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E-International Scientific Research JournalISSN: 2094-1749 Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 2010In the end, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from household wastes boils downto the design and strict implementation of a city waste management program.ConclusionsHousehold wastes and garbage when improperly disposed of contribute a significantamount of harmful greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The amount of GHG can be drasticallyreduced (by at least 50%) if proper waste management programs are implemented by the City.Likewise, since we found that over 95% of the greenhouse gas emissions from the householdwastes and garbage is carbon dioxide (CO2), planting of trees in the backyards of thesehouseholds can help in drastically reducing the free CO2 directly released to the atmosphere bytheir current practices. Proper implementation of waste management programs also implies thatthe citizens be properly educated about the value of good waste disposal practices as theserelate to the mitigation efforts to combat climate change and also, to safeguard the health of thepeople in the community.AcknowledgmentThe authors wish to thank Dr. Roberto N. Padua for the expert advice on thequantification aspect of this study and an anonymous referee for the helpful suggestions toimprove this paper.ReferencesCicin-Sain, Biliana, et al. (2002). “A Guide to Oceans, Coasts and Islands at the World Summiton Sustainable Development”Congress of the Philippines, Republic Act no. 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Actof 2000. Manila: January 26, 2001.Jaques A. 1992. Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Estimates for 1990. EnvironmentalProtection, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada. December. EPS 5/AP/4.Ramos, R.P. (2003). “Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the Toxicand Hazardous Waste in the Philippines “ (Paper Presented and Published in theEnvironmental Research Event (EERE) Conference, Mowlaei, Rose and Lamborn (eds.).SGA Energy (2000). Emission Factors and Uncertainties for CH 4 and N 2 O from FuelCombustion. Unpublished report prepared by SGA Energy Limited for the Greenhouse GasDivision, Environment Canada. August.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998). Guidance for Landfilling Wastes inEconomically Developing Countries. Office of Research and Development, Washington D.C.,EPA-600/R-98-040.United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Compilation of Air Pollutant EmissionFactors. Vol. I, Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP 42, 5th Edition,National Inventory Report (1990-2007): Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada.Emission ratio for N 2 O is 0.017% CO 2 . Section A3.4 in Annex 3.314
E-International Scientific Research JournalISSN: 2094-1749 Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 2010INDUCED FORCES IN POLYMER BLENDSVERSUS TEMPERATURES. El Fassi, M. Benhamou, H. Ridouane, M. El YaznasniPolymer Physics and Critical Phenomena LaboratorySciences Faculty Ben M’sik, P.O. Box 7955, Casablanca, MoroccoAbstractWe re-examine the computation of the induced force experienced by colloidal particlesimmersed in a binary mixture, made of two chemically incompatible polymers of highmolecular-weight.Such a force originates from the strong fluctuations of composition near thecritical temperatureT c, and the fact that one polymer of the mixture prefers to be attracted bycolloids (critical adsorption). More precisely, we aim at a quantitative investigation of thetemperature effect on the force expression, when one is far fromT c. To achieve calculations,we use the standard4ϕ -theory, where the field ϕ represents the composition fluctuation(order parameter). Combining this theory with the standard cumulant method, we first findthat the effective pair-potential is the sum of two contributions, which are directly proportionalto the bulk two-point correlation functions constructed with fields ϕ and2ϕ , respectively.Second, taking advantage of the exactly known (mean-field) correlation functions, wedemonstrate that the expected force can be expressed in term of the modified Bessel functionsK 1 (z) and K 2 (z). Third, we show that the reduced induced force, D F(r) / kB T , is auniversal two-factor scaling function of the dimensionless variablesr / D andξ/ D, where r isthe inter particle-distance, ξ is the thermal correlation length of the free polymer mixture andD is the scale-distanceD = d0N , where d0is the particles diameter and N thepolymerization degree of chains. The essential conclusion is that, for high or low temperatures,the induced force becomes less important than that at the critical one.Keywords: Polymer blends, Colloids, Phase separation, Induced force, Temperature effects.IntroductionThe induced force generated by fluctuations of some physical entity is one of the mostfundamental discoveries of the last century. Already in 1948, Casimir predicted the attraction315
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