Small Scale Waste-To-Energy Technologies - Columbia University

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TABLE OF CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 71.1 Current Status of Waste Management .......................................................................................... 71.2 Hierarchy of Sustainable Waste Management .............................................................................. 71.3 Waste to Energy Fundamentals ..................................................................................................... 81.4 Operating Small Scale Technologies ............................................................................................ 82 THE ENERGOS GRATE COMBUSTION AND GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY ..................... 102.1 Technology Description and Emissions Abatement ................................................................... 102.2 Operating Energos Plants ............................................................................................................ 122.3 Economics ................................................................................................................................... 142.4 Ownership and Operation of Existing Energos Plants ................................................................ 152.5 The Energos Plant at Forus, Norway (Stavanger Region) .......................................................... 173 NOVO ENERGY ................................................................................................................................ 193.1 NOVO Energy Inclined Fixed Grate Combustion Technology .................................................. 193.2 NOVO Energy-Pope Douglas Resource Recovery Facility (Minnesota) ................................... 203.3 NOVO Energy-Harrisonburg Resource Recovery Facility (Virginia) ........................................ 214 SMALL SCALE PLANTS IN JAPAN ............................................................................................... 225 MODULAR AND MICROSCALE SYSTEMS ................................................................................. 235.1 KI Energy .................................................................................................................................... 235.1.1 KI Energy Micro Scale Fixed Bed Gasifier Design Details ............................................ 235.1.2 Fixed Bed Gasification Technology Description ............................................................ 245.1.3 Fluidized Bed Technology .............................................................................................. 265.2 Envikraft/Scan American Corp. .................................................................................................. 265.2.1 Envikraft/Scan American Corp.-Senja Avfall, Norway Plant Data16 ............................ 265.2.2 Envikraft/Scan American Corp. Technology Description............................................... 275.3 IST Energy GEM ........................................................................................................................ 286 SMALL SCALE PLANTS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FROM ISWA DATA SET ....................... 317 BENEFITS OF SMALL SCALE PLANTS ........................................................................................ 42REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 43APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 464
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1 Expanded Hierarchy of Sustainable Waste Management ............................................................... 8Figure 2 Energos Gasifier and Thermal Oxidizer ....................................................................................... 11Figure 3 Energos Heat Recovery Steam Generation (HRSG) .................................................................... 11Figure 4 Energos Performance .................................................................................................................... 14Figure 5 Composition of Stavanger Residual Waste (2007) ....................................................................... 18Figure 6 Aireal® Pulse Technology ........................................................................................................... 19Figure 7 Series of Aireal® Pulse Technology Segments ............................................................................ 20Figure 8 Novo Energy Inclined Fixed Grate ............................................................................................... 20Figure 9 Micro Scale Fixed Bed Gasifier ................................................................................................... 24Figure 10 Downdraft and Updraft Gasification .......................................................................................... 25Figure 11 Increasing Pressure Drop with Increasing Gas Flow for Grate, BFB, and CFB Systems .......... 26Figure 12 Envikraft Auger System ............................................................................................................. 27Figure 13 IST Energy’s Mobile GEM 3T120 Gasification System ............................................................ 28Figure 14 Energy’s Mobile GEM 3T120 Gasification System ................................................................... 29Figure 15 Number of Plants vs Plant Capacity in Europe 6, 27 ..................................................................... 31Figure 16 Fraction of Small Scale Plants in Europe ................................................................................... 32Figure 17 ISWA Small Scale vs ISWA Large Scale Co-Combustion ........................................................ 33Figure 18 ISWA Small Scale vs ISWA Large Scale Facilities Co-Combusting Hospital Waste ............... 33Figure 19 Histogram Small Scale Co-Combustion of Hospital Waste ....................................................... 35Figure 20 Cumulative Small Scale Capacity vs European Country Co-Combusting Hospital Waste inSmall Scale ................................................................................................................................................. 36Figure 21 Cumulative % of Hospital Waste in Small Scale vs European Country .................................... 37Figure 22 Cumulative Small Scale Capacity vs European Country Co-Combusting Sludge in Small Scale.................................................................................................................................................................... 38Figure 23 Cumulative % of Sludge in Small Scale vs European Country .................................................. 39Figure 24 Cumulative Small Scale Total Capacity vs Country Co-Combusting RDF in Small Scale ....... 40Figure 25 Cumulative % of RDF in Small Scale v Country Co-Combusting RDF in Small Scale ............ 415
Page 1 and 2: SMALL SCALE WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOL
Page 3: By assessing these small scale tech
Page 7 and 8: 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Current Status of
Page 9 and 10: of plant capacity, technology, owne
Page 11 and 12: Figure 2 Energos Gasifier and Therm
Page 13 and 14: Table 2 Operating Energos Plants9,
Page 15 and 16: 2.4 Ownership and Operation of Exis
Page 17 and 18: 2.5 The Energos Plant at Forus, Nor
Page 19 and 20: 3 NOVO ENERGYNovo Energy is a WTE c
Page 21 and 22: Steam Customer: 3 M Manufacturing &
Page 23 and 24: 5 MODULAR AND MICROSCALE SYSTEMSThe
Page 25 and 26: Figure 10 below shows both co-curre
Page 27 and 28: Heat Production: 4.7 MW Power: 350
Page 29 and 30: Figure 14 Energy’s Mobile GEM 3T1
Page 31 and 32: 6 SMALL SCALE PLANTS STATISTICAL AN
Page 33 and 34: 33%8% 5% Large Scale Sludge23%Small
Page 35 and 36: It was demonstrated in Figure 19 be
Page 37 and 38: In Figure 21, the cumulative % of h
Page 39 and 40: In Figure 23, the cumulative % of s
Page 41 and 42: It can be seen below in Figure 25 t
Page 43 and 44: REFERENCES1. Van Haaren R, Themelis
Page 45 and 46: 34. Spliethoff H. “Power Generati
Page 47 and 48: Table 10 Analysis of All Data Compi
Page 49 and 50: ALL - Operational Data, 2004Country
Page 55 and 56:
Italy Modena 122,042 5,000 4.10%Nor
Page 57 and 58:
Analysis of the same data showed th
Page 59 and 60:
Italy Dalmine BG) 137,500 24,200 17
Page 61 and 62:
Analysis of the same data showed th
Page 63 and 64:
fuels) and landfill groundwater con
Page 65:
References1. John R. Zaller, The Na
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