Chapter 5 Genetic Analysis of Apomixis - cimmyt

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iv33 Outlook33 References35 Appendix: Methods to Clear Angiospenn OvulesCHAPTER 4.ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ApOMICTIC DEVELOPMENT(TAMARA N. NAUMOVA AND JEAN-PI-ITUPPE VIELLE-eALZADA)44 Introduction45 Nucellar and Integumentary Embryony46 Diplospory47 Apospory47 Differentiation of Aposporous Initials48 Aposporous Megagametogenesis48 The Cellularized Aposporous Megagametophyte57 Parthenogenesis and Fertilization58 Apogamety59 Discussion61 Future Trends62 ReferencesCHAPTER 5. GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ApOMIXIS(ROBERT T. SHERWOOD)64 Introduction64 Methods65 Chromosome Number65 Progeny Testing65 Embryo-Sac Cytology66 Sectioning or Clearing Pistils to Classify Reproductive Type66 Markers67 Biological Tests for Parthenogenesis67 Combined Cytological, Progeny, Biological, and Marker Testing68 Controlled Pollination69 Reciprocal Crossing69 Creating Tetraploid Parents70 Identification of Genomes and Chromosomes with Apomixis Genes70 Testing Inheritance70 Starting Point70 Crossing Schemes71 Classification and Grouping71 Testing Genetic Models71 Inheritance of Apomixis71 Monopolar Apospory (Gramineae-Panicoideae)7:l Bipolar Apospory75 Mitotic Diplospory7
Ii88 Applications of Molecular Genetics to Apomixis Research88 What Material?89 Molecular Mapping of Apomixis90 Cloning the Apomixis Gene(s) Using Molecular Genetics Tools93 Conclusions93 ReferencesCHAPTER 7. THE GENE EFFECT: GENOME COLLISIONS AND APOMIXISOm'lN G. CARMAN)95 Introduction95 Developmental Biology and Phylogeny of Reproductively-Anomalous Species97 Genomes of Reproductively-Anomalous Species100 The Gene Effect Hypotheses100 The Callose Hypothesis101 The Precocious Induction Hypothesis101 The Hybridization-Derived Floral Asynchrony Theory104 Testing The Gene Effect Hypotheses105 Implications of the HFA Theory105 Evolution of Apomixis and Related Anomalies106 Mendelian Analyses of Apomixis109 Making Crops Apomictic109 Acknowledgments109 ReferencesCHAPTER 8. MODEL SYSTEMS TO STUDY THE GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENTALBIOLOGY OF ApOMIXIS(Ross A. BICKNELL)111 Introduction111 Why Use a Model System for Apomixis?112 Attributes of a Model System112 Biological Attributes112 Types of Apomixis113 Genetic Attributes114 Experimental Methods114 Quantifying Apomixis115 Candidate Systems115 Modification of an Existing System117 Development of a Model System from an Existing Apomict119 Summary119 ReferencesCHAPTER 9.SCREENING PROCEDURES TO IDENTIFY AND QUANTIFY APOMIXIS(OUVJER LEBLANC AND ANDREA MAZZUCATO)121 Introduction121 Apomictic Mechanisms as Potential Screening Indic'ators122 Types of Meiotic and Apomeiotic Embryo-Sac Formation123 Embryo and Seed Formation124 Consequences of Apomictic Seed Formation124 Levels of Screening and Related Tools124 Analyses at the Plant Level124 1. Molecular markers cosegregating with apomixis125 2. Cytoembryology126 3. Egg cell parthenogenetic capacity126 Progeny Analysis128 1. Analysis of pollinated ovaries or seeds128 2. Ovule regenerated plants128 3. Analysis of progeny plants130 Choosing Suitable Procedures130 Analyses at the Plant Level versus Progeny Tests130 1. Nature of the information obtained131 2. Comparing results
Page 2 and 3: (over illustration:Pictured is an i
Page 4 and 5: Institut de Recherche pour Ie Devel
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Page 10 and 11: VIIITables4 Table 1.15 Table 1.29 T
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42 C"Ie
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Chapter 4Ultrastructural Analysis o
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46 T.""". N. Naomo•• ..dJ...·P
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(Figure 4.2a,b,c). Their cytoplasm
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50 Tomaro N. Naurnovo ond Jeon-Phil
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Figure 4.2 (cont'd)
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54 Tamara N. Nauma.a and J...-Phaip
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56 Tamara H. Haumaya ...d J...-Phmp
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58 Tamara N. N....... Old JOGO-PUIp
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60 T.mar. N. N••may•••dJ
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62 Tamara N. Nouma.o and Jeon-Phmpp
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Chapter 5Genetic Analysis of Apomix
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66 Robe" T. SherwoodIn mitotic dipl
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68 ••It T. Sllorwoodmegasporoge
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70 Robert T. SherwoodIdentification
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72 R....11 T. SlMrwoodwe postulate
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74 Rob.rt T. Sherwoodin the gametop
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76 Rokrt T. SHtwoodPerhaps the most
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78 Robe" T. S~erwoodEnvironment pla
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80 Robert T. SherwoodBanaglio, E. 1
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82 Robe" 1. Sherwood---. 1989. Apom
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and meiotic or developmental mutant
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94 D..iel Grimallelli-, Jo. Tohme,
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96 10k. G.(o,.,..mechanisms (Figure
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98 Jolo.G.(_explain the existence o
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100 JolI.G.C....parameters affectin
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102 1010. G.(arma.was developed in
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104 J... G.(.....effects), which co
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106 J.hG.eforseveral thousand to a
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116 R... A. IkbeIlinduced mutation
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118 Ron A. Mlltllstudies of apomixi
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120 I... A. BkbollLeblanc, 0., M.D.
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122 Olivier L.bla.,.ncI A.d,ea M.nu
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152 Ccdda Borge. do v..... J.h W. M
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156 rn. s.mdaosearch for an opitimu
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160 Yves SoviclaoBashawet al. (1970
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162 hOI Scrvidao211 = 56 chromosome
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164 r.., SaYid..Transfer of Gene(s)
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166 rves Sqyldaounanswered. However
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Chapter 12From Sexuality to Apomixi
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170 lie. Gros..iklalSgametes and em
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172 Uti Gro....1aosGunning 1990). T
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174 UeIGr.........embryogenesis, wh
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182 Ue5Gro........Meiosis is an alm
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184 Uel Gn...lIDo,To date, the phen
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186 Uei Gr....lIa..do not display p
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192 Ueli Gro".llae,system to identi
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208 Uel GtO,,"ikIa..MIodzik, M., Y.
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Chapter 13Induction of Apomixis inS
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21 8 Uta P...ke~ .d Rod S
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230 1\omas Dresselhaus, Joh. G. (IJ
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progression or inhibition of develo
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240 no- P,ossdlaos, Jo. G.'-.... Y.
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242 1110""" 0,........, M. G. c,.._
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