c. relays information to

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c. relays information to cerebral cortexd. sends commands to motor nuclei in brain stem and spinalcordE. Receptor Function in the Inner Ear1. cochleaa. modiolus central hub of cochleab. cochlear duct sandwiched betweenc. vestibular duct andd. tympanic ducte. Organ of Cortii. basilar membrane on which sitii. hair cells with stereociliaiii. tectorial membrane above the hair cellsiv. sound causes hair cells to bounce and touch thetectorial membrane causing transduction.F. Auditory Pathways1. afferent neurons in cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII.2. these synapse to neurons relayed to opposite side of midbrain3.auditory reflexes occur from here, axons synapse to thalamus4. projection fibers to auditory cortex from thalamusIV.. Vision – eyeA. Accessory Structures1. eyelids – palpebraea. medial ( with lacrimal caruncle) and lateral canthus -corners of eyesb. eyelashes - with sebaceous glands (of Zeis)b. tarsal (Meibomian) glands - on edges of eyelidsc. tarsal plate - tough connective tissue on eyelidsd. conjunctiva - mucous membrane lining eyelids2. lacrimal apparatusa. lacrimal gland - superior and lateral to eyeb. lacrimal puncta - holes near nose to drain tearsc. lacrimal canaliculi- drain tears tod. nasolacrimal ducts - empties to nasal cavityB. Eye1. superficial structuresa. cushioned by fat pads2. fibrous tunic - tough outer layera. sclera - white part of fibrous tunicb. cornea - transparent avascular anterior partc. limbus - boundary between the above3 vascular tunic (uvea)a. choroid - heavily vascularb. iris with pupil hole, circular sphincter muscles andradial dilator muscles4
c. ciliary body - muscles attached to suspensory ligament,regulates focus of lens4. nervous tunica. retina1. outer pigmented layer2.. inner layer -photoreceptorsa) rods black/white vision, motion detectionb) cones – color vision, intense light3. horizontal cells - modulate between rods and conesand bipolar cells4. bipolar cells - synapse with rods and cones5. ganglion cells - synapse with bipolar cells6 amacrine cells - synapse with both bipolar andganglion cellsb. ora serrata - anterior edge of retinac. macula lutea – fovea centralis - all cones, best visiond. optic disc – blind spot, where optic nerve exits eyee. optic nerve5. lensa. ciliary bodyb. suspensory ligamentc. anterior chamber with aqueous humor1) anterior compartment2) posterior compartmentd. posterior chamber with vitreous body (humor)e. cataractV. Visual PathwaysOptic Chiasma - optic nerves partially cross in sphenoid(right side of the field of each eye combining and going to thelateral geniculate (knee) on the right, those from the left tothe left, of the thalamus which then relays the data to thevisual centers. )VI. Cortical IntegrationThe visual cortex must combine and integrate the incominginformation into a composite which is perceived as depth.(This is a remarkable feat when one considers that the imageis tiny, curved, inverted, the two images slightly out offrame, and each missing a large portion at opposite edgesof the field and having a hole in the image.)VII. The Brain Stem and Visual ProcessingA. Optic nerve to midbrain or bypass to hypothalamusB. Motor commands control eye movementsC. Hypothalamus to epithalamus - affect diurnal rhythmsD. Collaterals to visual cortex5
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Chapter 16 Special Senses

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Chapter 16 Special Senses

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