annex 1 sihanoukville province field research data - Regional ...

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 30CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION - FACTORS OF CHOICE,EFFECTIVENESS, AND SUPPORTING SYSTEMSANNEX 1 SIHANOUKVILLE PROVINCE FIELD RESEARCH DATAFIGURE 1TABLE 1TABLE 2TABLE 3TABLE 4TABLE 5TABLE 6TABLE 7TABLE 8TABLE 9TABLE 10TABLE 11TABLE 12TABLE 13TABLE 14Natural resource flow and hazard spot maps.Synopsis of opening Focus Group Discussions with the Boek Krang Village, Prey NobCommune, and Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District.Village perceptions on ecosystem service changes - Boek Krang Village, Prey NobCommune, Prey Nob District.Village perception on ecosystem service changes - Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha HengCommune, Prey Nob District.Livelihood seasonal calendar for Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey NobDistrict, Sihanoukville Province.Livelihood productivity and productivity input profile for Boek Krang Village, Prey NobCommune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Livelihood Seasonal Calendar for Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey NobDistrict, Sihanoukville Province.Livelihood productivity and productivity input profile for Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou OknhaHeng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Hazard, vulnerability, and action profile for Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune,Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Hazard, vulnerability, and action profile for Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha HengCommune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Boek Krang Villagers related toaddressing the lack of capacity to secure and enhance fisheries and agriculture activitiesin the village, i.e. diversify livelihoods and bring continuity to food security - Boek KrangVillage, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Boek Krang Villagers related toaddressing the lack of capacity to managed and meet water resource needs during floodand drought cycles outside of rice production needs - Boek Krang Village, Prey NobCommune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Boek Krang Villagers related toaddressing the lack of capacity to to access development services appropriately, e.g.micro-finance institutions, livelihood technologies, and natural resource management -Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville ProvinceDevelopment Service Profile (DSP) done by the Prey Nob Commune representativesrelated to addressing the lack of capacity to secure and enhance fisheries andagriculture activities in the village, i.e. diversify livelihoods and bring continuity to foodsecurity - Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Prey Nob Commune representativesrelated to addressing the lack of capacity to managed and meet water resource needsduring flood and drought cycles outside of rice production needs - Prey Nob Commune,Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 31TABLE 15TABLE 16TABLE 17TABLE 18TABLE 19TABLE 20TABLE 21Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Prey Nob Commune representativesrelated to addressing the lack of capacity to access development services appropriately,e.g. micro-finance institutions, livelihood technologies, and natural resourcemanagement - Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Ou Ta Sek Villagers related to addressingthe need to lower the impact of drought on home based food production systems toensure food security and food safety throughout the year - Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou OknhaHeng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Ou Ta Sek Villagers related to addressingthe need for local level participation in natural resource management initiatives tosustain a diverse set of local livelihood strategies and family nutritional needs - Ou TaSek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by Ou Oknha Heng Commune representativesrelated to addressing the need to lower the impact of drought on home based foodproduction systems to ensure food security and food safety throughout the year - OuOknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by Ou Oknha Heng Commune representativesrelated to addressing the need for local level participation in natural resourcemanagement initiatives to sustain a diverse set of local livelihood strategies and familynutritional needs - Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by Prey Nob District representatives related toaddressing the need to lower the impact of drought on home based food productionsystems to ensure food security and food safety throughout the year - Prey Nob District,Sihanoukville Province.Development Service Profile (DSP) done by Prey Nob District representatives related toaddressing the need for local level participation in natural resource managementinitiatives to sustain a diverse set of local livelihood strategies and family nutritionalneeds - Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.COMMON ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSCDA Community Dike Association MoE Ministry of EnvironmentCEDAC Cambodian Center for Study and Development in MoH Ministry of HealthAgricultureCFFPC Flooded Forest Protection Committee MoI Ministry of InvestmentCFI Community Fisheries Inc. MoRD Ministry of Rural DevelopmentDANIDA Danish International Development Agency MoWA Ministry of Women’s AffairsFACT Fisheries Action Coalition Team MoWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and MeteorologyFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization RHAC Reproductive Health Association CenterMAFF Ministry of Forests and Fisheries WRUC Water Resource User CommitteeMFIMicro-Finance Institution

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 32Figure 1 Natural resource flow and hazard spot maps.Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District.Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District.

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 33Table 1 Synopsis of opening Focus Group Discussions with the Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, and Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District.Environmental Changes OvertimePerceived Impact on Livelihood Strategy- Extended wet seasons- Intensified storms during the wet season - Shift in rice variety – long stalk to low stalk- Insect infestation - Increased pesticide and herbicide use- Livestock health problems due to heat- Increase temp in line with the loss of forest cover- Decreases in soil fertility - Increased use of chemical fertilizers- Natural water flow reductions impacting agricultural activities - Movement to other natural resource bases for extraction- Decreases in natural fish production (marine and fresh water) - Continued exploitation of marine fish above sustainable rates- Absence of NTFP - Use of the lake for fish to replace loses in livelihood- Ecosystems contributing less to food security - Increases in agricultural inputs to maintain production levels- increase incidence of povertyFamily and Community Relations- High poverty- Less solidarity- High competition for resources- More planning related to livelihoodsOther impacts because of environmental changes:- Increases in health related problems, e.g. diarrhea, fever, dehydration, etc.*No opportunity!!!Participation in Development Activities

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 34Table 2 Village perceptions on ecosystem service changes - Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District.Ecosystem ProvisionsMarine waters- Natural fish production - Income 90%- Consumption 10%How do you Benefit?Benefit Changed Over Time?Before☺ Before dikeswere built to stopmarine waterintrusionNow☹ ☹ Loss of marinehabitatMangrove Forest - Construction materials, food etc. ☺ Abundant ☹ Reduction inforestFresh water habitat- Fresh water production of food - Income80%☹- Consumption 20%Agriculture ecosystem- Livestock (cows)- Birds- FruitsInland Forests- Soil for agricultural production- Income 70%- Consumption 30%- Nutrients for crop production☺☺☹ Salt waterNo cropproduction☺☺☺☹☹ Drop inagriculturalproductionWhy the Change?Illegal fishingChemical fertilizer and pesticideDecrease forest coverComment:Shift from marine to fresh water (land use conversion)Exploitation of products and deforestationFresh waterNatural fish populations have decrease (exploitation)Compensate through aquaculture and technologyIncrease in agriculture for food productionIncrease in fresh water for duck farmingPossible because of fresh water retentionNatural system cannot keep upDike-loss of ecosystem function- NTFP- Food consumption 30%- Income 70%☹☹Dike 9land use change- Water retention for agriculture- Water for the home garden- Transportation- Agriculture production (rainy season)☺ Fisheries☹ Agriculture☹☹☹☹Use of chemicals (more efficient and fast for growth)- Grass lands/ fodder- Livestock feeds- Compost for vegetable production- Income☺☹Land conversion has limited useable grasses, and climatevariability- Rain water- Agriculture use and equates to saving money☹☹☹☹One month storage only – at bestNoted increase in flooding problems and prolong droughtperiods

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 35Table 3 Village perception on ecosystem service changes - Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District.Ecosystem ProvisionsMARINE WATERS- Livelihood for invertebrates- Transportation routesHow do you Benefit?- Food consumption and income- From mainland and from island to islandsBenefit Changed Over Time?BeforeNow☺: plenty ☹: high pressure byall villages in theareaWhy the Change?Shift from upland forest resource base to the marine systembecause of upland deforestationMANGROVE FOREST - Birds, charcoal ☺: abundance ofmangroveFRESH WATER HABITAT- Livelihood base of fish and invertebrateproducts for local consumption- Food and income from that aboveconsumption rate which can be sold☺:adequate/alternative forfood and income☹: high mangrovedeforestation forcharcoal production☹: still have accessbut low productionHigh pressure on the resource because of a movement awayfrom forest dependency- Tourism- Water- Income supplement- Transportation route for marketable goods☹ : not welldeveloped butsome benefits e.g.alternative sourceof income andfood supply☹☹: Currently themoney flows awayfrom com into thehands of the Dept.of EnvironmentAGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEM- Residential lands- Livelihood/ cultivation- Water well recharge- Home space, backyard farming (fruits), foodmostly for home consumption- Fruit production e.g. watermelon, cucumber,durian, and some rice farming (limited)☹:no proper wellsource to collect☹: Land belongsto outsiders☺: Did not have topay land rent☺: Water available.pumping from themain well closer tothe village forcollection☺:Land tenureachieved☹☹: Dramaticdrops in productionbecause less land isavailable, i.e. Theyhave to pay for theuse of land nowwhich cuts intotheir income base.Resulting from the drying up of the natural up-stream flow ofwater to the downstream for community use - canal is dry!The village was moved to allow for an economic landconcession, but in return land tenure was offered. Owning theland has resulted in an Increase in investment into backyardfarming enterprises – including the digging of well to supportthese activities.

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 36INLAND FORESTS- Flood protection- Storm protection and basic shelter- NTFP for home and commercial sale- Relocation sites in times of trouble- Soil stabilization/ retentions for farmingpurposes- Building/ infrastructure protection- Used more for medical purposes- Temporary shelter from floods☺: Forest wasabundant. NOstorm effects,plenty of timberfor constructionuse as well asNTFP for sale☹☹: Restrictionson forest cutting –timber no longeravailable for homerepair orconstruction☹☹ Only someNTFPs are availablefor medicines -none available forincome purposes.Deforestation has reduced the carrying capacity of the forestecosystem; in turn we now have damage to our property andlivelihoods because of storm damage/ high winds and a nonproductive forest.Economic Land Concessions have been granted, thus the forestwas cleared and then left barren.Table 4 Livelihood seasonal calendar for Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Agriculture based- Rice productionFisheries- Production/ harvestingAnimal husbandryLivelihoodMonthly Calendar1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12RiceLabor- Construction and fisheries employee in dry the season- Garment worker*Climate Pattern Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 37Table 5 Livelihood productivity and productivity input profile for Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.RICE (None – up to 2007)- Traditional rice farming at 2ton/haProductivityBefore Now Before NowAgriculturalRICE- Improve rice 3ton/ha- Traditional rice 3ton/haWHY THE CHANGE?- Sea come- Dow stream for improve rice- Upstream for traditional rice- Erratic rainfall impacts rice productRICE- Did not have to use commercial fertilizers, enoughnatural fertilizers were available-- Used natural fertilizer- No borrowInputsAgriculturalRICE- Soil has become too acidic- Need to borrow money for agricultural inputs tomaintain productionFGD – need for- Technology and training- Post production facilities- Improved infrastructure etc.MARINE/ BRACKISH WATER FISH- MARINE FISH 1 to 2kg/ day- 100m of net can catch 1-2kg fresh fish/ dayPIG- 60kg to 6 months raising pigDUCKS- Abundance of duck eggs (sell as eggs and asducks after raising)FisheriesAnimal HusbandryFRESHWATER FISH (no marine fish available –dikes)- Fish declined- Extend net to 200mWHY THE CHANGE?- Fewer fresh water fishPIG- 60 to 70kg in 4 months raising pigWHY THE CHANGE?- Shorter time period because of the use ofcommercial feedsDUCKS- Fewer duck eggs, less productionWHY THE CHANGE?- Loss in biodiversity so natural feeds are notavailable, i.e. before the dike fish wereavailable in the streams, now we need to buyfeedsMARINE/ BRACKISH WATER FISH- Use of 100m netsPIG- Natural feeding - rice grains, banana tree, rice- No need to borrow money for feedsDUCKS- No need to buy food for ducks- No need to borrow money for feedsFisheriesAnimal HusbandryFRESHWATER FISH (no marine fish available – dikes)- Use of 200m netsComment – we are not sure how we have benefitedfrom the dikes – we have no access to marine fishand increase pressure on what little freshwater fishstocks has resulted in a collapse of the fishery.PIG- Use mixed food 1/2kg per day- Borrowing money to cover feed costsFGD- Food 3,000 Riel/ kg- Borrow money from AMRET to do paddy landand animal raisingDUCKS- Need to buy food for ducks- Need to borrow money for feeds – starts a cycleof debt

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 38CONSTRUCTION- ~ $25/ dayLaborCONSTRUCTION- ~ $25/ dayCONSTRUCTION AND FISHERY EMPLOYEE- Lots of laborLaborCONSTRUCTION AND FISHERY EMPLOYEE- Limited laborFISHERY EMPLOYEE- Casual Labor – $2.5/ day- Crew Member - 10% gross income~ $25/ dayGarment Worker- (none)FISHERY EMPLOYEE- Decrease in fish catch, decrease in neededlabor- Casual Labor – $2.5/ day- Crew Member - 10% gross income~ $5-10WHY THE CHANGE?- Exploitation of workers and higherproduction costGarment Worker- Mostly women going out of the communityto look for workWHY THE CHANGE?- Low income in householdGarment Worker- Salary $45-65/ month- Send money for home averaging to 100,000 Riel/month

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 39Table 6 Livelihood Seasonal Calendar for Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Agriculture based- early & late rice- long bean- water melon- cucumber- gourd- cassavaFisheries- Freshwater- MarineLivelihoodMonthly Calendar1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Forestry- Year round collection of what every they can – not for livelihood purposesAnimal husbandry- Chicken- Duck- Pig, cow & buffaloLabor- In community- garment worker, security guard*Climate Pattern Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 40Table 7 Livelihood productivity and productivity input profile for Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.ProductivityBefore Now Before Now☺ RICE- A lot of rice land- Good soil fertility- Production will be good for two years beforethe land needs to rest- Regular rainfall- 1ha/ 3 tons of rice - 300-500 Riel/1kg☺ CUCUMBER- Had land for crops- 1 to 2ton/season (considered as a high yield)- 500 Riel/1kgAgricultural☹ RICE- Reduction in land for cultivation- Reduced natural fertility- Irregular rain fall- 1ha/ 1 ton of rice - 800 Riel/1kg☹ CUCUMBER- Reduced land area for cultivation – non forrent- High price for land rent☺- Use of natural fertilizers- Low use of chemical fertilizer - 50kg ha- Low use of pesticide - 1 bag/ haInputsAgricultural☹☹ RICE- Little availability of natural fertilizers- Intensive use of chemical fertilizers much- Use for 1ha in 4-5 bags of chemical fertilizers☹☹ VEGETABLES/ FRUIT- Paying plowing fees at 1ha/10,000 Riel- Paying for harvesting labor- Buy chemical fertilizers 3 bag/1 ha☺ WATER MELON- 2-3 million Riel/season = 70kg- 1000 Riel/1kg☺ CASSAVA- 1ha= 2 million Riel☺ LONG BEAN- 700,000 to 800,000 Riel/ season=70kg- 1000 Riel/1kg☺ GENERAL LABOR- No garment employees – no social or familyproblems associated with the negative side ofthe industry☹ AGRICULTURE LABOR- Knowledgeable persons on agriculture- Had the needed technology in place forproductive activitiesLabor☹ ☹ WATER MELON- Harvest water melon 1-2 million Riel/ season- Because of no soil improvement and climatechange☹☹ CASSAVA- harvest 500kg/1ha - 800 Riel/1kg☹ LONG BEAN- 60kg/season- 1500 Riel/1kg☹☹ GENERAL LABOR- Lack of livelihood activities within a growingvillage- Gain family support of about US$ 70/monthor $30-35 twice a month from out sourcedlabor – in Phnom Penh and or garmentproducing areas☹ AGRICULTURE LABOR- Lack of livelihood activities/ comes with a lackof knowledge on livelihoods – options,technology, assets to begin- Labor market for 150,000 Riel/month (MEN)75,000 Riel/ month (WOMEN)Labor- No specifics noted - No specifics noted- No specifics noted - No specifics noted

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 41Table 8 Hazard, vulnerability, and action profile for Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.HazardFrequency ofthe EventNATURAL EVENTS ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT- -Storm (wind) - 3x a year - Crop loss or damaged,storm damages fruitproduction like bananaprop up tree- Flood - 2 to 3x a year,cycleVulnerability1 o Impact 2 o Impact- Crop loss - Health issues likediarrhea- Drought - 1/3 of the year - Crop loss in general butalso affecting most formsof livelihood, e.g. loss offodder to feed livestock- Heat (increase - Significant intemperature)2010- Pests - Problematicfrom 2007 to2008- Impact on health, e.g.diarrhea, fever etc.- Almost total loss of ricecrop due to rats andinsectsActions taken to Reduce theImpact- Damaged houses - Group planting or harvestdamaged crops for sale- Don’t stay inside the house- Health issues, notserious but requiresmoney to deal with- During floods they open the dikegates to lower flooding impact, butthis also lowers water volume foragriculture- HEALTH - prepare fresh waterstorage for consumption- Clean the house surroundings rightafter flooding- Buy drinking water during thesetimes- Buy water for personalconsumption- Dig small ponds around the housefor household needs (washing) andfor livestock – sometimes we haveto perchance water for thelivestock- Use rice and vegetables forlivestock food to compensate forgrass/ fodder loss- Grow big trees to shade the house- Sever income loss - Catch rats- Outside labor employment (lastoption)- Use savings to buy new seeds andstart over- Borrow from MFI to continuefarmingCapacities that Supportedthe ActionResult of the Action- Local technology - No significantdifference- Livestock for sale- -Savings and loans- Water Association- Water containers; only 1month capacity, adequateduring floods/ not duringdrought periods- Water available for purchase- Outside employment- Sell livestock- Savings- MFI- Local seed banks or buy fromfamilies, sometime purchaseof seeds through the market- No defense towardsflooding andagriculture losses- Dike only to containwater in dry season- Ponds provide newfish for sale- Livelihood cyclecontinues (withminimal resilience)- Cannot affordpesticides for insects- Meet basic daily needsonlyACCESS TO RESOURCESAND PARTICIPATIONIN DEVELOPMENT- MFI - Continual - Forced to sell key assets topay loans,- Creates social andeconomic problems- Use of informal loan systems, orgroup loans- -If can’t get a loan from MFI,they borrow money from a- MFI - 3.5% a month,requires land title or a

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 42- Livelihood and NRMdevelopment- Infrequent- -No loan if can’t providethe requirements- Poverty and little chancefor advance or collectiveactionswithin the village – lossof unity for collectiveactions- Less participantsbecause outsideinfluences respective oflivelihoods are notfocused on meetinghousehold needs,rather the needs ofoutside interest- Participation in focused oninformation respective of floodingto operate flood gates- There is sever poverty in thisvillage, thus no means toparticipate (Just try to meetsubsistence needs). Those thathave the means to participate –only their needs are meet.private money lender (10% amonth)- No action other thanparticipating in smallinformation gather andawareness events for food orthe chance of being paid fortheir participation – farbeyond daily subsistenceguarantor – if onecannot pay the loanthey usually leave thevillage and leave thedebt with theguarantor- Informal loans cost10% per month –perpetuates a cycle ofpoverty and socialproblems in the village- No movement forwardout of the povertycycleHazard Type Perception of Vulnerability Key Impact Actions taken to Reduce the ImpactCULTURE AND SOCIETYIn relation to keynatural/ environmentalhazards (shown is themost vulnerable):No actions takenCapacities that Supported theActionNo supporting services for womenand children in the village (remotevillage)Result of the ActionNo specifics noted/ nochange- FLOOD- PESTS- DROUGHT and HEATWomen are impacted more; generally physicallyweaker, often in their child bearing years, and arefocused on activities in the householdMales are impacted more; they are the one whodeals with this problemWomen are impacted more; generally physicallyweaker, often in their child bearing years, and arefocused on activities in the household

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 43Table 9 Hazard, vulnerability, and action profile for Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Hazard TypeNATURAL EVENTS ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT- Flood (natural &manageable)- Drought- Pests- Storms/ intensewind and rain- High and prolongedtemperaturesFrequency ofthe EventSeasonalSeasonal, but nowshifting timeperiods (when andduration)Yearly but steadilyincreasing year onyearCome at the onsetof the rainy season– getting strongerin the past 5 yearsYearly buttemperatures arehigher and thenumber of daysincreasingVulnerability1 0 Impact 2 0 Impact- Reduction in livelihoodactivities resulting in lowermonthly income/cashavailability/ stability- Agriculture efforts relatedto wet-dry seasons stopsresulting in the sameimpact as flood butmagnified- Loss of crop production,approximately 60% of fruitsand vegetables affectedresulting in dramaticdecreases in income- Loss of crop production,approximately 90% of fruitsand vegetables affectedresulting in dramaticdecreases in income- Decreases in general healthfor humans- Lack of food, variableweather conditions andlack of income tocombat sicknessbrought on by theaforementioned- Extended magnitudeand length of theperiod associated withimpacts of foodinsecurity (as drought)but with clear signs ofprotein deficiencies,decreases in foodconsumption, andmalnutrition- Loss of animals - pigs,chickens ,ducks, cowsall equating to losses infamily incomeActions taken to Reduce theImpactINCOME IMPACT- Use lake and marine resources toaugment needs- Sell livestock during this period- Seek outside employment(permanent not seasonal)- Sell labor during drought periods- Exploit forest resource - timberHEALTH IMPACT- Make use of local health centers/village health services- NOTE: lack of local medicines dueto forest exploitation- Plant local trees for shading toreduce heat- Increase personal hygienePEST IMPACT- Use of pesticides (has some healthimpacts due to improper use)- Find other employment to augmentincome loss, e.g. pepper collecting- Borrow money from Micro FinanceInstitutions (MFI) to buy equipmentfor fishing etc.AGRICULTURAL IMPACT- Replant crops via borrow moneyfrom MFIs or using saved money torecoverANIMAL LOSS- Buy medicines to treat them- Find village animal health service(traditional and formal) to treatanimal- Increase animal hygieneCapacities that Supportedthe ActionINCOME IMPACT- Access to the natural resourcebase- Training on animal productionand husbandry- Daughters in the family foroutside labor (garments), sonsfor outside labor (construction)and local agricultural laborHEALTH IMPACT- Having health services available- Available assets to sell/savings/ or borrow (informalmicro finance) to pay formedical treatment/ serviceAGRICULTURAL IMPACT- Use of cash and skills todiversify income base- Use land for collateral tosupport the aforementionedANIMAL LOSS- Use of traditional knowledgelearned from grandparentsGENERAL COMMENT- Use of self experiences relatedto storm and weather patternsthat affect both agriculture,and animal based livelihoods,and human health, i.e. goodpreparation such as feed andwater storage and savingmoneyResult of the ActionINCOME IMPACT- Maintain income needs- Ability to perchancehigh value foods forthose families engagedin outside labor- Supplemental incomefrom outside sourcesto support on-farmneeds, e.g. labor andequipmentHEALTH IMPACT- In most cases familiesare able to maintain‘health’ but at extracosts that now limitstheir options forinvestment inlivelihoodenhancements toeducation.GENERAL COMMENT- Strategies often end inhigher debts for mostfamilies, lower healthlevels, and lowerincome levels

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 44ACCESS TO RESOURCESAND PARTICIPATIONIN DEVELOPMENT- Exclusion fromdecision- makingContinualfrequency- Low production for naturalresources having dramaticimpacts on household foodsecurity and income levels(diminishing naturalresource base from a lackof management)- Higher physical risks tonatural hazards asstated- Decreasedparticipation indevelopment activities,decreased control oflivelihoods- Participate in local activities such asthis research project- None – participation is often basedon ‘getting something for the day’,i.e. means of survival for thoselower in social and economicstanding- Most activities from with thevillage require smallcontributions in cash or in kind.Thus, time/ labor is the usualasset offered- Maintain or improvesocial status at thevillage level for veryfew- Improved relations/help for the most poorHazard Type Perception of vulnerability Key ImpactCULTURE AND SOCIETYActions taken to Reduce the ImpactCapacities that Supported theActionResult of the ActionIn relation to keynatural/ environmentalhazards (shown is themost vulnerable):- DroughtChildren- 1 stWomen- 2 ndMen- 3 rd- PestsMen- 1 stWomen- 2 ndChildren- 3 rdChildren are seen as being more vulnerable todrought given their lack of awareness todehydration and means to address this. For women,their vulnerability is based on their weaker statusbecause they most often have the lowest nutritionalintake of all family members and are burdened withboth reproductive and productive work.Men are seen as being more vulnerable to pests forthey are the ones that come in direct contact withthe pest and the chemical used to eradicate them.Women are next in line because they process thepesticide laden vegetables and fruits.- Physical injury(Children)- Medium termhousehold foodinsecurity and losses inproductivity (Women)- Long term detritions ofhealth (Women)- Physical injury (Men)No specific actions taken in relation tochildren, women, and men – businessas usual. Actions taken relate to thoseindicated under Natural Events andthe Environment, i.e. family strategies.- Respond in any way they canNon specific capacities to supportactions taken in relation tochildren, women, and men –business as usual. Actions takenrelate to those indicated underNatural Events and theEnvironment, i.e. family strategies.Results of any actionstaken are indicated underNatural Events and theEnvironment section- Storms/ intensewind and rainChildren- 1 stWomen- 2 ndMen- 3rdFor children - the lack of awareness of safety issuesaround weather and climate extremes isproblematic. Women become vulnerable to storms,not out of a lack of awareness but because they areput in harm’s way given their reproductive roles,e.g. gathering children during such events.- Physical injury(Children)- Physical injury(Women)- Move out of harm’s way if possible- High and prolongedtemperatureschildren- 1 stFor children - the lack of awareness of safety issuesaround weather and climate extremes isproblematic. For men, they are considered- Physical injury(Children)- Medium term

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 45men- 2 ndwomen- 3 rd vulnerable because they work outside. household foodinsecurity and losses inproductivity (Women)- Long term detritions ofhealth (Women)- Erosion of income/savingsTable 10 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Boek Krang Villagers related to addressing the lack of capacity to secure and enhance fisheries and agricultureactivities in the village, i.e. diversify livelihoods and bring continuity to food security - Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, SihanoukvilleProvince.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood - sometimes Commune Council - Dialogue with development partnersIncreased AbilityGood - frequent Village Authorities - Dialogue with development partnersVILLAGEGood - frequent MAFF - Fisheries - Provide training on aquaculture, provides juvenilefish for grow out- Current plans to create fish pond for villages (50%supplement to actual costs)COMMUNECOUNCILVillagersOkay - seldom MoRD - Provision of a concrete bridgeGood - frequent CFI (NGO) - Project in relation to fish, mangrove, birdprotection- Crest Protected AreaGood - sometimes FACT (NGO) - Provided a study tour on pig and chicken raisingCFI –COMMUNITYFISHERIES INC.MAFF -FisheriesAMRETGood - frequent FAO - Capacity building on fish raising- Provide training on money saving, rice bank, andanimal raising- Future plans to provide fish and chickens for growoutGood - frequentAMK, AMRET,ACLEDA (MFIs)- Lend money with low interest rate compared tomoney lender (3%/ month for group loan, 1.5%/month for individual loan)FACTFAOMoRDACLEDAAMK* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholder.

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 46Table 11 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Boek Krang Villagers related to addressing the lack of capacity to managed and meet water resource needs duringflood and drought cycles outside of rice production needs - Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood - frequent CFI – Community - Helps will dealing with llegal fishing, e.g. reportsFisheries Inc. illegal fishing to commune/ district- Planting mangrovesIncreased Ability- NRM extension work with villagersGood - frequent FAO - Provide training on fish raising; provides fish seeds- Conducted a study tour on NRM in Koh KongProvinceGood -frequent FACT - Provides training on fish raising- Provides fish fingerlings for grow-outMAFF-FisheriesVILLAGERSFAOVillagersGood - Frequent Village Council - Provides training on NRM- Helps in reducing illegal fishing activitiesVILLAGECOUNCILSCFIFACTGood - Frequent Police - Helps in reducing illegal fishing activities- Helps with NRM initiativesOkay - frequent Commune Council - NRM training and facilitationCOMMUNECOUNCILGood - frequent MAFF - Fisheries - Training on flooded forest protection and fishprotection- Helps in reducing illegal fishing activitiesPOLICE* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholder.

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 47Table 12 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Boek Krang Villagers related to addressing the lack of capacity to to access development services appropriately,e.g. micro-finance institutions, livelihood technologies, and natural resource management - Boek Krang Village, Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District,Sihanoukville Province.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood - sometimes MAFF - Fisheries - Provide training on aquacultureOkay - sometimes Commune Council - Dialogue with development partnersIncreased AbilityGood - frequent Village Council - Dialogue with development partnersAMKAMRETGood -frequentCommunity FisheriesInc. (CFI)- Dialogue with devilment partners and facilitate theprocess of operating the water gatesVillageOkay - sometimes FAO - Training on post harvesting- Plan to develop a resolving fund for livestock andagriculture support (based on the meeting)- Plan to provide training on agriculture andaquacultureOkay - sometimes FACT - Training on post harvesting- Plan to develop a resolving fund for livestock andagriculture support (based on the meeting)- Plan to provide training on agriculture andaquacultureGood - frequent ACLEDA, AMFI (MFIs) - Difficult to access physically (Movement in rate -3% down to 2.8%/ month)COMMUNECOUNCILMAFF -FisheriesACLEDAVILLAGECOUNCILCFIGood -frequentAMRETMICRO FINANCE- Loans have increased on average of 100,000Riel/year - the more the loan, the less interest3.3%/ month for 1 million Riel loans* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholder.FAOFACT

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 48Table 13 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Prey Nob Commune representatives related to addressing the lack of capacity to secure and enhance fisheries andagriculture activities in the village, i.e. diversify livelihoods and bring continuity to food security - Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood - frequent Flooded Forest - Created by MAFF – Fisheries, engages in trying toProtectionstop illegal fishing activities, replanting ofCommittee mangroves and fish protectionIncreased Ability(CFFPC) - Work with the police force to deal with illegalactivitiesCommuneVillagesGood - frequent Water Resources - Control and monitors water levels in the cannelsCommitteeGood -frequent MAFF - Agriculture - Provide training on the use of pesticides and soilenhancement-Good - frequent MAFF - Fisheries - Facilitate and collaborate with CFFPC to protect theresource baseGood - frequent Department of Laborand VocationalTraining (Dept. Labor)- Training on crop and livestock production- Vocational training e.g. sewing- Provision of government loans (1.5%/ month)- Work with the unemployed to seek jobsGood - frequentCommunity DikeAssociation (CDA)- Monitors water levels in the cannels and informsauthorities if the water gates need to be opened orclosed- Help build dikes and canals (small scale) while bigdikes are managed/ built by the government- Collects fees for water use- Fixes dikes (small & big) when repairs are under100,000 Riel, MoWRAM for costs over 100,000 RielGood - frequent FAO - Provide agriculture, aquaculture and livestocktraining - post harvest training for fish production- Support handicraft/ furniture making initiatives- Future plans to support farming/ fishing familiesthrough financial, technical, and asset support- RFLP/ FAO Project – planning phase to set up anextension training program - 11 villagers attendedtrainedGood - sometimes FACT - Plan to provide training on agriculture and studytours - no action yet, just scoping the opportunityfor learningMAFF -AgricultureDepartmentof Labor andVocationalTrainingCOMMUNEVILLAGESMAFF -FisheriesCDACFFPCFAOWATERRESOURCECOMMITTEEFACT* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholder.

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 49Table 14 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Prey Nob Commune representatives related to addressing the lack of capacity to managed and meet waterresource needs during flood and drought cycles outside of rice production needs - Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood - frequent MAFF - Fisheries - Provides water pump engine and gasoline tocommune when there’s droughtIncreased AbilityGood - frequent MoWRAM - Provides water pump engine and gasoline tocommune when there’s droughtCommuneVillagesGood - frequentWater Resource UserCommittee (WRUC)- Self financing committee- Water use fee 1ha of land/50,000 Riel/ year paidby villagers for dike and gate operation/ repair(small)- Try to manage water levels in the cannels in theflood and drought seasons – managing the contentof salt water respective of agriculture and fisheryneeds at differing times of the year.Good - seldom Village Council - Propose/ suggest to village commune to releasethe water to the sea; the suggestion must comefrom 2/3rds of the villages or the gates will not beopenGood - seldom District Council - Forwards water gate requests to the WaterResource Use Committee (permission)* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholderMAFF – Fisheries(District level)VILLAGECOUNCILSWRUCCOMMUNECOUNCILDISTRICTCOUNCILMoWRAM

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 50Table 15 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Prey Nob Commune representatives related to addressing the lack of capacity to access development servicesappropriately, e.g. micro-finance institutions, livelihood technologies, and natural resource management - Prey Nob Commune, Prey Nob District, SihanoukvilleProvince.Villages withinthe Commune*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood - frequent Ministry of Women’s - Provides vocational training on sewingAffairs (MoWA’s)Good - frequent NRM and - Provides pigs, cow, fish stock for raising, and fruitIncreased AbilityEnvironment seeds(MoE)Good - frequentGood - frequentGood - frequentReproductive HealthAssociation Center(RHAC) &EQUITY FOUNDATIONMoI – Office ofPlanning andInvestmentCommunity HealthCenter (CHC)- Provides transportation costs for medical purposes- Medical check up- Provides vehicle to village health volunteers andeducation on health and violence- Follow up work with Community Health Center- Planning and training on investment- Facilitate village/commune development- Health service and information on nutrition- Provides transportation costs when women needto go to the health centers (maximum of 3 times/year)Okay - frequent FAO - Provide animals and fish seeds, and handicrafttraining (e.g. table, etc.)- Provide training on animal and fish raising, to theestablishment of rice banks and savings groupsGood - frequent MAFF - Agriculture - Provide water pump engines, rice seeds, andpesticides- Provide training on animal raising and vegetableproductionGood - Frequent Red Cross - Give money to offset expenses in times of calamity,rice and food stuffsOkay - frequent MFIs - AMK - Loan provisionsPRASAC/ ACLED/AMRET/SAMICGood - frequent Department ofEducation- Provides for financial needs of poor students(materials etc.)Good - frequentDepartment of Laborand VocationalTraining (Dept. Labor)- -provides vegetable seeds- -provides loan* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholderAMRETTAXBRANCHDepartment ofLabor andVocationalTraining (Dept.Labor)MoIRED CROSSSAMICDEPT. OFEDUCATIONVILLAGE/COMMUNEEQUITYFOUNDATIONMAFF -AgricultureAMKFAOMoWA’sACLEDACHCRHACNRME(MoE)PRASAC

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 51Table 16 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Ou Ta Sek Villagers related to addressing the need to lower the impact of drought on home based food productionsystems to ensure food security and food safety throughout the year - Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseOkay - seldom CEDAC, ADHOC (NGO) - Extension knowledge services related to biogasIncreased AbilityGood - frequentACLEDA, AMNET(MFIs)- Money loansBad - seldom ADHOC - Training on reducing violence within the villageAMNET RHAC ACLEDAGood - frequentReproductive HealthAssociation Center(RHAC)- Training on HIV - AIDS prevention, child health care,and the provision of medicines for children(nutrition supplements and vitamins)VILLAGERSVillagersGood - frequent Village Council - Information transfer- Promote people to and how increase foodproductionGood - seldom MAFF - Fisheries - Provide training on fish and crop production- NRM extension servicesMAFF -FisheriesVILLAGECOUNCILMoWAGood - sometimes MoWA - Training and awareness building on violencereduction and HIV- Educate on drug abuse and personal hygieneCOMMUNECOUNCILOkay - sometimes Commune Council - Provision of fish fry for grow-out- Training on animal husbandryVillage Good - frequent Commune Council - Food production planningCouncil* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholderCEDACADHOC

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 52Table 17 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by the Ou Ta Sek Villagers related to addressing the need for local level participation in natural resource managementinitiatives to sustain a diverse set of local livelihood strategies and family nutritional needs - Ou Ta Sek Village, Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District,Sihanoukville Province.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseVILLAGE Good - frequent Village Council - Train and enhance villagers capacity on how toprotect and manage natural resourcesIncreased Ability- Collect or confiscate illegal fishing gearsVILLAGERSOkay - seldom District Council - Train and enhance villagers capacity on how toprotect and manage natural resourcesGood - frequent Commune Council - Train and enhance villagers capacity on how toprotect and manage natural resources- Train village leaders to train others on NRM (Trainerof Trainers)Bad - sometimes MAFF - Forestry - Extension work for forestry protectionVILLAGECOUNCILCOMMUNECOUNCILGood - frequent MAFF - Fisheries - Arrest illegal fishersBad - Frequent MoE - Arrest those involved in illegal activities (small scaleoperators – do not arrest those bigger operatorsfrom the outside)MAFF -FisheriesDISTRICTCOUNCILCOMMUNEPOLICEMoEGood - frequent Commune Police - Involved actively via collaboration with villagers instopping illegal activities* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholderMAFF -Forestry

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 53Table 18 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by Ou Oknha Heng Commune representatives related to addressing the need to lower the impact of drought on homebased food production systems to ensure food security and food safety throughout the year - Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District, SihanoukvilleProvince.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood - sometimes FACT - Provide community study tours on agriculture,animal raising, and NRMIncreased AbilityGood - frequent DANIDA - Provide funds to implement NRM projects, provisionof seeds and livestock for grow-out, and associatedtraining, training on small business developmentGood - frequent Police/ Solders - Arrest those illegally extracting natural resourcesVillagesGood - frequent Local Authority - Arrest those illegally extracting natural resources- Join all activities in the communityGood - seldom DoWA’s - Training on the prevention of violence and health- Small business trainingBad; seldom MoE - Extension services on environmental law andprotection – poor collaborationsGood; seldom MoWRAM - Provision of water pumps, support for dikereconstruction, and the development of irrigationsystemsGood; frequent MAFF - Agriculture - Training on rice, animal, vegetable production- Provide vaccinations for cows and buffalos- Provide pesticides and technical training- Provide exposure trips for commune councilmembersGood; sometimes MAFF - Fisheries - Arrest those illegally extracting natural resources- Fisheries law extension – awareness building- Provide fish fry for grow-outBad; seldomMAFF – Agriculture(Provincial andNational level)- Yearly environmental law awareness buildingcampaign- Provision of seeds- Arrest those illegally extracting natural resources- Only engage the community when neededGood; sometimes MoRD - Reconstructs of path ways- WATSAN extension work, Well digging- Established a committee to maintain path waysBad; seldom News Media - Environmental law awareness building- Watch-dog for illegal activities against theenvironmentGood; sometimes Commune Council - Collaboration with other commune council incracking down illegal natural resource extractionactivities* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholderMAFF – AGRI.(PROV andNAT.)POLICELOCALAUTHORITYDoWA’s DANIDA COMMUNECOUNCILMoRD FACT WATERRESOURCEMAFF -FisheriesMAFF -ForestryNEWS MEDIAMoEVILLAGES

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 54Table 19 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by Ou Oknha Heng Commune representatives related to addressing the need for local level participation in naturalresource management initiatives to sustain a diverse set of local livelihood strategies and family nutritional needs - Ou Oknha Heng Commune, Prey Nob District,Sihanoukville Province.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood - frequent DANIDA - Provides agricultural materials (seeds, fertilizers,etc), and training on fish raisingIncreased Ability- Help in rehabilitating dikes and establishing ponds- Facilitate community forestry and fisheries planning,as well as small business developmentGood - sometimes FACT - Provide training on NRMVillagesOkay - seldom MoE - Awareness building -on environment law- Promote community participation in mangrovereforestation (also provides the seedlings)Good - seldom MoWRAM - Rehabilitations of dikes, canals, and the irrigationsystem as a whole- Provide fish fry for grow-outOkay - seldom Department of LandManagement- Extension work respective of land management laws- Determine community boundariesOkay - seldom MAFF - Forestry - Provides tree seedlings for planting- Determines forest boundary and assists in lawenforcement activitiesGood - frequent MAFF - Fisheries - Provide fish fry for grow-out and associated training- Promotes other agricultural / aquaculture activities- Provides extension on fisheries law and for thedevelopment of community fisheriesGood - frequent Commune Authority - Facilitates fisheries extension work respective of lawenforcement, the transfer of NRM knowledge, andlaw enforcement activities directlyOkay - seldom MoWA’s - Provides training on small business development toreduce the illegal activities on natural resources- Extension on NRM laws to womenOkay - seldom Department of SocialAffairs- Train on crop production to reduce illegal activitiesrespective of natural resource extractionGood - frequent Commune Committee - Collaborates with agencies on law enforcementrelated to natural resources- Assist in community development and communityregulations – including NRM planning* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholderCOMMUNEAUTHORITYCOMMUNECOMMITTEEVILLAGECOMMUNEDANIDA MAFF -AgricultureMAFFFisheriesDEPT. SOCIALAFFAIRSDEPT. LANDMGT..MAFFForestryFACTMoEMoWRAMMoWA’s

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 55Table 20 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by Prey Nob District representatives related to addressing the need to lower the impact of drought on home based foodproduction systems to ensure food security and food safety throughout the year - Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.Communes*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood; sometimes Cambodian Red Cross - Provides food, materials or equipments after naturaldisastersIncreased AbilityGood; frequent Local Authority - Promotes rural development and collaborates withother stakeholders to develop the communities- Implements the poverty reduction strategies of thegovernment, and solves all conflictsGood; frequent MoRD - Constructs paths and develops projectsLOCALAUTHORITYGood; frequent MoH - Provides training on WATSAN, and health protection- Develops health centers, treats and vaccinatespeopleGood; frequent MoWRAM - Constructs dikes and canals/ develops irrigationsystemsGood; frequent MAFF - Agriculture - Provides agricultural seeds including animals- Assist in Integrated Pest Management- Technical assistance on agricultural productionGood; sometimes MoE - NRM training on implementation processes –including education on environmental impactsGood; frequent MAFF - Fisheries - Disseminates fisheries law information- Assist in stopping illegal fishing, mangrovedegradation, and helps in community fisheries dev.Good; frequent MAFF - Forestry - Disseminates information on and enforces forestrylaws, and facilitates re-forestation activitiesGood; frequent News media - Disseminates drought hazard, climate change,storms and other hazards warningsGood; frequentDepartment of LandManagement- Facilitates land tenure resolutions- Disseminates information of land laws- Resolves land conflicts- Provides health educationGood; frequent Department ofEducation - DistrictGood; sometimes FACT - Provides fund to stop illegal fishing activities-Good; frequent DANIDA - Provides funds for protected area managementtraining, canals and dike reconstruction- Provides fish fry for grow-outGood; frequentReproductive HealthAssociation Center(RHAC)- Disseminates information on community healthprotection- Provides minor health services* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholderCAMBODIARED CROSSMAFF -FisheriesDEPARTMENT OFEDUCATION -DISTRICTMAFF -ForestryFACTMoWRAMDoEMAFF -AgricultureDANIDANEWSMEDIAMoHRHACMoRDDEPT. LANDMANAGEMENT

C l i m a t e C h a n g e A d a p t a t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e | 56Table 21 Development Service Profile (DSP) done by Prey Nob District representatives related to addressing the need for local level participation in natural resourcemanagement initiatives to sustain a diverse set of local livelihood strategies and family nutritional needs - Prey Nob District, Sihanoukville Province.*Relation Stakeholder Development Service Profile Ability of the Stakeholder to Address the Issue BaseGood; frequent District Authority - Conduct annual Integrated District Meeting to sellthe commune’s Investment Plan. Inviting allIncreased AbilityDevelopment Partners and relevant departmentCommunesOkay; sometimes MoRD - Provide for infrastructure building/ rehabilitation,e.g. large scale dikesOkay; sometimes MoE - Promotes the protection of natural resourcesthrough educationOkay; sometimes MAFF - Forestry - Provides law enforcement training and seedlings forreforestationOkay; sometimes MoWRAM - Maintains dikes and canals- Controls water levels in Prey NobOkay; sometimes MAFF - Agriculture - Helps maintains dikes and canalsOkay; sometimes MAFF - Fisheries - Protects mangrove forest and fisheries, combatsillegal fishing- Provides fingerling fish for grow-out- Established community fisheries organizationsOkay; sometimes Department ofPlanning- All action plans in the district are prepared by thePlanning Department especially training activitiesGood; frequent Police - Protects natural resources in participation withcommunity in accordance with commune ordersGood; frequent Local MangroveManagementCommittee- Protects mangroveGood; frequentCommunity FisheriesOrganization.- Works with Local Authority and District to combatillegal fishingCOMMUNITYFISHERYORG.POLICEMAFF -AgricultureMoWRAMMAFF -ForestryFACTCOMMUNESMoEMAFF -FisheriesDANIDADISTRICTAUTHORITYCOM.FORESTRYORG.LOCALMANGROVEMGT. COM.DEPT. ofPLANNINGGood; frequent Community Forestry - Works with Local Authority and District to combatOrg.illegal timber harvestingGood; sometimes FACT - Establishes or facilitates community fisheriesMoRDGood; sometimes DANIDA - Provides fund for forest protection* Relation defined in terms of quality and frequency of contact; the arrows indicate direction of communication betweenvillages and the indicated stakeholder