Access to substance abuse treatment in the Cape Town metropole ...

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treatment, with higher scores reflecting more negative beliefs. This scale hasgood internal reliability, with Cronbach alpha coefficients of .74 and .81 obtainedin the pilot and main study, respectively.o Social cognitive factors.• Self-efficacyThe Alcohol and Drug Use Self-efficacy Scale, Confidence version (ADUSE-C,Brown et al., 2002) is a 20-item scale that assesses self-efficacy as it applies toalcohol and drug abstinence. Good internal reliability was obtained for thismeasure (Cronbach alpha coefficient = .97).• Enabling and restricting factors for access to treatmento Affordability barriersSeveral items examine the affordability of substance abuse treatment services,including questions about monthly income and access to medical insurance.o Awareness barriersIn the ATQ, a single-item question asks participants if they know where to go forsubstance abuse treatment. Participants are also asked to list the number ofsubstance abuse treatment facilities that they are aware of.o Availability and accessibility of treatment servicesTwo items examine the availability of alcohol and drug services withincommunities. Two questions also examine the geographical accessibility ofservices in terms of distance to treatment and travelling time to treatment. A 3-item “Delays in accessing treatment scale” examines delays in accessingtreatment due to distance, gatekeepers and waiting lists. This study obtained aCronbach alpha coefficient of .72 for this scale.o Perceived appropriateness of treatment servicesA 5-item “Culture and gender barrier scale” examines the extent to which a lackof culture and gender appropriateness within treatment services serves as abarrier to seeking treatment.31
Table 1.Domains and measures comprising the ATQDomain Variables Scale and indicatorsUtilization Use of treatment Use; type, frequency & amount of treatment; treatment completionPredisposing SociodemographicAge, education, gender, raceNeighbourhood environment NES; safety, substance use, and crime in communitiesRelative deprivationRelative deprivation indexBeliefs/attitudes to treatment Beliefs about treatment effectiveness, perceptions about access, treatment concernsSelf-efficacyADUCE-C, self-efficacy to stop AOD use for one month and > 1 monthNeed Evaluated needDrug severity scale based on SCIDPerceived need- internal Perceived AOD problem, perceived need for treatmentPerceived need- external Others suggest need for treatmentReadiness to change SOCRATES scaleTreatment motivation TCU problem recognition, desire for help & treatment readiness scalesEnabling AffordabilityMedical Aid, income, employment status, affordability barrier scaleCompeting prioritiesCompeting priorities: money for food and need to care for othersAwarenessAwareness of services (Yes/No), Number of facilities aware ofAvailabilityExtent to which alcohol and/or drug treatment availableGeographic accessDistance and time to treatment, Delays in accessing treatmentTreatment appropriateness Treatment utility scale, Culture and gender appropriateness scaleStigmaStigma consciousness and stigma towards substance abusers scalesPsychological functioning TCU depression, anxiety, and self esteem scalesSocial supportRAND- MOS social support scale, TCU abstinence support scaleSocial capitalNeighbourhood trust scale, Social cohesion scale32
Page 1 and 2: Access to substance abuse treatment
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ..............
Page 5 and 6: 5.4. SUMMARY.......................
Page 7 and 8: al., 2004; Reddy et al., 2003; Shis
Page 9 and 10: 1.3. IS ACCESS TO SUBSTANCE ABUSE T
Page 11 and 12: 1.4.2. Racial disparities in the ne
Page 13 and 14: illegally and are unregulated by th
Page 15 and 16: CONCEPTUAL MODELThis study’s conc
Page 17 and 18: presenting problems and ability to
Page 19 and 20: need for services is the most immed
Page 21 and 22: This study focuses specifically on
Page 23 and 24: METHOD3.1. STUDY AIMS & OBJECTIVESA
Page 25 and 26: the researcher to explore possible
Page 27 and 28: esidential areas from each of the s
Page 29 and 30: 3.3.2.4. Data collection: controlsF
Page 31: o Problem recognition, Desire for h
Page 35 and 36: The 19-item MOS-SSS measures functi
Page 37 and 38: information on the accessibility of
Page 39 and 40: RESULTS: PHASE ONE4.1. VARIABLES AS
Page 41 and 42: efficacy to stop using drugs for mo
Page 43 and 44: (Table 6). Effect sizes were large
Page 45 and 46: were 2.4 times more likely to not a
Page 47 and 48: esteem scales (Table 9). Stigma als
Page 49 and 50: Table 10.Logistic regression coeffi
Page 51 and 52: 4.2.2. Model 2: Predisposing variab
Page 53 and 54: poverty scale, and the variable “
Page 55 and 56: of the model increased significantl
Page 57 and 58: controls had greater self-efficacy
Page 59 and 60: and R1000 per month than their fema
Page 61 and 62: subjects earning less than R500 per
Page 63 and 64: and race (Table 16). This indicates
Page 65 and 66: were 3 times more likely to earn le
Page 67 and 68: (which are higher for Black/African
Page 69 and 70: substance use or remain abstinent d
Page 71 and 72: monetary needs rise, subjects repor
Page 73 and 74: with improved awareness of services
Page 75 and 76: 4.4.4.4. Predictors of “community
Page 77 and 78: • In historically disadvantaged c
Page 79 and 80: RESULTS: PHASE TWODuring qualitativ
Page 81 and 82: 5.1.1.3. Government’s responses t
Page 83 and 84:
“Part of the government's agenda
Page 85 and 86:
putting extra strain and pressure o
Page 87 and 88:
The impact of availability and affo
Page 89 and 90:
availability of affordable services
Page 91 and 92:
completed a hospital-based detoxifi
Page 93 and 94:
“I have thirty beds that are unus
Page 95 and 96:
“I don't see it amongst the bona
Page 97 and 98:
going to be a good day. So, yes it
Page 99 and 100:
in the fourth week they relapse, it
Page 101 and 102:
esponses to treatment, in part, are
Page 103 and 104:
• Awareness of appropriate treatm
Page 105 and 106:
This perception is prevalent in Col
Page 107 and 108:
substance abuse problem - without a
Page 109 and 110:
o These community influences are lo
Page 111 and 112:
6.2.1. Awareness of substance abuse
Page 113 and 114:
informational support can improve a
Page 115 and 116:
salient for low-income groups who h
Page 117 and 118:
diminishing self-efficacy and motiv
Page 119 and 120:
self-efficacy and negative percepti
Page 121 and 122:
6.3. TREATMENT SYSTEM FACTORS ASSOC
Page 123 and 124:
This study found that limited resou
Page 125 and 126:
6.4. RECOMMENDATIONSBased on study
Page 127 and 128:
• As findings suggest that female
Page 129 and 130:
• While the affordability of trea
Page 131 and 132:
To address these barriers, we argue
Page 133 and 134:
o To ensure objectivity, this needs
Page 135 and 136:
egistration process should gather i
Page 137 and 138:
REFERENCESAday, L.A., & Awe, W.C. (
Page 139 and 140:
First, MB; Spitzer, RL; Gibbon, M;
Page 141 and 142:
Myers, B., & Parry, C.D.H. (2005).
Page 143 and 144:
Ross, M.W., Williams, M.L., Timpson
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