PART 7 Aquifers and aquitards - Dr. M. Zreda - University of Arizona
PART 7 Aquifers and aquitards - Dr. M. Zreda - University of Arizona
PART 7 Aquifers and aquitards - Dr. M. Zreda - University of Arizona
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<strong>Aquifers</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>aquitards</strong> 49(2) Confined aquifer is one in which the top <strong>of</strong> the saturated zone is confined (bounded) by anaquitard, i.e., at the top <strong>of</strong> the aquifer, pressure is not zero (p top ≠ 0).h top = z top + p top /γthus,h top ≠ z topwhich means that if the head (h) increases, the pressure (p) also increases.In a confined aquifer, the piezometric head (or water level in an observation well, or a piezometer)is higher than the upper boundary <strong>of</strong> the aquifer.If the head is higher than the surface elevation, the aquifer is artesian.Piezometric surface - a conceptual, imaginary (!) surface joining the water levels in all piezometersin the aquifer. In a phreatic aquifer, it was the water table <strong>and</strong> it had a physical meaning.rechargearea;;;;; yyyyy ;piezometricsurfaceywelldischarge;;;;; yyyyy ; yareaartesian;;;;; yyyyywellExamples <strong>of</strong> artesian aquifers: the Great Artesian Basin in Australia, Milk River aquifer inAlberta (Canada).Hydrogeology, 431/531 - <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arizona</strong> - Fall 2002<strong>Dr</strong>. Marek <strong>Zreda</strong>
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