp_factsheet_tractor_safety_lores.pdfUse Tractors with ROPS to Save Lives (US),Safe Farm, Extension and Outreach, Iowa StateUniversity, 2013www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1265D.pdfUsing Tractors Safely: A Step-By-Step Guide(UK), Health and Safety Executive, 2013www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg185.htmYour Personal Farm Safety Audit – TractorSafety (CA), Julie Bidwell. Institute ofAgricultural Rural and Environmental Healthaghealth.usask.ca/resources/documents/TractorModulePDF.pdf36

BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES // SAFE USE OF TRACTORS ON FARMSWorkSafe New Zealand56 The TerracePO Box 165Wellington 6140Phone: +64 4 897 7699Fax: +64 4 415 40150800 030 040www.worksafe.govt.nz@WorkSafeNZISBN: 9978-0-478-42519-2 (online)ISBN: 978-0-478-42518-5 (print)38