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Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium A ... - CBS

Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium A ... - CBS

Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium A ... - CBS

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species <strong>of</strong> the Claviformia by the more rapid growth<strong>of</strong> their colonies and the more robust phialides.P. expansum causes a destructive rot <strong>of</strong> pomaceousfruits, on which it produces conspicuous concentriczones <strong>of</strong> crust-like coremia. Well-developedcoremia occur only occasionally on agar media. Theymay develop in small numbers in marginal areas <strong>of</strong>fresh isolates. After a few years <strong>of</strong> maintenance, thecapacity to produce well-defined coremia is usuallylost. The synnemata may be induced by long maintenanceat low temperatures, in apples or on media withtoxic constituents. The ex type culture <strong>of</strong> P. resticulosum,regarded as floccose by Raper and Thom(1949), produced synnemata on malt extract agarafter 3 month <strong>of</strong> storage at 0°C. This species is consideredas a synonym <strong>of</strong> P. expansum. The culturesbecome velutinous, producing mononematous toslightly synnematous conidiophores.P. sclerotigenum produces a rot in yam tubers andhas only been found in habitats with yams. It ischaracterized by rapid growth and sclerotium productionand a quite large proportion <strong>of</strong> biverticillateasymmetric penicilli. The latter feature leads Pitt(1979) to place P. sclerotigenum in Furcatum. Freshisolates, however, have many terverticillate structures.The three species in the series share the ability toproduce patulin, roquefortine C and geosmin andgeneral colony appearance. Pitt (1979) placed P.chrysogenum and P. atramentosum in this series, buthis series were based more on facilitating identificationthan phylogenetic or overall phenetic similarity.P. resticulosum (<strong>CBS</strong> 150.45) is clearly a synonym<strong>of</strong> P. expansum, despite its occasionally cylindricalconidia. The other synonyms listed above arenot available as living cultures anymore.Series Urticicolae Fassatiová, Acta Univ. Carol.Biol. 12: 324, 1977= Series P. urticae, Raper & Thom, Man. Penicillia:531, 1949 (nom. inval., arts 21,36)Type species: P. grise<strong>of</strong>ulvumAccepted species:P. grise<strong>of</strong>ulvum Dierckx, Ann. Soc. Scient. Brux. 25:88, 1901.= P. patulum Bain., Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 22:208, 1906.= P. urticae Bain., Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 23:15, 1907.= P. flexuosum Dale apud Biourge, Cellule 33: 264,1923.= P. maltum Hori & Yamamoto, Jap. J. Bacteriol. 9:1105, 1954.= P. duninii Sidibe, Mikol. Fitopatol. 8: 371, 1974.Neotype: IMI 075832POLYPHASIC TAXONOMY OF SUBGENUS PENICILLIUMFig. 13. Conidiophores and conidia <strong>of</strong> P. grise<strong>of</strong>ulvumP. dipodomyicola (Frisvad, Filt. & Wicklow) Frisvad,Int. Mod. Meth. Pen. Asp. Clas., 275.P. grise<strong>of</strong>ulvum var. dipodomyicola Frisvad, Filt. &Wicklow, Can. J. Bot. 65: 767, 1987.Holotype: IMI 296935Section diagnosis: Conidiophores mono- and synnematous.The stipes are long, <strong>of</strong>ten slightly sinuous,and smooth-walled. Penicilli are large, complicated,variable in pattern, loosely three- to five- or morestage-branched,and all elements are smooth-walled.Branches single strongly divergent, bearing short,compact, one-(two-) stage-branched structures.Metulae 2-3 per verticil, comparatively short. Phialidesvery small, less than 6 µm in length, more orless swollen, with a very short or inconspicuous neck.Conidia ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, adhering inparallel chains, sometimes forming loose columns.Teleomorph and sclerotia absent.Fassatiova (1977) proposed the series Urticicolato accomodate a single species: P. urticae (= P.grise<strong>of</strong>ulvum). Pitt (1979) emended Fassatiova'sconcept by adding five species that like P. grise<strong>of</strong>ulvumare characterized by relatively slow growth onCYA at 25°C. However, the added species produceregularly, two- to three-stage-branched penicilli andthus differ strongly from the complicated, looselyarranged, three- to five-stage-branched conidialstructures, characteristic <strong>of</strong> P. grise<strong>of</strong>ulvum. Moreover,the phialides are quite different. Because <strong>of</strong> itsbranched, synnematous conidiophores, most authors(Raper & Thom 1949, Fassatiova, 1977; Pitt, 1979;21

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