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71ST ANNUAL MEETINGsan gerónimo and condado. puerto rico convention bureau (prcb).Infrastructure <strong>for</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong>: Tools and Incentives”), andregional or site-centered (e.g., “Current Research at Copan:Unearth<strong>in</strong>g, Analyz<strong>in</strong>g and Conserv<strong>in</strong>g the Cultural Heritage ofHonduras,” “Recent Research at Chevlon Ru<strong>in</strong>, an AncientHopi Village <strong>in</strong> NE Arizona”).Several symposia honor the accomplishments of members ofour field <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g two Fryxell symposia rather than the usualone, tw<strong>in</strong> symposia <strong>in</strong> honor of Jane Buikstra, and sessions honor<strong>in</strong>gFredrick J. Bove, James N. Hill, Charles A. Hoffman, EdKurjack, James B. Petersen, T. Douglas Price, and AlanWormser. Additional events <strong>in</strong>clude Thursday’s ethics bowl andan array of roundtable lunches on Friday (with topics such as“Publish<strong>in</strong>g and Present<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Archaeology</strong> <strong>for</strong> Public Consumption,”“The African Diaspora,” “Teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Archaeology</strong> us<strong>in</strong>gFilm and Television,” and “Def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Historical <strong>Archaeology</strong>”).Would you like to volunteer<strong>in</strong> Puerto Rico at the 71stAnnual meet<strong>in</strong>g, April26–30? Please see back cover<strong>for</strong> application <strong>in</strong>structions!The 71st annual meet<strong>in</strong>g will be a very full, highly diverse, excit<strong>in</strong>gevent. I look <strong>for</strong>ward to see<strong>in</strong>g you there!November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record5


Obsidian CraftProduction <strong>in</strong> AncientCentral MexicoKenneth G. HirthExam<strong>in</strong>es the obsidian craft <strong>in</strong>dustryfound at the site of Xochicalco,Morelos, between AD 650 and 900-the Gobernador or Epiclassic period.“A must-read <strong>for</strong> those <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong>prehispanic Mesoamericanhouseholds, craft specialization, and stone tools.”— Gary Fe<strong>in</strong>man, Field Museum, Chicago“ This is the best study of Mesoamerican lithic technology writtento date.”— Robert Cobean, INAH MexicoKenneth G. Hirth is professor of anthropology at PennsylvaniaState University. He is the author of Mesoamerican LithicTechnology (Univ. of Utah Press 2003). He lives <strong>in</strong> State College,Pennsylvania.89 illustrationsCloth $60.00Southwest<strong>Archaeology</strong> <strong>in</strong> theTwentieth CenturyEdited by L<strong>in</strong>da S. Cordell and Don D.Fowler“A tribute to the work that has beenundertaken by generations of<strong>American</strong> and Mexican archaeologiststo make the culture area truly one ofthe most studied <strong>in</strong> the world.”— Nancy Parezo, University ofArizonaL<strong>in</strong>da S. Cordell is director of the University of Colorado Museumand professor of anthropology at the University of Colorado,Boulder.Don D. Fowler is the Mamie Kleberg Professor of HistoricPreservation and Anthropology at the University of Nevada, Reno.21 illustrations, 2 mapsCloth $45.00The University of Utah Press(800) 621-2736Order onl<strong>in</strong>e from www.UofUpress.comIN BRIEFIN BRIEF, from page 3


SAA COMMITTEESCOMMITTEE REPORT: ETHICS COMMITTEECALLING ALL STUDENTS TO ETHICS BOWL 2006Anna Neuzil, Kacy Hollenback, Samuel Duwe, and A. J. VonarxAnna Neuzil, Kacy Hollenback, Samuel Duwe, and A. J. Vonarx represented the w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g University of Arizona team at the 2005 Ethics Bowl.As we students beg<strong>in</strong> to hoard our pennies <strong>for</strong> a flight toSan Juan, the SAA Ethics Committee is prepar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> theThird Annual Ethics Bowl, to be held <strong>in</strong> Puerto Rico <strong>in</strong>2006. The Ethics Bowl is a debate-style competition <strong>in</strong> whichteams of students come together to argue ethical responses tohypothetical case studies. Past cases have focused on NAGPRA,ethical issues <strong>in</strong> the cultural resource management (CRM)world, and the commodification of the material record. Why notorganize a team of 4–5 students from your school and give it atry? It is an enterta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and challeng<strong>in</strong>g way to familiarizeyourself with dilemmas that will be encountered <strong>in</strong> any archaeologicalcareer! Both undergraduate and graduate students arewelcome and encouraged to participate.How to PrepareTo prepare <strong>for</strong> the Ethics Bowl <strong>in</strong> 2005, we, the team from theUniversity of Arizona, began to prepare about six weeks be<strong>for</strong>ethe event. We divided the official case studies <strong>in</strong>to general categories(e.g., archaeology and the public, CRM, <strong>in</strong>tellectual propertyrights, borders and <strong>in</strong>ternational issues, <strong>American</strong> Indiansand archaeology). Each person chose a few cases that echoedhis/her ethical, archaeological, and regional <strong>in</strong>terests. Each ofus prepared “statements” on our cases, not<strong>in</strong>g the central ethicalissues and what we thought the archaeologist should do <strong>in</strong>each situation. Frequently, we sought out read<strong>in</strong>gs (from with<strong>in</strong>and beyond archaeology) to help us def<strong>in</strong>e our positions. Wemet often as a group, at least once a week, to discuss ourprogress, share references, and debate our po<strong>in</strong>ts of view—”ethics are never black and white.”Early on we sought out faculty mentors (Barbara J. Mills and T.J. Ferguson) who facilitated practice sessions and offered constructivecriticism. They urged us to consider (and make dist<strong>in</strong>ctionsbetween) ethics and legal theory. We used the conceptof virtue ethics (Colwell-Chanthaphonh and Ferguson 2004) <strong>in</strong>this ef<strong>for</strong>t. Constant dialog with each other and our mentorsproved to be the most useful part of our preparation strategy. Bydraw<strong>in</strong>g on our own life experiences and group discussions, weFigure 1: The University of Arizona team, w<strong>in</strong>ners of the 2005 Ethics Bowl:Kacy Hollenback, A. J. Vonarx, Samuel Duwe, and Anna Neuzil.were able to develop and choose between alternative courses ofaction <strong>for</strong> each of our cases.Relevance of Case StudiesOne of the most <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g aspects of prepar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> the EthicsBowl was that many of our case studies had direct application toreal-life situations. One case, <strong>for</strong> example, dealt with the rightsof private landowners to control archaeological resources ontheir property. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the course of the first author’s dissertationresearch, which was largely conducted on sites located onprivate property, Neuzil had encountered this issue many times.In the case at hand, an archaeologist had recorded a site withoutpermission from the landowner. When the landowner foundout, he <strong>in</strong>sisted that the archaeologist not turn <strong>in</strong> any records.The landowner felt the government had no bus<strong>in</strong>ess know<strong>in</strong>gwhat resources were on his property.In order to address the issues <strong>in</strong> this case, Neuzil first consultedthe SAA’s Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of Archaeological Ethics to get the SAA’stake on the responsibilities of archaeologists to the archaeologicalrecord—regardless of jurisdiction. She then looked to stateNovember 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record7


NEW from THAMES & HUDSONGeorge F. Bass, ed.$39.95 hardcover / 256 pages / 400+ illus.Jeremy Black, ed.$40.00 hardcover / 304 pages / 320 illus.by Toby Wilk<strong>in</strong>son$50.00 hardcover / 272 pages / 312 illus.Available wherever books are soldthamesandhudsonusa.comSAA COMMITTEESand federal laws concern<strong>in</strong>g cultural resources on private property.After ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g an understand<strong>in</strong>g of the legal and ethicalresponsibilities surround<strong>in</strong>g cultural resources and privateland, Neuzil laid out a plan of action <strong>for</strong> the archaeologist. Thisplan centered on dialog with both the landowner and thearchaeologist’s supervisor. Through my own research, I foundthat many landowners who were hesitant about archaeologicalresearch had specific reasons, such as a mistrust of the governmentbased on previous experiences or false <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation. Oftenthese issues could be addressed through dialog. Thus, <strong>in</strong> thiscase, as well as others on the slate <strong>in</strong> 2005, the solution was nota statement of whether an archaeologist’s actions were right orwrong and why, but <strong>in</strong>stead a discussion of the issues at handand a proposed course of action to address these issues <strong>in</strong> amean<strong>in</strong>gful way that had real world applications.If you are <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>m<strong>in</strong>g a team or want more <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation,visit the Ethics Bowl site at http://www.saa.org/about-SAA/committees/ethics/ebowl.html.Useful ResourcesColwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip, and T. J. Ferguson2004 Virtue Ethics and the Practice of History: Native <strong>American</strong>sand Archaeologists along the San Pedro Valley of Arizona.Journal of Social <strong>Archaeology</strong> 4(1):5–27.<strong>American</strong> Anthropological Association (AAA)Code of Ethics of the <strong>American</strong> Anthropological Association(1998)http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethcode.htmArchaeological Institute of America (AIA)Code of Professional Standards (1994)http://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/AIA_Code_of_Professional_StandardsA5S.pdfCanadian Archaeological Association (CAA)Statement of Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>for</strong> Ethical Conduct Perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g toAborig<strong>in</strong>al Peoples (1999)Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of Ethical Conducthttp://www.canadianarchaeology.com/ethical.lassoRegister of Professional Archaeologists (RPA)Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards of Per<strong>for</strong>mance(1998)http://www.rpanet.org/conduct.htm<strong>Society</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> (SAA)Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of Archaeological Ethics (1996)http://www.saa.org/aboutSAA/committees/ethics/pr<strong>in</strong>ciples.htmlWorld Archaeological Congress (WAC)Vermillion Accord on Human Rema<strong>in</strong>s (1989)First Code of Ethics (1990)http://www.wac.uct.ac.za/archive/content/ethics.html8 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


ARTICLECHARLIE BROWN IN THE CLASSROOMCOMICS AND OTHER INCENDIARY DEVICESFOR TEACHING ARCHAEOLOGYMitch AllenMitch Allen is Publisher of Left Coast Press, Inc. and has taught archaeology at Santa Clara University and Mills College <strong>in</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.Teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>troductory college archaeology students is achallenge. No one doubts that. How do you get studentsmotivated? Adjust to different learn<strong>in</strong>g styles? Handle thecultural diversity of the student population? Expla<strong>in</strong> complexscientific analytic methods <strong>in</strong> student terms?Colleges are focus<strong>in</strong>g ever more on teach<strong>in</strong>g, establish<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>structional resource centers and creat<strong>in</strong>g workshops andmanuals to help professors learn to teach. A stream of guidebookshas also hit the academic publish<strong>in</strong>g market with thatpurpose <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d (e.g., Brookfield 2000; Nilson 2003; Weimer1993). While archaeology cannot be said to be on the <strong>for</strong>efrontof this trend, neither have we ignored it—witness the early multimediaexperiments (Fagan and Michaels 1992), the MATRIXProject (http://www.<strong>in</strong>diana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/), SAA’sPublic Education Committee newsletter (http://www.saa.org/pubEdu/A&PE/), and the Teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Archaeology</strong> <strong>in</strong> the 21st Centuryreport (http://www.saa.org/aboutSAA/committees/curriculum/<strong>in</strong>dex.html).A smatter<strong>in</strong>g of books about teach<strong>in</strong>g alsoexist <strong>in</strong> our field (Smardz and Smith 2000; Smith and Burke2006).In look<strong>in</strong>g through these resources, one glar<strong>in</strong>g omissionemerges: they rarely mention how to select a course textbook.You can learn how to work with large classes and with smallclasses, how to lecture or lead discussions, how to create effectivetests and assign challeng<strong>in</strong>g papers. But the process ofselect<strong>in</strong>g textbooks <strong>for</strong> a course is still a highly personal and privateact, ak<strong>in</strong> to religious worship or sexual relations. Big text orlittle? One book or many? A commercially produced reader orone from your campus copy shop? Supplementary read<strong>in</strong>gs ornot? These are all matters of faith, over which many <strong>in</strong>tradepartmentalwars have been fought. A brief skim through<strong>in</strong>structional development manuals created at major universities—Cali<strong>for</strong>nia,Ill<strong>in</strong>ois, Ohio State—show that the Privacy Lawof Textbook Choice is not restricted to archaeology. But given thetraditional rap on textbooks—expensive, overstuffed, bor<strong>in</strong>g,written <strong>for</strong> the professor and not student—this should be a subjectof workshops, not ritual sacrifice.If the reign<strong>in</strong>g paradigm <strong>in</strong> educational theory is that differentk<strong>in</strong>ds of learners require different k<strong>in</strong>ds of <strong>in</strong>structional strategies,why does this not appear <strong>in</strong> the textbook arena? True,archaeologists have learned this lesson long ago <strong>in</strong> their classes.Few other discipl<strong>in</strong>es have the variety of <strong>in</strong>structional methodsavailable to us—field and lab work, videos, illustrated lectures(God bless Powerpo<strong>in</strong>t!), work<strong>in</strong>g with material objects <strong>in</strong> class.Though the standard full-length texts are mov<strong>in</strong>g toward supplementarymaterials <strong>in</strong> different media, there is one bigcatch—you have to adopt an $80 or $90 book to be able to accessthe websites that have all these little goodies. And the booksthemselves still suffer from the classic rap aga<strong>in</strong>st textbooks:encyclopedic rather than engag<strong>in</strong>g.This is <strong>in</strong> spite of the reality known to us all—archaeology is avisual discipl<strong>in</strong>e. <strong>Archaeology</strong> textbooks are heavily illustrated,more so than would be found <strong>in</strong> other social science fields. Avery unsystematic sample from my shelf produced the factoidthat the standard full-length <strong>in</strong>troductory text averages over 500illustrations, more than one per page. A similar sampl<strong>in</strong>g ofsociology textbooks turned up only 150 per book, with most ofthem be<strong>in</strong>g statistical tables.The Comic SolutionAs publisher of AltaMira Press from its found<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 1995 untilearly 2005, I tried to f<strong>in</strong>d alternatives to traditional publish<strong>in</strong>gstrategies. If we had to publish textbooks—and the demands of<strong>for</strong>-profit publish<strong>in</strong>g ensured that we did—we were damnedwell go<strong>in</strong>g to do it <strong>in</strong> our own way. Johannes Loubser’s <strong>Archaeology</strong>:The Comic, published <strong>in</strong> 2003, was five years <strong>in</strong> the mak<strong>in</strong>g,hand sketched, then redrawn and <strong>in</strong>ked after reviewers critiquedhis content <strong>for</strong> its pedagogy. This 150-page comic bookwas patterned after traditional textbooks, but was presentedentirely graphically.Another chance encounter at an SAA conference produced asecond AltaMira comic book, Shovel Bum (de Boer 2004), a compilationof articles from the humorous, edgy z<strong>in</strong>e of the sameNovember 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record9


ARTICLEname run by Trent de Boer of the Wash<strong>in</strong>gton State Departmentof Transportation. While this was not designed specifically <strong>for</strong>the classroom, it was certa<strong>in</strong>ly a good way of answer<strong>in</strong>g the students’question: what will I really do if I get a job as an archaeologicalfield technician after I graduate?When my second career of be<strong>in</strong>g an archaeology <strong>in</strong>structor<strong>for</strong>ced me to select a brief textbook to go with my other read<strong>in</strong>gs<strong>for</strong> a university-wide archaeological survey course, I had nochoice but to use a comic book. I assigned <strong>Archaeology</strong>: TheComic.Solve Teach<strong>in</strong>g Problems with Comic Books“When I was still <strong>in</strong> the shopp<strong>in</strong>g phase <strong>for</strong> classes,see<strong>in</strong>g ATC [<strong>Archaeology</strong>: The Comic] on the bookstoreshelf was a def<strong>in</strong>ite plus <strong>for</strong> the class—I mean, howcan a class be bor<strong>in</strong>g if one of the texts is a comic?”This comment was one of many from my students, who weregiven an optional assignment to critique their textbook. Thecomic had just solved my first problem—how to get students tosign up. It helped with other problems as well. It was brief, itscaled methods and theory to the bare bones appropriate <strong>for</strong> auniversity-wide course, and it allowed me the luxury of assign<strong>in</strong>gseveral other books to make up a course’s read<strong>in</strong>g. Othervery brief <strong>in</strong>troductory books have emerged <strong>in</strong> recent yearsus<strong>in</strong>g a more traditional <strong>for</strong>mat (e.g., Bahn 1996; McDowell-Loudan 2002).More importantly, it took the concept of an illustrated archaeologytext to its logical conclusion—it provided the power of theimage to expla<strong>in</strong> the material aspects of archaeology and was ofgreat assistance to those who were visual learners. Two studentscommented:“Especially useful when <strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>g new vocabulary;no def<strong>in</strong>ition is needed when a picture shows theessence of the word better than try<strong>in</strong>g to expla<strong>in</strong> itdoes. Also, giv<strong>in</strong>g pictures of what goes on at anarchaeological site helps to give the reader a clear ideaof how field work is carried out.”“I still use highlighter <strong>in</strong> this book, and because of theimages, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g what I am look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> when I referback to the book will be extremely easy.”The promise of a “fun” textbook helped get the students <strong>in</strong>toread<strong>in</strong>g it. Beth (a pseudonym, as are all names here) suggested,“anytime learn<strong>in</strong>g becomes fun, students learn more. Theyget excited about the subject and that’s exactly what this comicdid <strong>for</strong> me.” And Denise added, “with regular-<strong>for</strong>mat textbooksI f<strong>in</strong>d myself flipp<strong>in</strong>g through pages desperately seek<strong>in</strong>g someth<strong>in</strong>gto break up the monotony of text. Oooh, a picture? Agraph? With a comic book as the <strong>for</strong>mat, I get text and varietytogether on every s<strong>in</strong>gle page.”The promise of humor, the “un-textbook,” was a further attraction.Jennifer reported “ATC gives the medic<strong>in</strong>e with a spoonfulof sugar,” and Kathryn concurred, “it comb<strong>in</strong>es the best traditionof textbooks and television learn<strong>in</strong>g.”Not that it was an unmixed bless<strong>in</strong>g. One student expectedDeputy Dawg from the book to be the <strong>in</strong>structor, rather than thewayward publisher she was stuck with: “I would love to have acomic book <strong>for</strong> every class I ever take. I would also love to havea cartoon [character] teach<strong>in</strong>g the class, but sometimes we haveto deal with what we can get.”A Tradition of Educational Comics<strong>Archaeology</strong> is not on the <strong>for</strong>efront of this new teach<strong>in</strong>gresource. S<strong>in</strong>ce 1939, Puff<strong>in</strong> Classics have taken classic literatureand digested it <strong>in</strong>to comic book <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> students look<strong>in</strong>g<strong>for</strong> the easy route through English literature (http://www.puff<strong>in</strong>.co.uk).These retell<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>cluded such sacrosanct works asFrankenste<strong>in</strong>, Great Expectations, Canterbury Tales, and TomSawyer, shrunk down to the size of a Marvel Comic.In the 1980s, University of Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press translated andrepr<strong>in</strong>ted a basic textbook on Japanese economics, when thoseeconomics were all the rage <strong>in</strong> <strong>American</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess schools.Based on the Japanese comic tradition, Japan, Inc. (Ish<strong>in</strong>omori1988) was a commercial success <strong>in</strong> economics classrooms.The Japanese company Digital Manga Productions has followed<strong>in</strong> this tradition and developed a l<strong>in</strong>e of Edumanga <strong>for</strong> theJapanese and <strong>in</strong>ternational markets, which <strong>in</strong>clude biographiesof Helen Keller, Anne Frank, Beethoven, E<strong>in</strong>ste<strong>in</strong>, and MotherTheresa, all narrated by a character named Astro Boy(http://www.dmpbooks.com/).Closer to our field, San Francisco artist Larry Gonick (1990,1991) has teamed up with various professors to produce TheCartoon History of the Universe, The Cartoon History of the UnitedStates, and cartoon guides to physics, computers, genetics, andstatistics, among others. Eric Shanower (2001) is deep <strong>in</strong>to hiswell-researched retell<strong>in</strong>g of the Trojan War, The Age of Bronze,which has been nom<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>for</strong> several cartoon<strong>in</strong>g awards. AndMotel of the Mysteries (Macaulay 1979) has been an archaeologicalstaple <strong>for</strong> decades.Part of a Wider Trend10 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


ARTICLEThis move toward vary<strong>in</strong>g the tone of archaeology textbooks hasgone far beyond comic books. Jean Auel’s Clan of the Cave Bear(1984) has long been used <strong>in</strong> archaeology classes as have othernovels that strive <strong>for</strong> both authenticity and compell<strong>in</strong>g narrative.Under my watch at AltaMira, Adrian Praetzellis of SonomaState produced two teach<strong>in</strong>g novels featur<strong>in</strong>g crusty archaeologistHannah Green: Dug to Death (2003) on archaeologicalmethods and Death by Theory (2000) on theory. Both were used<strong>in</strong> a wide variety of <strong>in</strong>troductory courses. Futurist Rob Swigartcreated Xibalbá Gate (2005) <strong>for</strong> AltaMira, a novel that attemptsto recreate life <strong>in</strong> the late classic Maya lowlands with<strong>in</strong> the plotof an all-too-real computer simulation <strong>in</strong>vented by a Mesoamericanistprofessor. Swigart is now work<strong>in</strong>g on another teach<strong>in</strong>gnovel based at Neolithic Çatalhöyük <strong>for</strong> my current operation,Left Coast Press, Inc.The use of commercially produced simulations <strong>in</strong> archaeologywas pioneered by T. Douglas Price’s Adventures <strong>in</strong> Fugawiland(2002), followed by others (Davis et al. 1998; Dibble andMcPherron 2003). Their success can be documented by the factthat they have gone <strong>in</strong>to multiple editions.In other discipl<strong>in</strong>es, educational video games are also be<strong>in</strong>gdeveloped <strong>for</strong> the classroom. At MIT, SoleSurvivor <strong>in</strong>troducespsychology to students, as a group of dysfunctional <strong>in</strong>dividualstry to save the world from the evil leaders of a planetary alliance.In Prospero’s Island, a production of MIT and the Royal ShakespeareCompany, the game actualizes Shakespeare’s metaphors,<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g climb<strong>in</strong>g the waterfall of Prospero’s tears. Players ofEnvironmental Detectives look <strong>for</strong> the source of a mystery chemicalspill. And the over-the-top game Surviv<strong>in</strong>g the Inquisition hasstudents play<strong>in</strong>g converted Jews who try to avoid be<strong>in</strong>g burnedat the stake (Aviv 2005). Tomb Raider, while the darl<strong>in</strong>g of theN<strong>in</strong>tendo generation, has limitations as a teach<strong>in</strong>g tool.Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples LearnedAs both a producer and consumer of archaeology comic textbooks,I believe I have learned a few lessons from my experiencesto pass along to would-be cartoonists furiously sketch<strong>in</strong>gaway at their graphic versions of <strong>Archaeology</strong> as Human Ecologyor Read<strong>in</strong>g the Past. Admittedly, the sample is small and nonrepresentative,but I th<strong>in</strong>k <strong>in</strong>structive.• The book must be both good archaeology and good cartoon<strong>in</strong>g.We know you can th<strong>in</strong>k like an archaeologist, but youmust also th<strong>in</strong>k like a cartoonist. Obey standard conventionsof the medium, your audience is more sophisticated at therules of cartoon<strong>in</strong>g than you th<strong>in</strong>k.• Hit the right tone. False notes <strong>in</strong> cartoon<strong>in</strong>g sound morefalse than <strong>in</strong> a regular text. In Loubser’s (2003:42) book, histeenage protagonist Squizee states: “I get it. The buriedanomalies picked up dur<strong>in</strong>g the ground penetrat<strong>in</strong>g radarsurvey should be treated as a population set separate fromthe pottery.” Though some teenagers may be this articulate,my 15-year old daughter and her friends certa<strong>in</strong>ly don’t speaklike that.• See<strong>in</strong>g the comic book <strong>for</strong>mat, students generally do notexpect serious content, even though that is your purpose. Mystudent Debi reported: “The chapter on dat<strong>in</strong>g was very complexand analytical...I had to make myself cont<strong>in</strong>ue on. I lovethe idea of gett<strong>in</strong>g all the facts <strong>in</strong>, but sometimes facts uponfacts become tedious if there is no reprieve from them. Thisportion of the book took me back to my chemistry days. Thatwas not pretty.” Loubser (personal communication) admitsthat he worked on mak<strong>in</strong>g the comic overly serious to avoidcharges of frivolousness. You need to f<strong>in</strong>d a way to presenttechnical material graphically that engages them while serv<strong>in</strong>gup serious content.• Th<strong>in</strong>k metaphorically about how to present complex ideasand processes. Avoid talk<strong>in</strong>g heads as often as possible.• Th<strong>in</strong>gs that are obvious visual cues to you might not be toyour students. One student could not figure out why a character’snose kept grow<strong>in</strong>g while she was ly<strong>in</strong>g to the archaeologist,an obvious reference to P<strong>in</strong>occhio. Another was mystifiedby the ghostly, bearded Greek head <strong>in</strong> the backgroundwhile Loubser discussed the Pythagorean theorem.• Don’t expect respect <strong>for</strong> your work. In addition to the guffawsof your colleagues, the students compared the textbook toCliff Notes, flash cards, and Where’s Waldo books.• Break your ideas <strong>in</strong>to cell-length or rows-of-cell-length segments.Comics are consumed <strong>in</strong> bite-sized chunks, not paragraphsor pages.Sounds a bit daunt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> the budd<strong>in</strong>g archaeological cartoonist,but you are no longer sail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to uncharted waters. If mystudents’ responses were any <strong>in</strong>dication, there is an audience<strong>for</strong> Poverty Po<strong>in</strong>t: The Comic or Adventures <strong>in</strong> Ground-Penetrat<strong>in</strong>gRadar. All that is needed is the cartoonist. And just th<strong>in</strong>k of allthose bor<strong>in</strong>g days of monitor<strong>in</strong>g or nights <strong>in</strong> the Motel 6 thatyou will have to work on it.AcknowledgmentsThe author acknowledges the assistance of Johannes Loubser,Trent de Boer, Jane Eva Baxter, Brian Fagan, Adrian Praetzellis,and the Anthro 180 class at Mills College <strong>in</strong> the preparation ofthis article.References CitedAuel, Jean1984 Clan of the Cave Bear. Bantam, New York.Aviv, Rachel2005 Game On! Will More Professors Develop Video Games <strong>for</strong>November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record11


ARTICLEtheir Classes? Village Voice Education Supplement. January 11,accessed 10/6/05 athttp://www.villagevoice.com/arts/0502,aviv,59899,12.html.Bahn, Paul1996 <strong>Archaeology</strong>: A Very Short Introduction. Ox<strong>for</strong>d UniversityPress, Ox<strong>for</strong>d.Brookfield, Stephen D.2000 The Skillful Teacher: On Technique, Trust, and Responsiveness <strong>in</strong>the Classroom. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.Davis, R. P. Stephen, Jr., Patrick Liv<strong>in</strong>good, Trawick Ward, and V<strong>in</strong>casP. Steponaitis1998 Excavat<strong>in</strong>g Occaneechi Town: <strong>Archaeology</strong> of an Eighteenth-Century Indian Village <strong>in</strong> North Carol<strong>in</strong>a, CD-ROM, UNCPress, Chapel Hill.De Boer, Trent2004 Shovel Bum: Comix of Archaeological Field Life. AltaMira, WalnutCreek, CA.Dibble, Harold, and Sharron McPherron2003 Virtual Dig: A Simulated Archaeological Excavation of a MiddlePaleolithic Site <strong>in</strong> France, 2nd Edition. CD-ROM. McGraw-Hill,New York.Fagan, Brian M., and George H. Michaels1992 Anthropology 3: An Experiment <strong>in</strong> the Multimedia Teach<strong>in</strong>gof Introductory <strong>Archaeology</strong>. <strong>American</strong> Antiquity 57(3):458–466.Gonick, Larry1990 Cartoon History of the Universe Vol. 1–7. Doubleday, New York.1991 Cartoon History of the United States. Harper, New York.Ish<strong>in</strong>omori, Shotaro1988 Japan, Inc.: An Introduction to Japanese Economics. Universityof Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press, Berkeley.Loubser, Johannes2003 <strong>Archaeology</strong>: The Comic. AltaMira, Walnut Creek, CA.Macaulay, David1979 Motel of the Mysteries. Houghton Miffl<strong>in</strong>, New York.McDowell-Loudan, Ellis E.2002 <strong>Archaeology</strong>: Introductory Guide <strong>for</strong> Classroom and Field. PrenticeHall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.Nilson, L<strong>in</strong>da B.2003 Teach<strong>in</strong>g at Its Best: A Research-Based Resource <strong>for</strong> CollegeInstructors, Second Edition. Anker, Bolton, MA.Praetzellis, Adrian2000 Death by Theory: A Tale of Mystery and Archaeological Theory.AltaMira, Walnut Creek, CA.2003 Dug to Death: A Tale of Archaeological Method and Mayhem.AltaMira, Walnut Creek, CA.Price, T. Douglas, and Anne Birgitte Gebauer2002 Adventures <strong>in</strong> Fugawiland: A Computerized Simulation <strong>in</strong><strong>Archaeology</strong>, 3rd Edition. CD-ROM. McGraw-Hill, New York.Shanower, Eric2001 A Thousand Ships: The Age of Bronze Vol. 1. Image Comics,Orange, CA.Smardz, Karolyn, and Shelley J. Smith (editors)2000 The <strong>Archaeology</strong> Education Handbook: Shar<strong>in</strong>g the Past withKids. AltaMira, Walnut Creek, CA.Smith, Claire, and Heather Burke (editors)2006 <strong>Archaeology</strong> to Delight and Instruct. UCL Press, London. InPress.Swigart, Rob2005 Xibalbá Gate: A Novel of the Ancient Maya. AltaMira, WalnutCreek, CA.Weimer, Maryellen1993 Improv<strong>in</strong>g Your Classroom Teach<strong>in</strong>g. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.12 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


Archaeologists almost daily useconcepts passed down through the ages,such as thePythagorean Theorem.Ghost ofGreek philosopher,Pythagoras,hover<strong>in</strong>g oversquare unit.530BCWe can go onthrill rides toexperience whatsome “seers”have done <strong>in</strong>altered statesof consciousness<strong>for</strong> the last60,000 years.Beyond theCartesian Grid,or,Between theComic CellsJannie LoubserNew South Associates, Inc.Archaeologists alsobenefitfromthe Cartesian Grid,1as <strong>in</strong>ventedby Rene Descartes.211403 11 2163 181 711 3 13 1 3 11 2 1120121 4 42FS and B111133321241.41AD20051.00Ten Mile Creek9035816 61144 4 1 116 6221 1 5 2 714 31 2 1 1 16 5 1Approximate Limit1 1 112 23 31 12 of F<strong>in</strong>e-Course1 2 18 2 4 2 111 Sand6 1 1 4 1 3 1 2711 45 911MN14 21012 2 4 1 1413 2 5 2 2112 2 410 10 20 3012 21 FS and B METERS719n Unit counts112311 STP counts 1-561STP counts 6-1011 STP counts 11-20Postulated Hut Area1.00500490480470460450440430420410400390380360 370 380 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520For example,this gridallows usto plotartifactdensities.But the th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g of thisseventeenth centuryFrench philosopherextends farbeyond mathematics...M<strong>in</strong>d and bodyare separate!yThis purporteddualism between ym<strong>in</strong>d and bodyhas profoundly<strong>in</strong>fluencedhow we perceive“science.”Only knowledgethat <strong>in</strong>volvesalgebraandgeometryis reliable.0x0xNovember 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record13


action-to-action (s<strong>in</strong>gle subject progression)Follow<strong>in</strong>g a Cartesian world-viewwe even arrange comic cells<strong>in</strong> a grid-like fashion, generallyfollow<strong>in</strong>g the sequencefrom left to right, andfrom top to bottom.subject-to-subject (l<strong>in</strong>k between subjects)aspect-to-aspect (different moods of the moment)To understand jumpsbetween cells, we normallyneed verbal or textualcommentary, especiallywhen contextsare unfamiliar to us.While digg<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong> the field......all is quiet at the farmhousescene-to-scene (significant time and space jumps)In my younger yearsI was a pothunter.14 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


Northwestern Pla<strong>in</strong>s Indians, such as the Crow, portray sequential events <strong>in</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle panels.Hav<strong>in</strong>g been expla<strong>in</strong>ed the pictorial conventionsadopted <strong>in</strong> Indian draw<strong>in</strong>gs on rock or animal hide,other people can follow the narrative.An account is normally followed from right to left.In this rock art panel, tracks show the journeyfrom the raiders’ shelter.Triangles portray thedefenders’ tipi camp onthe opposite side of the panel.A series of C shapes,represent<strong>in</strong>g hoofpr<strong>in</strong>ts,<strong>in</strong>dicate the movementof mounted defendantson their way to meetthe raiders.The uppermost rider useshis spear to kill one raider.Bullets, depicted as dots, from the raiders’ gunskill the horsemen. A dot with<strong>in</strong> a figure is theconvention that <strong>in</strong>dicates a fatal gunshot wound.If <strong>for</strong> some reason, due to weather<strong>in</strong>gor chang<strong>in</strong>g light, the bullets havedisappeared, some Indians believethat events have changedand no actual horsemen were killed.November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record15


In 1873, Q<strong>in</strong>g, a San from the central mounta<strong>in</strong>sof southern Africa, expla<strong>in</strong>ed the follow<strong>in</strong>g rock art panelto his European companion. In terms of a post-Enlightenmentperspective, this account is perhaps more difficult to follow.Q<strong>in</strong>g said that at least some figures aredo<strong>in</strong>g the trance dance. This dance was acentral ritual among his people.The San believed that by enter<strong>in</strong>g a trance,their shamans could enter andact <strong>in</strong> the spirit world.The spirit world was with<strong>in</strong> the rock, a place whichexperienced shamans visited to catch ra<strong>in</strong> animals.Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Q<strong>in</strong>g, the strokes areth<strong>in</strong>gs grow<strong>in</strong>g under water. Other San have alsoidentified such fat creatures as ra<strong>in</strong> animals.In 1874 a copy of the same panel wasshown to a San known as Hankasso.Belong<strong>in</strong>g to a differentl<strong>in</strong>guistic group,Hankasso’s accountdiffers <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong>details from Q<strong>in</strong>g’s.However, the overallagreement betweenthe two accountsis remarkable.Both Q<strong>in</strong>g and Hankasso said that theshamans attached a thong to the creature’snose.The shamans then drove the animalacross a pla<strong>in</strong>.Once on the pla<strong>in</strong>, the shaman killed the animalto produce ra<strong>in</strong>. Perhaps because Hankassoemphasized the latter part of the narrative,he identified the flecks as ra<strong>in</strong>.16 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


Seen <strong>in</strong> actual ethnographic context,the physical placement of an artifactoften helps us understand its “function.”The Zulu clay pot is a case <strong>in</strong> po<strong>in</strong>t.When used and left <strong>in</strong> mostplaces, a clay pot can be <strong>in</strong>terpretedas merely aconta<strong>in</strong>er and dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g vessel.UmsamoFire placeHowever, on specific occassions tovenerate the ancestors, a pot is placedon a special plat<strong>for</strong>m at the back of the hut.Known as Umsamo, this special area changesthe pot <strong>in</strong>to an object with ritual significance.If an archaeologist was to f<strong>in</strong>d a pot <strong>in</strong> thiscontext, then ritual behavior can be <strong>in</strong>ferred.UmsamoFire placeBe<strong>in</strong>g very nutritiuos but hav<strong>in</strong>g a lowalcohol content, Zulus use sorghum beerma<strong>in</strong>ly to compensatework parties or dur<strong>in</strong>g political discussions.Be<strong>in</strong>g left <strong>in</strong> the back of a dark hut, however,beer is believed to be licked by theancestor spirits. Div<strong>in</strong>ers and “seers” claim toobserve apparitions of these be<strong>in</strong>gs.November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record17


These examples show how shift<strong>in</strong>g states of human consciousness can <strong>in</strong>fluence what wesee and believe. Such different states can be aligned along a spectrum of consciousness.Halluc<strong>in</strong>ationsEntopticphenonemaDay-dream<strong>in</strong>gWak<strong>in</strong>g,problem-orientedthoughtVortexAUTISTIC STATEUnconsciousALERT STATEHypnagogicstatesDream<strong>in</strong>gAlthough we value alert, or “rational” th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g,many last<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>sights are made when people are<strong>in</strong> a relaxed mood, such as be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> ahypnagogic state.Ironically, Descartes claimed that m<strong>in</strong>d and body areseparate while dream<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> front of a warm stove.As shown by the physiologistWilliam James,almost all religions are ultimately<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>med by revelations received by<strong>in</strong>dividuals experienc<strong>in</strong>gvisions or dream<strong>in</strong>g.Altered states producereal material effects with<strong>in</strong>the phenomenological world.We f<strong>in</strong>d it difficult to ascribe any significanceto other modes of thought, even though themajority of hunter-gatherer and agriculturalsocieties value visions and dreams.Social relation of productiondeterm<strong>in</strong>es consciousness.But how does the ambiguity<strong>in</strong>troduced by gender conceptionsfit <strong>in</strong>to all of this mumbo-jumbo?Indeed!A luta cont<strong>in</strong>ua...18 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


ARTICLETHE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZINESHOVEL BUMTrent de BoerTrent de Boer is a professional archaeologist employed by the Wash<strong>in</strong>gton State Department of Transportation. He is also thecreator/editor of the archaeological fanz<strong>in</strong>e Shovel Bum.Icreated the z<strong>in</strong>e Shovel Bum with my wife Betsy <strong>in</strong> 1997. Z<strong>in</strong>e is short <strong>for</strong> “fanz<strong>in</strong>e,” which <strong>in</strong> turnis short <strong>for</strong> “fanatic magaz<strong>in</strong>e.” In general, “z<strong>in</strong>es are noncommercial, nonprofessional, smallcirculationmagaz<strong>in</strong>es which their creators produce, publish, and distribute by themselves” (Duncombe1997:6). To me, however, it is most accurate to describe Shovel Bum as a periodical geared towardfanatical archaeological field technicians.The first issue was published while Betsy and I were work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Oachita National Forest <strong>in</strong> centralArkansas. We worked <strong>for</strong> a cultural resource management (CRM) firm and were conduct<strong>in</strong>g archaeologicalsurveys prior to timber sales. That summer, a friend had sent me a few copies of John Porcell<strong>in</strong>o’sz<strong>in</strong>e K<strong>in</strong>g-Cat and Other Stories, <strong>in</strong> which Porcell<strong>in</strong>o drew comix—comic strips <strong>for</strong> an adult audience—about his days as a mosquito abatement man (Porcell<strong>in</strong>o 2005). I was impressed with Porcell<strong>in</strong>o’s abilityto clearly express the day-to-day rout<strong>in</strong>e of a hereto<strong>for</strong>e unknown occupation, and I saw the potential ofcomix <strong>for</strong> expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g our jobs as archaeological field techs. Comix are especially well suited to convey<strong>in</strong>gcomplex thoughts through their use of universal icons (McCloud 1993). By default—or lack of tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g—itwas easy <strong>for</strong> me to keep my comix simplistic and straight<strong>for</strong>ward.The target audience <strong>for</strong> the first issue was our family and friends, so I focused on the basics—lodg<strong>in</strong>g,field diet, and job responsibilities (Figure 1). Because the audience was primarily non-archaeologists, Ispent a lot of time discuss<strong>in</strong>g/show<strong>in</strong>g field methods and the reason<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> their use. I <strong>in</strong>cluded “excit<strong>in</strong>g”topics like survey transect <strong>in</strong>tervals, site recordation, and orienteer<strong>in</strong>g (Figure 2). This was partially<strong>in</strong> response to the typical reaction I received when I told someone I was an archaeologist. Most peoplehad visions of pyramids, mummies, and other National Geographic-caliber projects and had no ideathat the CRM world of constructionmonitor<strong>in</strong>g and pipel<strong>in</strong>e surveyseven existed. “No, I don’t excavated<strong>in</strong>osaurs.” “No, I don’t work <strong>for</strong>the university.” “Yes, I get paid todo archaeology.”From the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, humor hasplayed a major role <strong>in</strong> Shovel Bum(Figure 3). Hav<strong>in</strong>g a sense ofhumor <strong>in</strong> the field is a valuablecop<strong>in</strong>g mechanism, as anyone whohas spent time <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>clement weathertry<strong>in</strong>g to fill out paperworkunderstands. A good sense ofhumor can get you through theparticularly unreward<strong>in</strong>g CRMFigure 1.November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record19


ARTICLEprojects, such as shovel test<strong>in</strong>g suburban frontyards—the k<strong>in</strong>ds of projects that make you questionyour <strong>in</strong>itial decision to become an archaeologist.Every shovel bum worth his or her salt has dozensof good, usually hilarious, field stories, and ShovelBum has long served as a clear<strong>in</strong>ghouse.On the other hand, Shovel Bum is also aboutacknowledg<strong>in</strong>g the joys of be<strong>in</strong>g an archaeologist(Figure 4). The old phrase “a bad day <strong>in</strong> the field isbetter than a good day <strong>in</strong> the office” is the mantra ofmany a shovel bum. It is not uncommon <strong>for</strong> archaeologiststo put up with month after month of drearyoffice work <strong>for</strong> that one perfect field day each season.The most memorable field experiences eventuallyf<strong>in</strong>d their way <strong>in</strong>to my comix.Over the years, Shovel Bum has evolved <strong>in</strong>to a“lifestyle”-oriented z<strong>in</strong>e, as opposed to its earlier“how-to” emphasis. A big factor <strong>in</strong> this evolution hasFigure 2.been the many contributors who submit comix, stories,and other works <strong>for</strong> publication. <strong>Issue</strong> #3 conta<strong>in</strong>edthe first contributions from other shovelbums, and each subsequent issue has featured more and more. Our contributors draw upon a widerange of experiences, and the result is that each issue of Shovel Bum provides a w<strong>in</strong>dow <strong>in</strong>to the archaeologicalfield worker’s lifestyle.At the same time we began <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g contributors’ work, we also began to loosely structure each issuewith themes. To date, we have published themed issues on field food, bad motels, military work, fieldvehicles, construction monitor<strong>in</strong>g, and extreme archaeology. In addition to organization, the themeshelp focus the ideas of our contributors <strong>in</strong>to someth<strong>in</strong>g tangible. Many ideas <strong>for</strong> Shovel Bum are kickedaround <strong>in</strong> the field but fail to materialize <strong>in</strong>to someth<strong>in</strong>g publishable unless I crack the edit<strong>in</strong>g whip afew times.In true z<strong>in</strong>e fashion, each issue is alsofilled with a random assortment ofmaterial that <strong>in</strong> no way fits with theissue’s theme. Z<strong>in</strong>es are renowned <strong>for</strong>meander<strong>in</strong>g back and <strong>for</strong>th, chang<strong>in</strong>g atthe whim of the publisher’s <strong>in</strong>terests(Duncombe 1997). We have publishedletters to the editor, pickled egg recipes,poetry, games (crossword puzzles, wordsearches, quizzes), essays, reviews, andmore. This variety reflects the many<strong>in</strong>terests held by archaeological fieldworkers.Community is a constant emphasis <strong>in</strong>the pages of Shovel Bum. Those who stay<strong>in</strong> the bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>for</strong> more than a fewyears realize that there really are not thatmany people <strong>in</strong> the bus<strong>in</strong>ess (Figure 5).More often than not, every big CRMFigure 3.project is a shovel bum reunion. Veteran20 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


ARTICLEshovel bums provide importanttra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and leadership to greenhorns,tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g that can only bega<strong>in</strong>ed through direct, on-the-jobexperience. In turn, those whostick it out become veterans <strong>in</strong>their own right and provide tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gto the next wave of greenhorns.I have always admired thesense of communal supportamongst shovel bums, and I haveconsciously tried to portray it <strong>in</strong>my comix with the hope that otherswill also feel like they belongto this unique little community.Last year, AltaMira Press publishedShovel Bum: Comix ofArchaeological Field Life (de Boer Figure 4.2004). The book collects the firsteight issues of Shovel Bum. S<strong>in</strong>ce itsrelease, we have published two more issues and will bepublish<strong>in</strong>g issue #11 (Field Food, Part II) later this year.For those <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> contribut<strong>in</strong>g to Shovel Bum,please contact me at dutchcircus@hotmail.com orhttp://www.shovelbum.com.References Citedde Boer, Trent2004 Shovel Bum: Comix of Archaeological Field Life. AltaMiraPress, Walnut Creek, CA.Duncombe, Stephen1997 Notes From the Underground: Z<strong>in</strong>es and the Politics ofAlternative Culture. Verso, London and New York.McCloud, Scott1993 Understand<strong>in</strong>g Comics: The Invisible Art. Kitchen S<strong>in</strong>kPress, Northampton, MA.Porcell<strong>in</strong>o, John A.2005 Diary of a Mosquito Abatement Man. La Mano, M<strong>in</strong>neapolis.Figure 5.November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record21


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EXCHANGESCOMICS AND PREHISTORYA EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVEGonzalo Ruiz ZapateroGonzalo Ruiz Zapatero is Professor of Prehistory at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spa<strong>in</strong>).Once we know everyth<strong>in</strong>g there is to know about theremote past through archaeological <strong>in</strong>vestigation, thereis only one th<strong>in</strong>g left: to explore that past through ourimag<strong>in</strong>ation and fiction. This is where a good comic can help.Archaeologists’ secret and rarely admitted dream is to visit thepast <strong>in</strong> H. G. Wells’s “time mach<strong>in</strong>e.” Perhaps that expla<strong>in</strong>s whyprehistory and comics have had little po<strong>in</strong>t of contact. Archaeologistsconsider the k<strong>in</strong>d of comics filled entirely with fantasy tobe frivolous and completely unscientific. Comic book writersand illustrators see prehistory as a remote period when cavemenwith clubs lived side by side with impossible d<strong>in</strong>osaurs, <strong>in</strong>the style of the film A Million Years Ago (Don Chaffery 1966) andWhen D<strong>in</strong>osaurs Ruled the Earth (Val Guest 1970). The prehistoricpast was seen as flat and uni<strong>for</strong>m, and prehistorians didnot supply them with real stories like historians did; archaeologistsonly described the life of Palaeolithic people <strong>in</strong> general,and there were no <strong>in</strong>dividuals, no names, and no events ordates. How could that sort of history be <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g? It is as if“stories” only happen with history. It is easy to understand whyprehistory, which lasted more than two million years andaccounts <strong>for</strong> the largest part of humanity’s existence, hasreceived least attention from the writers of history comics.The comic, def<strong>in</strong>ed as a sequence of draw<strong>in</strong>gs, orig<strong>in</strong>ated at theend of the n<strong>in</strong>eteenth century. At that time, prehistory was alsostruggl<strong>in</strong>g to acquire a conceptual structure, and illustrationswere a fundamental part of its methodology (Catalogue 2003).The comic and prehistory there<strong>for</strong>e orig<strong>in</strong>ated more or less atthe same time, and graphic representation, realistic or imag<strong>in</strong>ary,has played a crucial role <strong>for</strong> the practitioners of both activities.Although two different graphic languages are obviously<strong>in</strong>volved, there are po<strong>in</strong>ts of contact between them, such asreconstructions of ways of life and behavior <strong>in</strong> the past, whichboth use the comic’s iconographic code (Moser 1998) and theservices of notable authors such as the Czech Burian and severalFrench illustrators (Tosello 1990). It is only <strong>in</strong> recent years,however, that archaeologists have reflected on the messagesembodied <strong>in</strong> the illustrations they use to re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ce their <strong>in</strong>terpretations(Gamble 1992; Molyneaux 1997; Moser 1998) andalso thought about actual comics (Gallay 1991–92; Ruiz Zapatero1997).Prehistory <strong>in</strong> ComicsThere are many possible criteria <strong>for</strong> classify<strong>in</strong>g the genres ofcomics, but my proposed classification uses two basic variables:it takes <strong>in</strong>to account the way <strong>in</strong> which <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation is impartedaccord<strong>in</strong>g to the degree of realism and accurate scientific content,and it considers the style of the draw<strong>in</strong>g, which rangesfrom realistic to the most obvious caricature (Ruiz Zapatero1997:289). By consider<strong>in</strong>g these two criteria, five categories ofcomic set <strong>in</strong> prehistory can be dist<strong>in</strong>guished:1. the prehistory documentary comic, with realistic draw<strong>in</strong>gsand considerable scientific content, whose purpose is clearlyeducational;2. the fiction comic <strong>in</strong>spired by prehistory, with a free fictionalstoryl<strong>in</strong>e and realistic draw<strong>in</strong>gs, but keep<strong>in</strong>g to the archaeologicalfacts;3. the entirely fictional prehistory comic, with a totally fictionalstoryl<strong>in</strong>e and little or no regard <strong>for</strong> the facts of prehistory, butrealistic graphics, with a long tradition <strong>in</strong> America <strong>in</strong> theworks of great authors such as Corben, Eisner, and Kirby(Figure 1);4. the prehistory-fantastic cartoon comic, <strong>in</strong> which the distanc<strong>in</strong>goffered by the draw<strong>in</strong>g is exploited <strong>in</strong> order to present ascience-fantasy past, such as B. C. de J. Hart and the universalFl<strong>in</strong>tstones;5. the prehistory documentary cartoon comic, designed to beeducationally <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mative and us<strong>in</strong>g soundly based <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mationabout prehistory, such as the great The Cartoon Historyof the Universe (1989) by L. Gonick, or the Pazzesca Storiadell´Uomo (Bertotti and Peretto 1996), which depicts the culturalevolution of humanity from its orig<strong>in</strong>s and was publishedto mark the 13th Congress of the UISPP (Forlí, Italia).Here, I am go<strong>in</strong>g to discuss the first and second type of comicNovember 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record27


EXCHANGESProject. Another example, <strong>in</strong> this case by an Italian author, is LaStoria dei Popoli a Fumetti (Biagi 2001), an ambitious world history<strong>in</strong> the <strong>for</strong>m of a full-color comic with many pages devotedto prehistory and ancient history, especially of the Old World.But without a doubt, the French publications are the best andmost archaeologically accurate prehistory documentary comics.The great French tradition of comics and the importance of prehistoricresearch <strong>in</strong> France (Chante 1988) comb<strong>in</strong>e to goodeffect. The history of the Vézère valley <strong>in</strong> the Perigord is verywell summarized <strong>in</strong> an elegant black-and-white comic that capturesthe atmosphere of Palaeolithic hunters (Felix and Bigotto1990a). A delightful version of the discovery of the famous caveof Lascaux—the most beautifully decorated cave <strong>in</strong> the world, asY. Coppens says <strong>in</strong> the <strong>for</strong>eword—is that recounted <strong>in</strong> Le Secretdes Bois de Lascaux (Felix and Bigotto 1990b). Written by the prehistorianwho personally <strong>in</strong>terviewed the four children from thevillage of Montignac who discovered Lascaux <strong>in</strong> 1940, it is illustratedwith the marvellous black-and-white draw<strong>in</strong>gs of P. Bigottobut with color to give life to the magnificent pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>gs. Inrecent years, <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation about other great prehistoric sites isbe<strong>in</strong>g imparted <strong>in</strong> the <strong>for</strong>m of comics; this is be<strong>in</strong>g done, <strong>for</strong>example (Figure 2), <strong>for</strong> the famous Portuguese sanctuary of FozCôa, with its open-air draw<strong>in</strong>gs (Ferronha and Gouveia n.d.).Figure 1. Title page of Black & White, Comic y Prehistoria (2001), Spanishfanz<strong>in</strong>e edited by F. Velasco (email:blackwhite@<strong>in</strong>icia.es).<strong>in</strong> the European context, because they are, <strong>in</strong> my op<strong>in</strong>ion, themost attractive and valuable way of impart<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mationabout aspects of life <strong>in</strong> prehistory.The prehistory documentary comic has had its greatest expression<strong>in</strong> numerous collections designed to narrate universal,national, regional, and even local histories. Almost all start withthe prehistoric past and use the Histoire de France en BandesDess<strong>in</strong>ées (Paris, 1979) as a fundamental referent. What is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>gis the way the ma<strong>in</strong> facts are chronicled with simplisticstoryl<strong>in</strong>es and little attention to the material aspects of the recreatedpast. At times, comics that were mediocre to beg<strong>in</strong> withare republished without <strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g new research f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs, as<strong>in</strong> the case of Historia de la Humanidad en 7000 Ilustraciones bythe Spanish newspaper El Mundo (2004). The first volume, “LaPrehistoria, El Origen del Hombre,” which reta<strong>in</strong>s gender bias<strong>in</strong> the title and contents, is a comic that appeared <strong>in</strong> 1979 withvery poor graphics and is not improved by the addition of ashort <strong>in</strong>troduction by E. Carbonell, co-director of the AtapuercaThe use of comic book heroes such as Rahan, Tounga, Toumac(http://www.skene.be/RW/EXPO/ImagesPrehistoire), and theGauls Alix and Asterix <strong>in</strong> museum archaeological exhibitions isalso an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g way of extend<strong>in</strong>g historical knowledge. Thecatalogue of a recent Belgian exhibition used an extensive collectionof European prehistory comics to compare images withscientific data (Van der Plaetsen 1999). This k<strong>in</strong>d of exhibitionhas been organized with the assessment of academic <strong>in</strong>stitutionsas the Italian Paleofantasy “La Preistoria a Fumetti”(http://www.cesmap.it/mostre/tutte/paleo.htm).The second style of comic, the fiction comic <strong>in</strong>spired by prehistory,with a good documentary base and careful attention toarchaeological detail, is a fairly recent phenomenon. The comicbooks by A. Houot published by Lombard <strong>in</strong> a series calledChroniques de la Nuit des Temps deserve special attention (seeRuiz Zapatero 1997: 292–296 <strong>for</strong> a detailed analysis). Excellentresearch and great artistic talent are used to illustrate the historyof the Great Rift Valley two million years ago, which <strong>in</strong>cludesconflict between Australopithec<strong>in</strong>es and Homo habilis (Houot1990); the France of the Magdaleniense at the end of the Palaeolithic(Houot 1989); and Switzerland dur<strong>in</strong>g the late Palaeolithicand the Bell Beaker period (Houot 1992). In my op<strong>in</strong>ion,these are the best prehistory comics. Material available to thepublic at some archaeological sites now <strong>in</strong>cludes fictional comicbook versions, as <strong>in</strong> the case of Atapuerca (Spa<strong>in</strong>), which displaysthe fullest prehistoric sequence <strong>in</strong> Europe and provides us28 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


EXCHANGESwith one of the most complete records of the first Europeanpopulations. The f<strong>in</strong>ds of Homo antecesor <strong>in</strong> TD6 of Gran Dol<strong>in</strong>a(ca. 0.8 KY) have <strong>in</strong>spired an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g comic book, Exploradoren la Sierra de Atapuerca (Qu<strong>in</strong>tanapalla 2004). Based on thearchaeological evidence, it relates the conflict between twobands of hom<strong>in</strong>ids <strong>in</strong> the north of Spa<strong>in</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g the MiddlePleistocene. Some archaeological magaz<strong>in</strong>es <strong>for</strong> children, suchas the excellent French publication Arkéo Junior, also <strong>in</strong>cludehigh-quality fictional comic strips.Comics and Prehistory: Some F<strong>in</strong>al Thoughts <strong>for</strong>ArchaeologistsPrehistory comics br<strong>in</strong>g together a number of values thatdeserve the appreciation and respect of archaeologists. First, <strong>in</strong>the highly audiovisual world we live <strong>in</strong>, the comic is a powerfuleducational medium, especially <strong>in</strong> schools. We should not <strong>for</strong>getthat archaeology itself is a highly visual discipl<strong>in</strong>e (Moser1998). Second, their applications as an educational tool andtheir further educational potential deserve greater attentionfrom educators and teachers. Third, as Gallay has po<strong>in</strong>ted out(1996:130), the narrative <strong>for</strong>mula used by comics is another wayof recount<strong>in</strong>g the past <strong>in</strong> a way that closely resembles the narrativediscourse of archaeologists—the comic book’s comb<strong>in</strong>ationof words and images to some extent reflects the ways <strong>in</strong>which the past is represented (Gamble 1992).We must not <strong>for</strong>get that comics are material documents that arenow be<strong>in</strong>g lost, s<strong>in</strong>ce few countries have any centers <strong>for</strong> theirdocumentation and research. And if we, as archaeologists, neglectthem, as Chante asked himself (1988:211), what will futuregenerations th<strong>in</strong>k of archaeologists who ignored material documentsfrom and about the past?References CitedBerttotti, U., and Peretto, C.1996 La Pazzesca Storia dell´Uomo. Forli, Abaco Edizioni.Biagi, E.2001 La Storia dei Popoli a Fumetti. Milán, Mondadori.Catalogue2003 Vénus et Caïn. Figures de la Préhistoire 1830–1930. Paris. Éditionsde la Réunion des Musées Nationaux.Chante, A.1988 Archéologie et Archéologues dans la Bande Dess<strong>in</strong>ée. InL´Archéologie et Son Image, pp. 201–211. Juan-les-P<strong>in</strong>s, EditionsAPDCA.Felix, T. and Bigotto, P.1990a Vallée Vèzére : Du Moustier à la Roque Sa<strong>in</strong>t Christophe. Tome1. Sarlat, Dolmen Editions.1990b Le Secret des Bois de Lascaux. Sarlat, Dolmen Editions.Ferronha, A. L., and Gouveia, E.Figure 2: Title page of Foz Côa (Ferronha and Gouveia n.d.).n.d. Foz Côa. Viajar no Tempo por Milénios de Historia. Vila Novade Foz Côa, Ediçao ELO.Gallay, A.1991–92 Archéologie et Bande Dess<strong>in</strong>ée. Bullet<strong>in</strong> du CentreGenevois d´Anthropologie 3:154–157.1996 Archéologie et Histoire: La Tentation Littéraire. In La Préhistoireau Quotidien. Mélanges offers à Pierre Bonenfant, pp.119–140. Grenoble, Ed. Jérôme Millon.Gamble, C.1992 Figures of Fun, Theories about Cave-Men. ArchaeologicalReview from Cambridge 11(2):357–372.Houot, A.1989 Tête Brûlée. Bruselas-Paris, Editions du Lombard.1990 On a Marché Sur la Terre. Bruselas-Paris, Editions du Lombard.1992 Le Soleil des Morts. Bruselas, Editions du Lombard.>ZAPATERO, cont<strong>in</strong>ued on page 35November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record29


ARTICLETHE ARCHAEOLOGYOF THE TROJAN WAREric ShanowerEric Shanower is the two-time Eisner Award-w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g creator of the comic book series Age of Bronze (Image Comics), aretell<strong>in</strong>g of the Trojan War. His past work <strong>in</strong>cludes the Oz graphic novel series, many other comic books, and illustrations <strong>for</strong>more than a dozen prose works, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g several he wrote himself.As a cartoonist, I write and draw comic books. My study of archaeology serves one specific purposeand focuses narrowly on the Late Bronze Age Aegean. It is, however, a serious study <strong>in</strong> supportof an ambitious project. Age of Bronze is my comics art retell<strong>in</strong>g of the Trojan War <strong>in</strong> seven volumes.I am present<strong>in</strong>g the complete story <strong>in</strong> full dramatic detail—from Paris’s days as a herdsman onMount Ida be<strong>for</strong>e he learns that he is actually a Trojan pr<strong>in</strong>ce, through the fall of the city of Troy and itsaftermath. The first two volumes, A Thousand Ships and Sacrifice, have been published. I am currentlywork<strong>in</strong>g on the third volume, Betrayal.Age of Bronze was <strong>in</strong>spired by a book called The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam by Barbara Tuchman.In a chapter discuss<strong>in</strong>g the disastrous folly of the Trojans draw<strong>in</strong>g the Wooden Horse <strong>in</strong>to theircity, the author mentions that the story of the Trojan War has spawned many permutations and variantsover the course of centuries. I decided that a complete tell<strong>in</strong>g of the Trojan War <strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g as manyof the permutations and variants that I could f<strong>in</strong>d—while reconcil<strong>in</strong>g all the contradictions—wouldmake a wonderful comic book. Homer’s great epic poem, the Iliad, is the earliest known version of theTrojan War story, but the Iliad is merely the start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>for</strong> Age of Bronze. I have gathered as many ofthe different versions of the story as I can f<strong>in</strong>d—poems, plays, stories, pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>gs, opera, etc.—and I amcomb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g them <strong>in</strong>to one long story.Visualiz<strong>in</strong>g the Aegean Bronze AgeComics art is a visual medium. The illustrations carry the story as much as the words do, so my designsof characters, costumes, and sett<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> Age of Bronze are fundamental to the project. At the start, Idecided that my version of the Trojan War would be set firmly <strong>in</strong> the Aegean Late Bronze Age, the 13thcentury BC, so that if the Trojan War really took place, what you see <strong>in</strong> Age of Bronze is a reasonableapproximation of what it looked like.At first, I knew very little about the Mycenaean civilization that <strong>in</strong>habited Greece dur<strong>in</strong>g the LateBronze Age, and I knew noth<strong>in</strong>g about the Trojans of that time. I set out to learn what I needed toknow. I easily found <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation about the Mycenaeans. They left representations of themselves andtheir surround<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> color pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>gs on palace walls, <strong>in</strong> pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>gs on pottery, and <strong>in</strong> sculptures ofwood, clay, ivory, and metal. Their cloth<strong>in</strong>g, hairstyles, armor, weapons, and faces are preserved <strong>for</strong> usstill to see. From Mycenaean graves have come not merely representations, but actual objects the Mycenaeansused: boar tusk helmets, cuirasses, greaves, swords, arrowheads, jewelry, pottery, and more. Allthese have proved valuable to Age of Bronze.Many Mycenaean palaces still rema<strong>in</strong>—now little more than crumbl<strong>in</strong>g foundations, but enough tomake reconstructions. The palace of Mycenae—where <strong>in</strong> legend Agamemnon ruled—and Nestor’spalace at Pylos rise aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Age of Bronze (Figure 1). I have had to make up a palace at Sparta <strong>for</strong>Menelaus and one on the island of Skyros, but I based them on solid research.30 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


ARTICLEFigure 1: Mycenae palace courtyard.A gold death mask from a shaft grave at Mycenae is probably the most famous object of the Mycenaeancivilization. It is popularly called the Mask of Agamemnon, although it probably dates from centuriesbe<strong>for</strong>e the time Agamemnon would have ruled at Mycenae, if such a person ever really existed. I don’tcare—there was no way I was go<strong>in</strong>g to use anyth<strong>in</strong>g but that mask as the model <strong>for</strong> the face of myAgamemnon (Figure 2).Figure 2: Face of Agamemnon.November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record31


ARTICLEFigure 3: Helen at the altar.Of course, I am faced with contradictions between the traditional Troy story and Bronze Age archaeology.One example is hair color. In the Iliad, Homer describes Achilles as hav<strong>in</strong>g golden or reddish hair,depend<strong>in</strong>g on the translation. And Helen, the most beautiful woman <strong>in</strong> the world, traditionally is ablonde. But <strong>in</strong> all the pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>gs we have of people from Mycenaean Greece, not one of them has blondehair—at least, as far as I have seen. So I had to choose between story and archaeology. My general rulewhen I run <strong>in</strong>to conflicts like this it to let the literary tradition w<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> matters of the words that appear<strong>in</strong> Age of Bronze and archaeology w<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> matters of the pictures <strong>in</strong> Age of Bronze. So both Achilles andHelen have dark hair (Figure 3)—prompt<strong>in</strong>g criticism from readers.32 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


ARTICLEFigure 4: Troy at night.Reconstruct<strong>in</strong>g TroyAnother apparent conflict was the size of the city of Troy. The literary and artistic traditions depict Troyas a large, wealthy, and flourish<strong>in</strong>g city. In the 1870s, He<strong>in</strong>rich Schliemann brought to light the site thatmost scholars accept as the city of Troy: Hisarlik, a mound <strong>in</strong> northwest Turkey. Schliemann’s excavationsrevealed the actual Troy to have been a rather small, unimpressive citadel; the Late Bronze Agelevel, Troy VI, features the rema<strong>in</strong>s of a circuit wall enclos<strong>in</strong>g the space <strong>for</strong> a couple dozen build<strong>in</strong>gs.For Age of Bronze, I had to f<strong>in</strong>d a way to br<strong>in</strong>g it closer to the traditional version of a glorious Troy. Atfirst, I planned to have the aristocrats liv<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> the circuit wall, while the rest of the populationwould be outside, their dwell<strong>in</strong>gs either clustered around the citadel <strong>in</strong> a k<strong>in</strong>d of lower city or spreadout over the pla<strong>in</strong> among farms, orchards, and graz<strong>in</strong>g lands. Then I discovered that <strong>in</strong> 1988, an <strong>in</strong>ternationalteam of archaeologists led by Manfred Korfmann of Germany’s Tub<strong>in</strong>gen University had beguna new excavation at the site of Troy. It turned out that the current excavations revealed evidence <strong>for</strong> alower town of Troy VI outside the citadel—not just a scatter<strong>in</strong>g of houses, but a relatively organizedcommunity surrounded by a defensive ditch and possibly enclosed by a wall. The size of Troy VI wasactually about ten times larger than previously believed, mak<strong>in</strong>g it a major Late Bronze Age metropolis,much closer to the image preserved by legend. I was pleased with myself <strong>for</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g theorized that alower town could have existed, but was even more pleased that it really had existed and I did not have tomake it up <strong>for</strong> Age of Bronze.But what did Troy VI and its <strong>in</strong>habitants look like? For a long time, I could not f<strong>in</strong>d a satisfactoryanswer. The Trojans left no pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>gs of themselves. The literary tradition makes the Trojan culturebasically identical to the culture of the Greeks, who Homer called the Achaeans. In Age of Bronze, wherethe visual component is such a large facet of tell<strong>in</strong>g the story, I wanted the Achaeans and the Trojans tolook different. So I had to look beyond Troy. First, I considered Thrace, an area extend<strong>in</strong>g from northernGreece toward the Balkans, but this did not seem like the right choice. Look<strong>in</strong>g east, I considered theNovember 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record33


ARTICLEFigure 5: Sl<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g stones at a ship.cultures of Assyria and Babylon, but these seemed too far away. Then there was the empire of the Hittites,due east of Troy. I did not know much about the Hittites. They seemed alien to me, very differentfrom the depiction of the Trojans <strong>in</strong> the literary tradition. And I was reluctant to beg<strong>in</strong> research<strong>in</strong>g fromscratch an entire new culture.34 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


ARTICLEIn February 1997, the Smithsonian held a symposium on Troy. Manfred Korfmann, the leader of thecurrent excavations at Troy, was announced as a speaker, so I went. I still needed answers to severalquestions be<strong>for</strong>e I could beg<strong>in</strong> draw<strong>in</strong>g Age of Bronze, and I hoped I could f<strong>in</strong>d answers at the symposium.When I asked what the <strong>in</strong>habitants of Troy VI would have looked like, he told me to look at theHittites. The architecture of Troy VI was Hittite <strong>in</strong> nature, a seal with letters <strong>in</strong> a Hittite dialect hadbeen found at Troy, and the one representation of a human found <strong>in</strong> Late Bronze Age Troy was a smallfigure of what looked like a Hittite god. Korfmann theorizes that Troy was a Luwian culture with<strong>in</strong> theHittite sphere of <strong>in</strong>fluence.That was answer enough <strong>for</strong> me. So <strong>in</strong> Age of Bronze, the Trojans are based on the Hittites. Sculptureboth <strong>in</strong> relief and <strong>in</strong> the round provided the basis <strong>for</strong> Trojan costume and hairstyles. The lower portionsof Troy VI’s walls rema<strong>in</strong>; a piece of Hittite pottery shaped like a city wall and tower allowed me toreconstruct the tops of the walls. From the floor plans of Hittite temples and reliefs of altars, I createdtemples on the summit of Troy VI’s citadel. From the floor plans of Hittite palaces, I created K<strong>in</strong>gPriam’s throne room. And so I am able to draw a plausible version of the great city of Troy (Figure 4).The rema<strong>in</strong>s of other eastern Mediterranean cultures contribute to Age of Bronze. Ancient Egypt hassupplied costumes and musical <strong>in</strong>struments, as well as depictions of the Hittites and their chariots andweaponry. I have based draw<strong>in</strong>gs on ship models from Cyprus <strong>for</strong> the Cypriot cont<strong>in</strong>gent of theAchaean fleet (Figure 5). The M<strong>in</strong>oan civilization from Crete, which is closely tied to the Mycenaeans,has also provided a wealth of material.Conclud<strong>in</strong>g ThoughtsAge of Bronze is not f<strong>in</strong>ished, so my research is ongo<strong>in</strong>g. Books have provided the bulk of my research.In libraries and bookstores, I can often be found <strong>in</strong> the archaeology and mythology sections. A list ofworks consulted can be found <strong>in</strong> the Age of Bronze volumes. The Internet has proven valuable, especiallythe Perseus project from Tufts University and the list-serve Aegeanet. I have consulted archaeologistsand classicists through email as well as <strong>in</strong> person. I have not yet traveled to the site of Troy, but early <strong>in</strong>the project, I asked a friend who was go<strong>in</strong>g to Troy to take photos <strong>for</strong> me. I wanted photos look<strong>in</strong>g awayfrom the site, s<strong>in</strong>ce photos <strong>in</strong> books generally take the opposite po<strong>in</strong>t of view. But noth<strong>in</strong>g can substitute<strong>for</strong> actually visit<strong>in</strong>g the site of Troy. I will get there someday—be<strong>for</strong>e Age of Bronze is f<strong>in</strong>ished.ZAPATERO, from page 29


ARTICLECARICATURES OF ARCHAEOLOGYPOLITICAL CARTOONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESCOTTCITY CENTRE EXCAVATIONSMatthew BilsbarrowMatthew Bilsbarrow is with the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office.Political cartoons are a proud part of the <strong>American</strong> newspaper tradition. They can spotlight thefoibles of the powerful or draw attention to moral dimensions of particular issues or situations.What happens when cartoonists turn their attention to archaeology?Three political cartoons depict<strong>in</strong>g archaeologists appeared <strong>in</strong> the Prescott Daily Courier (Arizona) dur<strong>in</strong>gexcavations of the city’s Ch<strong>in</strong>atown and red-light district located adjacent to the still-vibrant historicdowntown. A private developer and the city, which owned the parcel, funded the <strong>in</strong>vestigations, becausethey planned to construct Prescott City Centre—a five-story build<strong>in</strong>g conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a public park<strong>in</strong>ggarage, retail space, and af<strong>for</strong>dable condom<strong>in</strong>iums. They were conv<strong>in</strong>ced to per<strong>for</strong>m the archaeological<strong>in</strong>vestigations because the developer applied <strong>for</strong> a loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Hous<strong>in</strong>gand Urban Development (HUD). S<strong>in</strong>ce the large-scale and sometimes <strong>in</strong>sensitive urban renewal projectsof the 1960s, federal agencies are more conscious about identify<strong>in</strong>g and mitigat<strong>in</strong>g adverse effectsto important places, such as archaeological sites.The first cartoon (Figure 1) appeared dur<strong>in</strong>g eligibility test<strong>in</strong>g. Historical records <strong>in</strong>dicated that membersof Prescott’s Ch<strong>in</strong>ese community lived and operated bus<strong>in</strong>esses on the parcel prior to the devastat<strong>in</strong>g fireof 1900 that destroyed this block and three others. At the time of the project, the parcel had been used <strong>for</strong>park<strong>in</strong>g and storage <strong>for</strong> almost 60 years. Archaeologists us<strong>in</strong>g a backhoe—not the chopsticks mentioned<strong>in</strong> the cartoon—quickly excavated and exam<strong>in</strong>edsample trenches across the parcel. As aresult, they identified five n<strong>in</strong>eteenth-centuryfoundations, a privy, a trash-filled well, and Ch<strong>in</strong>esehousehold and personal items. The figurelabeled “Buckey O’Prescott” represents the localcommunity, which is proud of hometown hero“Buckey” O’Neill—one of Teddy Roosevelt’sRough Riders.The second cartoon (Figure 2) appeared dur<strong>in</strong>gthe <strong>in</strong>terval between test<strong>in</strong>g and data recoveryfieldwork. As a result of the test excavations,HUD, <strong>in</strong> consultation with the State HistoricPreservation Office, determ<strong>in</strong>ed that the sitewas eligible <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>clusion <strong>in</strong> the National Registerof Historic Places and that the constructionproject would adversely affect the site. Theappropriate treatment measure, namely datarecovery, was quickly identified and developedby the archaeological consultant. However,negotiation among consult<strong>in</strong>g par- Figure 1: Cartoon that appeared dur<strong>in</strong>g Eligibility Test<strong>in</strong>g (Prescott Daily Courier, 12/30/2001).36 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


ARTICLEties over the terms of the Memorandum of Agreement and determ<strong>in</strong>ationof who would pay <strong>for</strong> the second phase of archaeological work tookalmost a year. The question asked <strong>in</strong> the cartoon is un<strong>in</strong>tentionallyhumorous to archaeologists, because the federal government uses theshort spell<strong>in</strong>g (“archeology”) to save space, while universities and professionalsprefer to keep the word’s Lat<strong>in</strong> roots <strong>in</strong>tact (“archaeology”). Howyou spell archaeology often depends on who you work with.The third cartoon (Figure 3) shows recognizable likenesses of two archaeologistswho worked on the data recovery excavations. Poker chips, Ch<strong>in</strong>eseco<strong>in</strong>s, European liquor bottles, a woman’s felt hat, imported decoratedCh<strong>in</strong>ese porcela<strong>in</strong>, and English toothpaste conta<strong>in</strong>ers were collectedfrom contexts associated with the turn-of-the century residents of the parcel.More important than any s<strong>in</strong>gle artifact, the excavations recovered arepresentative sample of artifacts belong<strong>in</strong>g to poorly documentedgroups (i.e., Ch<strong>in</strong>ese sojourners and prostitutes) liv<strong>in</strong>g and work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Figure 2: Cartoon that was published after test<strong>in</strong>g but be<strong>for</strong>e dataArizona’s territorial capital. Archaeologists, work<strong>in</strong>g together with historians,concluded that Mary “Annie” Hamilton ran a middle-class brothelrecovery excavations (Prescott Daily Courier, 3/6/2002).and that unknown Ch<strong>in</strong>ese <strong>in</strong>dividuals established a comb<strong>in</strong>ation gam<strong>in</strong>g hall, opium den, and eateryserv<strong>in</strong>g patrons of all sorts. Situated only one block away from the county courthouse, South GraniteStreet was referred to as “the <strong>for</strong>bidden zone” by one local resident’s mother. Because of the archaeological<strong>in</strong>vestigations, the community is rem<strong>in</strong>ded of the reasons <strong>for</strong> this moniker.All three cartoons characterized archaeology negatively, because of delays to an important communityproject. Yet the bulk of the time was used by the project proponents and officials to make decisions andto f<strong>in</strong>d fund<strong>in</strong>g sources, not by the archaeologists per<strong>for</strong>m<strong>in</strong>g the field work. The site’s deposits accumulatedthrough 36 years of use, were buried <strong>for</strong> 101 years, and were excavated by archaeologists <strong>in</strong> just35 days. Poor plann<strong>in</strong>g delayed this project, not archaeology.By question<strong>in</strong>g the value of archaeology, the cartoons stimulated debate <strong>in</strong> the community. Guest editorialsand letters to the editor both support<strong>in</strong>g and oppos<strong>in</strong>g the archaeological <strong>in</strong>vestigations were published<strong>in</strong> the local newspaper. An onl<strong>in</strong>e poll with 96 responses, conducted by Prescott Newspapers,showed that 81 percent supported the excavations, 15 percent were opposed, and only four percent wereunaware of the controversy. Several local volunteersparticipated <strong>in</strong> the field and laboratory workunder professional supervision. About 300 people,mostly local residents, took guided tours of theexcavations <strong>in</strong> progress. A local museum exhibitus<strong>in</strong>g the knowledge and artifacts recovered fromexcavations opened <strong>in</strong> 2005.In conclusion, the community rejected the politicalcartoons’ message that archaeology was notworth delay<strong>in</strong>g construction. After all, Prescott isthe home of the world’s oldest rodeo; conta<strong>in</strong>sover 500 build<strong>in</strong>gs listed on the National Registerof Historic Places, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the famous “WhiskeyRow” saloons; and promotes itself as the placewhere “history lives on.” Despite the cartoonist’spo<strong>in</strong>t of view, the community recognized that the<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation ga<strong>in</strong>ed from the Prescott City Centrearchaeological excavations contributed to theirheritage.Figure 3: Cartoon drawn of the data recovery excavations (Prescott Daily Courier, 11/14/2002).November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record37


38 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record39


POSITIONS OPENPOSITIONS OPENposition: assistant professorlocation: tempe, azThe School of Human Evolution andSocial Change (SHESC) at Arizona StateUniversity <strong>in</strong>vites applications <strong>for</strong> a fulltime,tenure-track position at the AssistantProfessor level beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> August2006. The successful applicant will be an<strong>in</strong>tegral member of the new Center <strong>for</strong>Bioarchaeological Research (CBR). Weseek an anthropologist specializ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>bioarchaeology of the Old World whoseduties will <strong>in</strong>clude conduct<strong>in</strong>g researchlead<strong>in</strong>g to significant publications,teach<strong>in</strong>g undergraduate and graduatecourses, and engag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> academic service.The successful applicant will have aPh.D. <strong>in</strong> anthropology awarded prior toJuly 1, 2006, and an active research programwith the potential to obta<strong>in</strong> externalfund<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>volve students <strong>in</strong>fieldwork or collections-based research.We are particularly <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividualswhose geographic emphasis is <strong>in</strong>Africa, the circum-Mediterraneanregion, or the Middle East. Preferencewill be given to applicants whoseresearch and teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tersect <strong>in</strong>terestsof current faculty, complement<strong>in</strong>g andbuild<strong>in</strong>g on present strengths that rangefrom theoriz<strong>in</strong>g mortuary behavior topaleopathology. Research relat<strong>in</strong>g to oneor more of the thematic foci of SHESC,<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g biocultural dimensions ofhuman health, identity <strong>for</strong>mation andethnicity, urbanism and the rise of socialcomplexity, and l<strong>in</strong>kages of both urbanand non-urban societies to natural andbuilt landscapes is desired. Send a letterof application <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a discussion ofresearch and teach<strong>in</strong>g experience andplans, a curriculum vita, and names andcontact <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation <strong>for</strong> three referencesto Dr. Jane E. Buikstra, Chair, BioarchaeologySearch Committee, School ofHuman Evolution and Social Change,Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287-2402. Review of applications willbeg<strong>in</strong> on November 15, 2005; or, if notfilled, every two weeks until search isclosed. SHESC/CBR faculty attend<strong>in</strong>gthe AAA meet<strong>in</strong>gs will be available tomeet with <strong>in</strong>terested candidates. A backgroundcheck is required be<strong>for</strong>e employment.AA/EOE.Position: ChairLocation: Waco, TXBaylor University seeks a chair at theassociate or full professor rank to head anewly reorganized department (recentlyseparated from Sociology) that <strong>in</strong>cludesAnthropology, Forensic Science, and<strong>Archaeology</strong>. Strong record of success <strong>in</strong>teach<strong>in</strong>g, scholarship, and externalfund<strong>in</strong>g required. The ideal candidatewill have adm<strong>in</strong>istrative experience,good communication skills, and theability to bridge among the humanities,social sciences, and natural sciences,advocat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> all programs with<strong>in</strong> thedepartment. The department has 9 fulltimefaculty and over 300 majors, with200+ <strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>ensic science. Currently, thedepartment offers a B.A. Anthropology,B.S. Forensic Science, or a B.A. <strong>Archaeology</strong>with potential <strong>for</strong> growth andexpansion. The academic field is open,although an archaeology or <strong>for</strong>ensicanthropology specialization will begiven preference. Applications will bereviewed beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g Nov. 1, 2005, andwill be accepted until the position isfilled. To ensure full consideration, yourcomplete application must be receivedby Dec. 15, 2005. Baylor is a Baptist universityaffiliated with the Baptist GeneralConvention of Texas. As an AffirmativeAction/Equal Employment OpportunityEmployer, Baylor encouragesm<strong>in</strong>orities, women, veterans, and personswith disabilities to apply. Pleasesend a CV, three letters of reference, andany other support<strong>in</strong>g materials to: Dr.Frieda H. Blackwell, Interim Chair,Department of Anthropology, ForensicScience and Archeology, One Bear Place97344, Waco, TX 76798-7344.Position: Visit<strong>in</strong>g ScholarLocation: Carbondale, ILSouthern Ill<strong>in</strong>ois University Carbondale,Center <strong>for</strong> Archaeological Investigations,seeks its 2006–2007 Visit<strong>in</strong>gScholar (VS). The VS organizes and conductsan archaeological conference atSIUC, result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> an edited volume ofselected papers. VS assembles and editsconference volume while <strong>in</strong> residence.The successful candidate is also expectedto pursue her/his research and teachone sem<strong>in</strong>ar <strong>in</strong> her/his specialty. 11-month term appo<strong>in</strong>tment as a Visit<strong>in</strong>gScholar. Qualifications: Ph.D. <strong>in</strong> anthropologyor related discipl<strong>in</strong>e with specialization<strong>in</strong> archaeology. Degree must becompleted by August 16, 2006. VSselected on the basis of 5-page proposaloutl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g nature and structure of theconference and on the strength of vitaand references. Pre-application<strong>in</strong>quiries recommended. Clos<strong>in</strong>g date:February 1, 2006. Send letter, vita, list ofreferences, and proposal to Dr. HeatherLapham, CAI, 1000 Faner Drive - MailCode 4527, Southern Ill<strong>in</strong>ois UniversityCarbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901; tel:(618) 453-5031; email: hlapham@siu.edu. SIUC is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer that strivesto enhance its ability to develop a diversefaculty and staff and to <strong>in</strong>crease itspotential to serve a diverse student population.All applications are welcomedand encouraged and will receive consideration.40 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


POSITIONS OPENPosition: Assistant ProfessorLocation: Williamsburg, VAThe College of William & Mary Departmentof Anthropology <strong>in</strong>vites applications<strong>for</strong> a tenure-track position <strong>in</strong> historicalarchaeology to be filled at thelevel of assistant professor start<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>August 2006. The Department’s Ph.D.program <strong>in</strong> historical archaeology andhistorical anthropology emphasizes the<strong>in</strong>tegration of social and cultural theorywith<strong>in</strong> historical studies <strong>in</strong> archaeologyand anthropology. We seek a scholar(Ph.D. <strong>in</strong> hand by the time of employment)whose research contributes to thehistory of the colonial and/or postcolonialAmericas prior to the twentieth century.The applicant should have an activefield research program, a strong publicationrecord, and experience teach<strong>in</strong>g atthe undergraduate and graduatelevels. Materials should <strong>in</strong>clude adetailed letter describ<strong>in</strong>g current andplanned research activities, teach<strong>in</strong>gqualifications and <strong>in</strong>terests, a full curriculumvita, and the names andaddresses (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g telephone andemail) of at least three academic references.Please mail materials to Mart<strong>in</strong>Gallivan, Search Committee Chair,Department of Anthropology, College ofWilliam and Mary, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton Hall,Room 103, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg,VA 23187-8795. Review beg<strong>in</strong>sNovember 11, 2005, and will cont<strong>in</strong>ueuntil an appo<strong>in</strong>tment is made. The Collegeis an EEO/AA employer.Position: Assistant ProfessorLocation: South Bend, INIndiana University South Bend <strong>in</strong>vitesapplications from broadly tra<strong>in</strong>ed physicalanthropologists and/or archaeologists<strong>for</strong> a tenure-track, Assistant Professorof Anthropology position, to beg<strong>in</strong>Fall 2006. Candidates must be capable ofteach<strong>in</strong>g a wide range of courses acrossthe four fields at both <strong>in</strong>troductory andadvanced levels <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g human orig<strong>in</strong>sand prehistory, research methods,and regional ethnography. Qualifications:Ph.D. <strong>in</strong> Anthropology by August2006, strong commitment to undergraduateteach<strong>in</strong>g, evidence of teach<strong>in</strong>geffectiveness and active and productiveresearch program. Review beg<strong>in</strong>sNovember 15, 2005. For full details andapplication <strong>in</strong>structions, seehttp://www.iusb.edu/~socanth/job.docPosition: Assistant ProfessorLocation: Kent, OHOpportunity <strong>for</strong> an Archaeologist at thetenure-track assistant Professor level.Kent State University has a rich academichistory <strong>in</strong> eastern North <strong>American</strong>archaeology, as well as modern laboratoryfacilities and collections. We offer theB.A. and M.A. <strong>in</strong> all three subfields ofanthropology, a B.S. degree, and a Ph.D.<strong>in</strong> biological anthropology <strong>in</strong> cooperationwith other departments. Qualifications:A Ph.D., a capacity <strong>for</strong> primaryresearch likely to attract extramuralfund<strong>in</strong>g, and a dedication to teach<strong>in</strong>gand mentor<strong>in</strong>g at all levels are required.Theoretical focus is open, but the candidatemust demonstrate expertise <strong>in</strong> contemporaryarchaeological method andtheory. The successful candidate shouldbe able to work com<strong>for</strong>tably <strong>in</strong> a dynamicdepartment with <strong>in</strong>terests rang<strong>in</strong>gfrom the culture of Oceania to primateneurobiology and behavior. Area(s) ofgeographic specialization open. ApplicationDeadl<strong>in</strong>e: Review of applicants willbeg<strong>in</strong> on December 1, 2005, and cont<strong>in</strong>ueuntil the position is filled. To apply,please submit a letter of application,vita, and any support<strong>in</strong>g materials to:<strong>Archaeology</strong> Search, Department ofAnthropology, Kent State University,P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242-0001.For additional job opportunities, pleasevisit our jobsite at: http://jobs.kent.edu.All documents submitted to Kent StateUniversity <strong>for</strong> employment opportunitiesare public records and subject to disclosureunder the Ohio Public RecordsLaw. Equal Opportunity/AffirmativeAction Employer.Position: Historical ArchaeologistLocation: Knoxville, TNThe University of Tennessee Departmentof Anthropology seeks qualifiedcandidates to fill a position <strong>in</strong> historicalarchaeology beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> August 2006.The position carries the rank of AssistantProfessor and will be a regular fulltime,tenure-track appo<strong>in</strong>tment. We areseek<strong>in</strong>g candidates with demonstratedteach<strong>in</strong>g and research expertise <strong>in</strong> eighteenth-and n<strong>in</strong>eteenth-centuryEuroamerican or Afroamerican archaeologyof the eastern United States. It isexpected that the successful candidatewill contribute to an established graduate(M.A. and Ph.D. level) research program<strong>in</strong> the historical archaeology of theMid-South. Research opportunities<strong>in</strong>clude affiliation with the department’sArchaeological Research Laboratory. Astrong <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> material culture andability to teach laboratory courses <strong>in</strong> historicartifact analysis is desirable. Otherteach<strong>in</strong>g duties will <strong>in</strong>clude archaeologicalfield school, method and theory <strong>in</strong>historical archaeology, and courses specificto the <strong>in</strong>dividual’s particular <strong>in</strong>terests.The Ph.D. degree must be <strong>in</strong> handat the time of appo<strong>in</strong>tment. Qualifiedm<strong>in</strong>orities and women are especiallyencouraged to apply. Send a letter ofapplication, curriculum vita, and a list ofthree references to Dr. Gerald F.Schroedl, Chair, <strong>Archaeology</strong> SearchCommittee, Department of Anthropology,The University of Tennessee,Knoxville, TN 37996-0720. Review ofapplications will beg<strong>in</strong> on December 10,2005, and will cont<strong>in</strong>ue until the positionis filled. The University welcomesand honors people of all races, genders,creeds, cultures, and sexual orientations,and values <strong>in</strong>tellectual curiosity,pursuit of knowledge, and academicfreedom and <strong>in</strong>tegrity. The University ofTennessee is an EEO/AA/Title VI/TitleIX/Section 504/ADA/ADEA Employer.November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record41


POSITIONS OPENNEWS & NOTESPosition: Senior-level New WorldArchaeologistLocation: Burl<strong>in</strong>gton, VTUniversity of Vermont, Department ofAnthropology, a four-field departmentwith a well-established consult<strong>in</strong>garchaeology program, <strong>in</strong>vites applications<strong>for</strong> an archaeologist at the level ofassociate or full professor to beg<strong>in</strong> Fall2006. We are seek<strong>in</strong>g a scholar with adynamic research program and demonstratedteach<strong>in</strong>g excellence at the undergraduatelevel. Research should complementexist<strong>in</strong>g department specialties;New World focus preferred. The applicantshould be prepared to either serveas department chair immediately or <strong>in</strong>the near future. Will<strong>in</strong>gness to engage<strong>in</strong> Northeastern archaeology a plus.Ph.D. <strong>in</strong> anthropology (or appropriaterelated field) required. The University ofVermont is an Affirmative Action/EqualOpportunity employer. The Departmentof Anthropology is committed to<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g faculty diversity and welcomesapplications from women andunderrepresented ethnic, racial, and culturalgroups and from people with disabilities.Review of applications willbeg<strong>in</strong> on December 7th. Candidatesmay apply by mail, to the address below,<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a copy of his/her curriculumvita, a statement of research and teach<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>terests, a list of three (3) <strong>in</strong>dividualswho can provide letters of recommendationand other pert<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation.Candidates may also apply onl<strong>in</strong>eat http://www.uvmjobs.com, attach<strong>in</strong>g acurriculum vita and a statement ofresearch and teach<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terests. The listof the three (3) <strong>in</strong>dividuals who can provideletters of recommendation andother pert<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation, such asrepresentative publications, should besent to: Chair, <strong>Archaeology</strong> Search,Department of Anthropology, Universityof Vermont, 509 Williams Hall, 72 UniversityPlace, Burl<strong>in</strong>gton, VT 05405-0168.NEWS & NOTESInterpret<strong>in</strong>g World Heritage ConferenceFollows SAAs. The Association<strong>for</strong> Interpretation (known <strong>in</strong> the U.S.as the National Association <strong>for</strong> Interpretation)plans to host its first annual <strong>in</strong>ternationalconference on the subject of heritage<strong>in</strong>terpretation May 1–5, 2006 on theisland of Puerto Rico. The conference,titled “Connect<strong>in</strong>g People to PlacesThrough Susta<strong>in</strong>able Heritage Tourism,”will br<strong>in</strong>g together 150–200 delegatesfrom 30–40 nations <strong>in</strong> an ef<strong>for</strong>t to createopportunities <strong>for</strong> professional development<strong>for</strong> attendees and establish a network<strong>for</strong> professional associations and<strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> heritage <strong>in</strong>terpretationaround the globe. This capacitybuild<strong>in</strong>gnetwork will allow the exchangeof ideas and facilitate work<strong>in</strong>g partnershipsbetween nations with established<strong>in</strong>terpretive organizations and develop<strong>in</strong>gnations that need assistance with thepromotion and <strong>in</strong>stigation of <strong>in</strong>terpretivefacilities to enhance tourism experiences,benefit local economies, and susta<strong>in</strong> sensitivecultural and natural heritageresources. The International HeritageInterpretation Conference will attractheritage <strong>in</strong>terpreters and managers of<strong>in</strong>terpretive sites, as well as vendors,researchers, and educators <strong>in</strong> the field.The theme of the conference will beus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terpretation to create susta<strong>in</strong>ableheritage tourism. It will <strong>in</strong>clude the follow<strong>in</strong>gprogram highlights: Four keynotesessions from speakers of <strong>in</strong>ternationalprom<strong>in</strong>ence; three days of concurrentsessions featur<strong>in</strong>g approximately 80speakers (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g one day of extendedlengthsessions <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>-depth explorationof key issues <strong>in</strong> the field); off-site sessions<strong>for</strong> exploration of <strong>in</strong>-the-field operations<strong>in</strong> local <strong>in</strong>terpretive venues (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>goptional two-day preworkshop trips); and<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mal even<strong>in</strong>g events to encourageprofessional network<strong>in</strong>g and explorationof local culture. Over 75 speakers from 25countries have already been confirmed.Although the deadl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>for</strong> submittal ofproposals has passed, those <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong>becom<strong>in</strong>g a speaker can contact LisaBrochu, at naiprograms@aol.com, <strong>for</strong><strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on opportunities <strong>for</strong> participation.The conference will be held at theSheraton Old San Juan <strong>in</strong> San Juan, PuertoRico. Room rates have been negotiatedto $125/night (plus tax). All events will beheld at the hotel or nearby sites withtransportation provided. For additional<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation about the conference and <strong>for</strong>registration materials, please visithttp://www.<strong>in</strong>terpnet.com/iwh.Byron S. Cumm<strong>in</strong>gs Award to JeffreyS. Dean and W. James Judge.The Byron S. Cumm<strong>in</strong>gs award isgiven annually by the Arizona Archaeologicaland Historical <strong>Society</strong> (AAHS).The award is given <strong>for</strong> outstand<strong>in</strong>gresearch and contributions to knowledge<strong>in</strong> Southwestern archaeology, anthropology,or ethnology. It is named <strong>in</strong> honor ofByron S. Cumm<strong>in</strong>gs, the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal professionalfounder of the Arizona Archaeologicaland Historical <strong>Society</strong>, who wasalso the first Head of the Department ofAnthropology (then <strong>Archaeology</strong>) at theUniversity of Arizona, as well as Deanand President of the university. Jeffrey S.Dean is a professor of Dendrochronologyat the University of Arizona Laboratory ofTree-R<strong>in</strong>g Research whose research hashad a major impact on <strong>American</strong> anthropology,archaeology, and <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>arystudies <strong>for</strong> nearly 45 years. Educated atthe University of Idaho (B.A. 1959) andUniversity of Arizona (Ph.D. 1969), Jeff ‘sresearch, us<strong>in</strong>g tree-r<strong>in</strong>gs as his primarydata, has revolutionized Southwesterndendrochronology, archaeology, and42 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


NEWS & NOTESchronometric theory, and he is widelyrecognized as the lead<strong>in</strong>g dendroarchaeologist<strong>in</strong> the world. Jeff has edited threemajor academic volumes, publishedmore than 60 articles <strong>in</strong> scholarly journals,and received more than 30 majorgrants from the National Science Foundation(NSF). He has been president ofthe AAHS, Treasurer of the SAA, Editorof Tree-R<strong>in</strong>g Bullet<strong>in</strong>, President and Vice-President of the <strong>Society</strong> of ArchaeologicalSciences, and recipient of the 2001 SAALifetime Achievement Award. W. JamesJudge has made last<strong>in</strong>g contributions toSouthwestern archaeology as the directorof the renowned Chaco Project, a universityprofessor of anthropology, and anactive advocate of preservation and conservationcauses. After complet<strong>in</strong>g hisPh.D. <strong>in</strong> 1970 at the University of NewMexico (UNM), Jim was a faculty memberat Colorado State University andUNM be<strong>for</strong>e becom<strong>in</strong>g the chief researcharchaeologist and then director of theChaco Project. As a result of his leadershiproles <strong>in</strong> this jo<strong>in</strong>t program of theNational Park Service (NPS) and UNM,<strong>in</strong>tensive and <strong>in</strong>novative research producedgreat advances <strong>in</strong> knowledge aboutthe spectacular developments <strong>in</strong> ChacoCanyon. Jim’s Chaco work is published <strong>in</strong>several coauthored books and many articles,and Jim has received numerousgrants from the NSF, the NationalEndowment <strong>for</strong> the Humanities, NationalGeographic, and NPS. In keep<strong>in</strong>g withhis dist<strong>in</strong>guished service to the profession,Jim received the Emil W. HauryAward of the Western National ParksAssociation, was appo<strong>in</strong>ted to the AdvisoryBoard of the National Center <strong>for</strong>Preservation Technology by the Secretaryof the Interior, and is a member of theBoard of Directors of the ArchaeologicalConservancy.Victor R. Stoner Award to Gary E.Yancy. The Victor R. Stoner awardis given annually by the ArizonaArchaeological and Historical <strong>Society</strong>.The award celebrates the promotion ofhistoric awareness and preservation andis given to someone who br<strong>in</strong>gs Southwesternanthropology, archaeology, ethnology,or history to the public <strong>for</strong> anextended period. It is awarded <strong>in</strong> honorof the Reverend Stoner, a Catholic priestand scholar, an avocational historian,longtime supporter of the <strong>Society</strong>, andone of the founders of its journal, Kiva:Journal of Southwestern Anthropology andHistory. Gary E. Yancy has been one ofthe lead<strong>in</strong>g avocational archaeologists <strong>in</strong>Arizona and the Southwest <strong>for</strong> manyyears. After graduat<strong>in</strong>g from the Universityof New Mexico with a degree <strong>in</strong> electricaleng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, Gary returned to Arizonawhere he began to study archaeologyand history. He became active <strong>in</strong> theArizona Archaeological <strong>Society</strong> and <strong>in</strong>1994 was elected president of the AASPhoenix chapter, a position he held <strong>for</strong>two years. In 1996, he was elected statechair person of AAS, a position he held<strong>for</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e years. Gary has also been actively<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the Arizona Archaeological<strong>Society</strong>’s field school at Q Ranch. In 2003,Gary was asked to be on the Governor’s<strong>Archaeology</strong> Advisory Commission <strong>for</strong>Arizona. Also <strong>in</strong> 2003, he received theAward <strong>in</strong> Public <strong>Archaeology</strong> from the<strong>Archaeology</strong> Advisory Commission <strong>for</strong>Arizona. For the past 20 years Gary hasbeen an active participant <strong>in</strong> manyaspects of archaeology, as a leader <strong>in</strong> theArizona Archaeological <strong>Society</strong>, adm<strong>in</strong>ister<strong>in</strong>gthe Q Ranch school, support<strong>in</strong>gthe AAS certification programs, andadvocat<strong>in</strong>g on behalf of archaeology tothe public.Call <strong>for</strong> Proposals <strong>for</strong> the ObermannCenter <strong>for</strong> Advanced StudiesResearch Sem<strong>in</strong>ar. TheResearch Sem<strong>in</strong>ar “Comparative Archaeologies:The <strong>American</strong> Southwest (A.D.900–1600) and the Iberian Pen<strong>in</strong>sula(3000–1500 BC)” will be held at the Universityof Iowa <strong>in</strong> Iowa City from June18–26, 2006. Eight to ten fellows will beselected: half specializ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the IberianPen<strong>in</strong>sula and half work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the <strong>American</strong>Southwest. Fellows will be paid a$1,000 stipend, plus up to $1,500 (or$2,000 <strong>for</strong> overseas travel) to cover travel,hous<strong>in</strong>g, and per diem <strong>for</strong> duration ofsem<strong>in</strong>ar. The sem<strong>in</strong>ar will br<strong>in</strong>g together,<strong>for</strong> the first time, archaeologists work<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong> the <strong>American</strong> Southwest and <strong>in</strong> theIberian Pen<strong>in</strong>sula to engage and discussa common set of themes and problems,<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g art, bodies, food, landscapes,and history. Papers from the sem<strong>in</strong>ar willbe <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> an edited volume. Theapplication deadl<strong>in</strong>e is January 30, 2006.For more <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation, visit the sem<strong>in</strong>arwebsite at http://www.uiowa.edu/obermann/comparativearchaeologiesor contactJay Semel, Director of the ObermannCenter <strong>for</strong> Advanced Studies, N134 OakdaleHall, The University of Iowa, IowaCity, IA 52242; tel: (319) 335-4034; email:jay-semel@uiowa.edu.Geophysics <strong>for</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong>. Manytutorials on the topic of geophysicalexploration <strong>for</strong> archaeologyare available on a free CD. Most of thesepublications are <strong>for</strong> archaeologists andcultural resource managers who are consider<strong>in</strong>gthe application of geophysics totheir studies. Some the documents arewritten <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals who would like todo geophysical surveys on their own. TheCD has over 1,200 pages of reports <strong>in</strong>Portable Document Format (PDF). It isavailable at no cost by writ<strong>in</strong>g to: BruceBevan, Geosight, 356 Waddy Drive,Weems, VA 22576-2004.November 2005 • The SAA Archaeological Record43


CALENDAR2005DECEMBER 2–4The 6e Festival International du FilmArchéologique held <strong>in</strong> Brussels, Belgiumis a biennial festival focus<strong>in</strong>g onproduction made between 2000 and2005 about all aspects of archaeology,with an emphasis on good c<strong>in</strong>ematography.It builds on traditions and relationshipsestablished by a previousBrussels festival whose name it adopted<strong>in</strong> 1995. This year’s program will<strong>in</strong>clude special sections dedicated to thefirst films about archaeology and to thearchaeology of countries newly admitted<strong>in</strong>to the European Union. For further<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation contact SergeLemaître, President or Benjam<strong>in</strong> Stewart,Secretary at Asbl K<strong>in</strong>eon, 55, rue duCroissant, B-1190 Brussels, Belgium;tel: +32(2) 672.82.91; fax: +32(2)537.52.61; email: <strong>in</strong>fo@k<strong>in</strong>eon.be; web:http:// www.k<strong>in</strong>eon.be.2006JANUARY 13–14The 10th Biennial Southwest Symposium,titled “Acts of History: Ritual,Landscape, and Historical <strong>Archaeology</strong><strong>in</strong> the Southwest U.S. and NorthwestMexico,” will be held <strong>in</strong> Las Cruces,NM. Registration and submissiondetails are available at http://web.nmsu.edu/~wiwalker/.MAY 1–5The 1st Annual Conference of the Association<strong>for</strong> Interpretation will be held atthe Sheraton Old San Juan <strong>in</strong> San Juan,CALENDAR2005–2006Puerto Rico. The conference, titled“Connect<strong>in</strong>g People to Places ThroughSusta<strong>in</strong>able Heritage Tourism,” willbr<strong>in</strong>g together 150–200 delegates from30–40 nations <strong>in</strong> an ef<strong>for</strong>t to createopportunities <strong>for</strong> professional development<strong>for</strong> attendees and establish a network<strong>for</strong> professional associations and<strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> heritage <strong>in</strong>terpretationaround the globe. Althoughthe deadl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>for</strong> submittal of proposalshas passed, those <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> becom<strong>in</strong>ga speaker can contact Lisa Brochu, atnaiprograms@aol.com. For additional<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation about the conference andAPRIL 26–3071st Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g of The <strong>Society</strong><strong>for</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> will beheld <strong>in</strong> San Juan, Puerto Rico.<strong>for</strong> registration materials, please visithttp://www.<strong>in</strong>terpnet.com/iwh.JUNE 18–26The Obermann Center <strong>for</strong> AdvancedStudies Research Sem<strong>in</strong>ar, “ComparativeArchaeologies: The <strong>American</strong>Southwest (AD 900–1600) and the IberianPen<strong>in</strong>sula (3000–1500 BC),” will beheld at the University of Iowa <strong>in</strong> IowaCity. Eight to ten fellows will be selected:half specializ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Iberian Pen<strong>in</strong>sulaand half work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the <strong>American</strong>Southwest. Fellows will be paid a $1,000stipend, plus up to $1,500 (or $2,000 <strong>for</strong>overseas travel) to cover travel, hous<strong>in</strong>g,and per diem <strong>for</strong> duration of sem<strong>in</strong>ar.The application deadl<strong>in</strong>e is January 30.For more <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation, visit the sem<strong>in</strong>arwebsite at http://www.uiowa.edu/obermann/comparativearchaeologiesor contactJay Semel, Director of the ObermannCenter <strong>for</strong> Advanced Studies,N134 Oakdale Hall, The University ofIowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; tel: (319) 335-4034; email: jay-semel@uiowa.edu.JUNE 23–26The <strong>Society</strong> of Africanist Archaeologists(SAfA) 18th Biennial Conference will beheld <strong>in</strong> Calgary, Canada. The program<strong>in</strong>cludes a pre-conference day on June22 that offers the options of attend<strong>in</strong>g astudent session or go<strong>in</strong>g on one of twoexcursions. Students are encouraged toparticipate fully <strong>in</strong> the conference. Submissionsof thematic sessions, <strong>in</strong>dividualpapers, and poster presentations are<strong>in</strong>vited. Proposals should be sent to safaconf@ucalgary.ca(please start the subjectl<strong>in</strong>e with “Program”), or submissionscan be mailed to Program ChairSAfA 2006, Department of <strong>Archaeology</strong>,University of Calgary, Calgary AB, CanadaT2N 1N4; fax: +1 403 282 9567. Deadl<strong>in</strong>es:Feb 1 <strong>for</strong> prelim<strong>in</strong>ary proposals<strong>for</strong> thematic sessions; April 1 <strong>for</strong> session,paper, and poster proposals and <strong>for</strong>conference registration. Application <strong>for</strong>travel assistance (limited to Africans resident<strong>in</strong> Africa) should reach the organiz<strong>in</strong>gcommittee as soon as possible.Website: http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~safaconf/SAFA/.44 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2005


APPLICATIONS INVITED FOR EDITOR,AMERICAN ANTIQUITYThe <strong>Society</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>American</strong> <strong>Archaeology</strong> <strong>in</strong>vites applications or nom<strong>in</strong>ations <strong>for</strong> the editorship of<strong>American</strong> Antiquity. The editorship may be held by a s<strong>in</strong>gle <strong>in</strong>dividual or jo<strong>in</strong>tly.<strong>American</strong> Antiquity is one means by which SAA carries out a central mission, scholarly journal publish<strong>in</strong>g.Its subscription list is composed of those SAA members who opt <strong>for</strong> the journal as a membershipbenefit, and of libraries and <strong>in</strong>stitutional subscribers. The SAA Board is strongly committed to provid<strong>in</strong>gthe means by which the society’s journals, <strong>American</strong> Antiquity and Lat<strong>in</strong> <strong>American</strong> Antiquity, willflourish <strong>in</strong> chang<strong>in</strong>g conditions <strong>for</strong> academic publish<strong>in</strong>g.The editor(s) has overall responsibility <strong>for</strong> journal’s function<strong>in</strong>g and f<strong>in</strong>al responsibility <strong>for</strong> all contentwith<strong>in</strong> general policies established by the SAA Board. The journal’s production is done from the SAAoffice <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton.Although editors of the SAA journals have often been senior scholars of long experience, <strong>in</strong>dividuals ofless-senior stand<strong>in</strong>g may be better placed to devote the necessary time and attention to the journal. Thecentral qualifications are a good knowledge of the field <strong>American</strong> Antiquity covers, with a broad respect<strong>for</strong> the varied research attitudes and traditions with<strong>in</strong> it; specific edit<strong>in</strong>g experience is helpful.The editorship is unpaid. The editor(s) will be expected to provide some <strong>in</strong>stitutional support <strong>for</strong> theiroffice, and to ensure they have sufficient time to carry out their responsibilities; release time of at least25 percent from university teach<strong>in</strong>g commitments has been customary.The term of the editor is <strong>for</strong> a period of three years; it may be renewed once thereafter.The editor position falls vacant on April 27, 2007 when the present editor, Michael Jochim, completeshis term. The editorship is preceded by an overlap period with him beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g January 1, 2007. SAAanticipates mak<strong>in</strong>g the appo<strong>in</strong>tment late <strong>in</strong> 2005 or early <strong>in</strong> 2006.Available to discuss the post <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mally are Jochim (Department of Anthropology, University of Cali<strong>for</strong>nia-SantaBarbara, 57 Mesa Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210; tel: [805] 893-4396; e-mail:Jochim@anth.ucsb.edu); and the chair of the SAA Publications Committee, Christ<strong>in</strong>e R. Szuter (contact<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation below),who leads the search.Applications outl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g relevant qualifications and expected local <strong>in</strong>stitutional support arrangements,along with a current vita, should be directed to Christ<strong>in</strong>e R. Szuter, Chair, University of Arizona Press,355 S. Euclid Ave., Suite 103, Tucson AZ 85719-6654; tel: (520) 621-1441; fax: (520) 621-8899; email:szuter@uapress.arizona.edu by January 3, 2006.


VOLUNTEERS: SAA NEEDS YOU NEXT APRIL!Would you like the opportunity to meet people <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> archaeology, have fun, and save money? Thenapply to be an SAA volunteer!Volunteers are crucial to all on-site meet<strong>in</strong>g services, and we are currently look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> people to assist theSAA staff at the 71st Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> San Juan, Puerto Rico on April 26–30, 2006.In return <strong>for</strong> just 12 hours of your time, you will receive:• complimentary meet<strong>in</strong>g registration,• a free copy of the Abstracts of the 71st Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g,• a $5 stipend per shift.For details and a volunteer application, please go to SAAweb (www.saa.org) or contact Darren Bishop atSAA (900 Second St. NE #12, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC, 20002-3560, phone (202) 789-8200, fax (202) 789-0284,e-mail darren_bishop@saa.org). Applications are accepted on a first-come, first-serve basis throughFebruary 1, 2006, so contact us soon to take advantage of this great opportunity. See you <strong>in</strong> San Juan!Non-profit Org.U.S. PostagePAIDSt. Joseph, MIPermit 38

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