Prison Literacy: Implications for Program and Assessment Policy.

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treatment/Right to an education, 1975). Many reports have beenmade about state efforts to reform prison education policy andpractice. Full documentation on the legislative bills, legal actions,and court decisions regarding inmates' educational rights are sonumerous that even a list of these would overwhelm this briefsuivey. 21There are, however, a number of summary sources oncontemporary legal issues in pr:son literacy. The CorrectionalEducational Association published a guide to action for prisonliteracy lobbyists (Correctional Education Association, 1983).Richard Crane writes a monthly "Legal Issues" column inCorrections Compendium, which also publishes updates of prisoneducationrelated legal and other matters. Pep Talk, a new"information exchange for prison education programs" now in itssecond year of publication at the University of Massachusetts(Amherst), also informs on legal issues requiring informed actionby those concerned about prison education. A state-of-the-artreport currently being prepared for the proposed newClearinghouse on Correctional Education will undoubtedly bringus up-to-date on this matter.Since the mid-1960s there have been vast amounts of prisonliteracy reports, studies, handbooks, and journals, and elaborationof more theories about, and proposals for, correctional educationthan ever before. This abundance of scholarship and opinionreflects the new era of heightened consciousness about prisonreform and correctional education that dawned with the GreatSociety (Ryan, 1971; Roberts, 1971, 1973; Gaither, 1982).4230 TECHNICAL REPORT TR93-1
E. ILLITERACY AND CRIMINALITY:LITERACY IS A WAY OUTjust as illiteracy and criminality are connected, so also ininverse proportion, growth in literacy and a decline in criminalityare likewise connected. Among the few results of learned studiesthat can be considered definitive and final, the one which mightwell be thought of as the "first law of prison literacy" is that apronounced and direct relationship exists between insufficientliteracy and unsociable behavior (Palfrey, 1974). Studies in theUnited Kingdom (Dalglish, 1979, 1983), Canada (Ross, 1978), andthe United States (Walton, 1987), all demonstrate the umbilicalconnection between the rate of functional inability to read, write,and cipher adequately, and the inability of the educationallydisadvantaged to live within the legal norms of North Atlanticsociety (Roberts & Coffey, 1976; Ross, 1977).The case is clear for the relationship between illiteracy andcriminality in adult inmates, but it is even clearer in juveniles, withwhom fewer complicating factors (such as the debilitating effects oflife in prison) need to be controlled for. The inadequately literateadult inmate was himself once an illiterate and probablydelinquent youth whom family, church, school, and society failedto educate for a wide range of nearly unmanageable reasons.22Socio-economically speaking, the juvenile delinquent is merely theyounger brother of his older inmate counterpart. z When, however,juveniles' educational deficits are corrected in time, i.e., beforeyouthful and emotionally underaged offenders are sent to prison,"enrolled in Crime College," and apprenticed to seasonedperpetrators .in a graduate course on how to be a criminal, theirrate of turnaround is gratifyingly high. A school for prevention isbetter than a prison full of correction.24Many of the same studies that confirm the criminality/illiteracyconnection also indicate a correlation between growing literacyand diminishing criminal behavior among juveniles for whomintervention to increase their literacy rate was swift and effective.Juveniles are more predictable as recidivists, and they are easier toeducate and correct than are adult inmates, even in cases when thejuveniles are educationally disabled.25Not literacy alone, but the "right kind" of literacy instruction,especially where the parents become supportive,26 is the knock-outNATIONAL CENTER ON ADULT L413RACY 31
Page 1 and 2: DOCUMENT RESUMEED 363 729AUTHORTITL
Page 3 and 4: PRISON LITERACY:IMPUCATIONS FOR PRO
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMEN TSOne of the hidden b
Page 7 and 8: project, his major effort at workin
Page 9 and 10: H. Implications for a Model Literac
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTAmerica, already with far m
Page 13 and 14: The results of study, and the revie
Page 15 and 16: A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:PUTTIN
Page 17 and 18: vocational training, and prison ind
Page 19 and 20: driver-instruction manual, grasp jo
Page 21 and 22: C. WHO ARE THE INCARCERATEDNEEDING
Page 23 and 24: habilitation is the purpose of inca
Page 25 and 26: Americans find themselves as inmate
Page 27 and 28: 72% of the prisons surveyed offered
Page 29 and 30: A most insightful study of "learnin
Page 31 and 32: numbers of inmates enrolled in thes
Page 33 and 34: D. THE BACKGROUND OFPRISON LITERACY
Page 35 and 36: vocational education towards post-r
Page 37 and 38: Two years later, Brockway attended
Page 39 and 40: By the 1960s, unevenness in prison
Page 41: that "a prisoner is not stripped of
Page 45 and 46: indicated a range of abilities that
Page 47 and 48: Others similarly have uttered cavea
Page 49 and 50: Characteristics of Effective Litera
Page 51 and 52: F. THE PARADIGMS OF PRISONEDUCATION
Page 53 and 54: unreformed attitude among the priso
Page 55 and 56: may be resolved, this human factor
Page 57 and 58: educators, but, surely, the best th
Page 59 and 60: 6. THE COGNITIVE ELEMENTMoral reaso
Page 61 and 62: In her most recent restatement of t
Page 63 and 64: Thus whether one opts for student c
Page 65 and 66: on literacy education, teaching met
Page 67 and 68: libraries, though inmates were perm
Page 69 and 70: new jail is under construction tbat
Page 71 and 72: 1. A LITERACY PROGRAM EDUCATES BROA
Page 73 and 74: vocational education within a workp
Page 75 and 76: Another reason to remove education
Page 77 and 78: not to self-efficacy, i.e., adaptiv
Page 79 and 80: 4. A UTERACY PROGRAM IS COST-EFFEME
Page 81 and 82: corrections costs, increase offende
Page 83 and 84: until one is satisfied with the pro
Page 85 and 86: as a legal resource, use of bibliot
Page 87 and 88: counselors and teachers, but not if
Page 89 and 90: skills. Besides computers, interact
Page 91 and 92: offer the promise of increased atte
Page 93 and 94:
I. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNERS ANDEVALUA
Page 95 and 96:
inconsistency, and unreliability, e
Page 97 and 98:
expect attrition in the population
Page 99 and 100:
ability, tests of learning potentia
Page 101 and 102:
of prison-related authorities with
Page 103 and 104:
Program evaluation and learner asse
Page 105 and 106:
APPENDIX A: CHECKLIST OF QUESTIONSF
Page 107 and 108:
PARADIGMS (EXAMPLES OR MODELS) OF P
Page 109 and 110:
PROGRAMS (CONTINUED)No. Question Y.
Page 111 and 112:
IIIII1IIIIII1IIIIIIPROGRAMS (CONTIN
Page 113 and 114:
IIIIIII1IIIIIIIIIII-PROGRAMS (CONTI
Page 115 and 116:
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII1IIIPROGRAMS (CONTIN
Page 117 and 118:
1EDUCATIONAL STMF (CONTINUED)No. Qu
Page 119 and 120:
GOVERNANCENo. Owes lion Y. s No. Do
Page 121 and 122:
COMMUNICATIONS (CONTINUED)No. Quest
Page 123 and 124:
LIBRARIES (CONTINUED)No. Question Y
Page 125 and 126:
I1IIIIIIIIIIIITECHNOLOGY (CONTINUED
Page 127 and 128:
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION (CONTINUE
Page 129 and 130:
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION (CONTINUE
Page 131 and 132:
IiiIJAILS (CONTINUED)No. Ouostion Y
Page 133 and 134:
IIIPoucy (CONTINUED)No. Question Y.
Page 135 and 136:
POUCY (CONTINUED)No. Ouestion Yes N
Page 137 and 138:
POLICY (CONTINUED)No. Question Yes
Page 139 and 140:
APPENDIX B: AREAS IN NEED OFFURTHER
Page 141 and 142:
11. Determination of whether the ed
Page 143 and 144:
11 Holt V. Sarver (II) [309 F.Supp.
Page 145 and 146:
female, and their numbers have decl
Page 147 and 148:
community (Ryan, 1989); the Folloup
Page 149 and 150:
excellent auto mechanics and cosmet
Page 151 and 152:
48 Hamm, 1988, p. 147; Oh lin, 1986
Page 153 and 154:
and Correctional Education Associat
Page 155 and 156:
citizens enjoyed, lending to each s
Page 157 and 158:
BIBLIOGRAPHYNote: Some of the items
Page 159 and 160:
Atteberry, J. W., & Tacker, A. B. (
Page 161 and 162:
the Rio de Janeiro penitentiary sys
Page 163 and 164:
Breed, A. (1981). Charge. Proceedin
Page 165 and 166:
(1983). Cataloo of Adult Education
Page 167 and 168:
Conrad, J. P. (1965). Crime and its
Page 169 and 170:
Decker, J. M. (1980). Inside prison
Page 171 and 172:
Dwyer, P., & Botein, M. (1974). The
Page 173 and 174:
Farrar, J. R. (1986). Achieving pri
Page 175 and 176:
Gehring, T. (1989, December). A cha
Page 177 and 178:
Greenwood, P. W. (1988). Correction
Page 179 and 180:
Helgeson, M. E., & Hisama, T. (1982
Page 181 and 182:
177). Ithaca NY: Cornell University
Page 183 and 184:
Ketterling, M. E. (1970). Rehabilit
Page 185 and 186:
Lee, R., & Haynes, N. (1980). Proje
Page 187 and 188:
Lucas, G. S. (1985). Volunteer comm
Page 189 and 190:
McCollum, S. (1978, Special Issue).
Page 191 and 192:
Mil lot, K. (1982). Higher educatio
Page 193 and 194:
Nordwall, A. (1974). Need for educa
Page 195 and 196:
Pendleton, E. P. (1988, June). Stud
Page 197 and 198:
(1978). Prisoner education. A selec
Page 199 and 200:
Reynolds, J. (1982). Incarcerated s
Page 201 and 202:
Rutherford, R. B., Jr. (1988, Summe
Page 203 and 204:
Seashore, M. J., Haberfeld, S., Irw
Page 205 and 206:
Stevens, R. D. (1986, October). The
Page 207 and 208:
Traynelis-Yurek, E., & Giacobbe, G.
Page 209 and 210:
Institute of Justice, National Crim
Page 211 and 212:
Wolford, B. (1983a). Correctional e
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