The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - Universität St.Gallen

– 6 –Table <strong>of</strong> ContentsChapter I: Introduction........................................................................................................... 91 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 102 <strong>The</strong>oretical and Empirical Background ....................................................................... 113 Switzerland as a Perfect Laboratory for Empirical Analysis ....................................... 174 Structure <strong>of</strong> the Dissertation......................................................................................... 18Chapter II: <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> 1997 – 2003 ......................................................................... 191 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 202 Constitutional Changes between 1997 and 2003 ......................................................... 243 <strong>The</strong> Initiative ................................................................................................................ 283.1 Constitutional Initiative........................................................................................ 283.2 Statutory Initiative................................................................................................ 313.3 Comments on the Changes in Constitutional and Statutory Initiatives................ 344 <strong>The</strong> Statutory Referendum ........................................................................................... 394.1 Mandatory Statutory Referendum........................................................................ 394.2 Comments on the Changes in the Mandatory Statutory Referendum.................. 444.3 Optional Statutory Referendum ........................................................................... 484.4 Comments on the Changes in the Optional Statutory Referendum ..................... 545 <strong>The</strong> Fiscal Referendum ................................................................................................ 585.1 Mandatory Fiscal Referendum............................................................................. 585.2 Comments on the Changes in the Mandatory Fiscal Referendum ....................... 625.3. Optional Fiscal Referendum................................................................................. 655.4 Comments on the Changes in the Optional Fiscal Referendum........................... 706 Reconstruction <strong>of</strong> the Index between 1997 and 2003 .................................................. 737 <strong>The</strong> Development <strong>of</strong> the Index <strong>of</strong> <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> from 1997 to 2003 ................... 778 Brief Critique <strong>of</strong> the Index ........................................................................................... 809 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 82Chapter III: Happiness.......................................................................................................... 831 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 842 Previous Empirical Research for Switzerland.............................................................. 883 New Estimates for Switzerland.................................................................................... 90