the exclusion strategies of the representation of social actors in the ...

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org “Discourse analysts study language in use: written texts of all kinds, and spokendata, from conversation to highly institutionalized forms of talk.” (2000:5)Besides the quotation above, Fairclough (1995:74) also states that discourse is as a complex ofthree elements: social practice, discoursal practice (text production, distribution, andconsumption), and text, and the analysis of a specific discourse calls for analysis in each of thesethree dimensions and their interrelations. Both of the quotations show a tight relation betweentext and discourse. Since text is a written language, it becomes a part of discourse, and of coursetext can be analyzed by discourse analysis.Fairclough (1995:97) defines a discourse analysis as an analysis method which includes linguisticdescription of the language text, interpretation of the relationship between the (productive andinterpretative) discursive processes and the text, and explanation of the relationship between thediscursive processes and the social processes. In addition, Mc Carthy (2000:5) states thatdiscourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and thecontexts in which it is used. In other words, the focus of discourse analysis is not only on thepattern of language but it is also considering the context of text. Paltridge (2006, in Mahritta2012:9) states that the terminology of context of text can be related to the social and politicalsituation where the text is produced or the particular goal tried to reach by the text producers.Moreover, the context influences the text producer when producing text. It can affect theproducer’s way in using the grammar, the words choice, and even the intention in performingparticular way of language use in the discourse; those things are called as the discourse strategies.Related to this study, as the analysis will focus on how discourse strategies are used in terms ofcritical or what we have already known as Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it is reallyimportant to explain in short about CDA itself. According to Wodak and Meyer, CDA regardslanguage as social practise, and takes consideration of the context of language use to be crucial.CDA takes a particular interest in the relation between language and power (2001:1). In addition,Wodak and Meyer also states as follows:CDA may be defined as fundamentally concerned with analyzing opaque as well astransparent structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power and controlas manifested in language. In other words, CDA aims to investigate critically socialinequality as it is expressed, signaled, constituted, legitimized, and so on bylanguage use (or in discourse) (2001:2).Furthermore, as this study attempted by using CDA approach, it is absolutely right to analyze thediscourse strategies used by media in presenting and publishing their news (articles). The way ofmedia presents the news about one, group, opinion, and perception is called representation. Thus,as stated before, the theory of CDA that relates to the representation in discourse asserted by vanLeeuwen (2008) is chosen as an appropriate theory to be applied in this study. The theoryinvolving an analysis model is used since it will analyze how the social actors are presented inthe news, especially in headlines articles. In addition, the van Leeuwen’s model is used in thisstudy since it tries to disclose the use of language and critically analyze the relation of language35

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org use and the power held by the discourse producer in making particular action.All the background above really encourages us to conduct a study and to do the analysis byusing van Leeuwen’s theory (2008) on discourse strategies of representation of social actor onThe Jakarta Post Newspaper headlines. Since headlines become the data source of this study,we also limit the topic of the headlines. We choose the case of FPI’s rejection to Lady Gaga’sperformance in Indonesia as the topic. The description about the headlines topic will beexplained in the next section below.Problems identificationThe problem chosen as the topic of this study is about the case of FPI’s rejection to LadyGaga’s performance in Indonesia. This case has ever blown up in Indonesia and even in theworld around the year of 2012; in addition, this case still gives impact to Indonesian until now.There are so many parties and people in Indonesia still questioning why the concert is cancelledand what factual reasons behind the police’s decision is. Moreover, the question also rises alongwith an issue of the decision making because there is a rejection of the concert from the hardlineIslamic Defenders Front (FPI) at that time. The questions raise big question: ‘Is the police fearof the power of FPI?’ The big question still remains in people’s memory even though theconcert has been cancelled so far from today.The case was begun from the plan of Lady Gaga to hold a concert in Indonesia on June 2012.Indonesia was a country among the first stops on Lady Gaga’s “Born This Way Ball” worldtour. Since the plan first arose in January 2012, there was a wave of rejection from the hardlineIslamic Defenders Front (FPI). However, the promoter of the concert still gave effort to preparethe concert; more than 50,000 tickets had been sold since selling opened on March 10, 2012.Seeing this, the FPI’s rejection rose into a threat; FPI threatened violence if the concert wentahead. According to FPI, they rejected Lady Gaga because Lady Gaga’s song was consideredno moral values and her outlandish clothes and provocative dance moves would corruptIndonesia’s youth. FPI told that Lady Gaga is bringing the faith of Satan to Indonesian and thuswill destroy the nation’s morals.The peak point of this case was when finally the national police did not issue the permit of theconcert. Many people and parties in Indonesia considered that the decision was affected by theFPI’s action; the fact still becomes a big question that cannot be answered briefly by the policeuntil now. Also, many parties considered the show’s cancellation would be a backward step inefforts to develop a more open Indonesia and bad news for business. All the fact of thedescription above really encourages us to raise this topic in this study. Thus, the analysis ofexclusion strategies involving the social actors in this case on the headlines of The Jakarta PostNewspaper is attempted; in addition, The Jakarta Post Newspaper is chosen as the mass mediato be analyzed since it appears in English language. It also can be read by people all over theworld since it is also published in online version.36

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org REVIEW OF LITERATURECritical Discourse Analysis (CDA)According to Fairclough, CDA is a crtitical approach of Discourse Analysis. Here, discourseanalysis can be defined as an analysis on language used; it means the analysis cannot be limitedto the description of language form without any bonding with aim and function designed inhuman’s business. Therefore, we can simply define CDA as an analysis of how language is usedthrough critical perspective.Van Dijk (1995:253) in Post (2009:14) also states that Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is amultidisciplinary approach to language that strives to highlight the nature of social power anddominance by substantiating the intricate relationship between text, talk, social cognition, power,society, and culture. Here, multidiscipline can consist of many discipline studies, such as: history,anthropology, social, politics, communication, and also the language itself. In addition, van Dijkalso defines CDA as follows:“Critical Discourse Analysis is a type of discourse analytical study that primarilystudies the way social power abuses, dominance and inequality are enacted,reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context.” (vanDijk, 2008: 85)In the quotation above, van Dijk points that the focus of CDA is actually to criticize how poweris abused; he also highlights dominance and inequality that can be meant as to elevate someoneor group that have the power (a dominant group), and the other side to position someone or groupthat have no power in an inappropriate position.Theo Van Leeuwen CDA ModelAccording to van Leeuwen in Suganda (2007:13), language is a reflection of an ideology. Bystudying language reflected in a text or a discourse, the ideology can be dismantled. VanLeeuwen’s model can be used in detecting and investigating how someone’s or a group’s positionis marginalized in a text or a discourse.In his book Discourse and Practice, van Leeuwen (2008) introduces two CDA analysis models.He names his model by Representing Social Actors and Representing Social Action. The term‘representing’ can also be meant as ‘representation’. Related to this term, he states that “the termof representation itself is directed to how one, a group, perception, or opinion is presented in thenews.” (2008: 4).The explanation above shows that the main problem in representation is how the reality ispresented in the news reported. If we talk in terms of media that must involve author (mediaproducer) and the reader, the use of words, sentences, and grammatical aspects have the certainmeaning when they are received by the reader. Those things in the media producer’s perspectiveare commonly called as discourse strategies. Therefore, in this study, we will try to analyze thediscourse strategies used by media in terms of van Leeuwen’s representing of social actor.37

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Representing of Social ActorsAs having explained that representing of social actors is associated with how actors (one orgroup) are represented in the news. In addition, this model is concerned with how a side ispositioned in an inappropriate position and the other side in higher position. For that reason, therewill be two strategies appeared in the framework of the theories point; they are exclusion andinclusion. Van Leeuwen (2008:28) states that representations include or exclude social actors tosuit their interests and purposes in relation to the readers for whom they are intended. Exclusionmeans omitting actors of a social action by some linguistic mechanisms; inclusion means puttingthe actors in the center of attention and being presented in the text clearly.As this study focuses on exclusion, at the next section we will only explain about exclusion andthe strategies how to use it. The only reason to choose only exclusion in this study is because asvan Leeuwen states that exclusion has rightly been an important aspect of critical discourseanalysis (2008:28). Thus, to analyze exclusion is more interesting.Exclusion StrategiesExclusion is the process of omitting actors by some linguistic mechanisms. It has two mainsubdivisions: suppression and backgrounding. The main difference between suppression andbackgrounding is the point that they leave trace or not within representation (van Leeuwen,2008:29). The description about both subdivisions will be explained below.SuppressionSuppression is the exclusion that leaves no traces in the representation, excluding both the socialactors and their activities. Van Leeuwen calls this kind of exclusion as radical exclusion(2008:29). The linguistic realization of supression can be realized in some ways as follows:a. Passive agent deletion. Some CDA analysts call this linguistic realization as passivization.This realization is used to exclude social actor(s) from the representation/news discourse.The function of this realization is to ommit or delete the real actor(s). By omitting theactor(s), the sentence producer tries to drive the readers’ attention into the other one(victim). Below is the example: ‘The robber was shot yesterday.”The focus in this sentene is the victim, ‘the robber’. The sentence producer usespassivization instead of active sentence, for example: ‘A police shot the robber.’ If wecompare both examples above, by presenting the active sentence, the actor “a police” isclearly existed. Otherwise, by using passivization, the actor “a police” is deleted. The onlyfunction of this realization is to drive the reader’s attention to be concerned with thevictim “the robber” and to pay no attention to the actor “A police”.b. Non-finite clauses (e. g., infinitival clauses). According to van Leeuwen, suppression alsocan be realized through non-finite clauses that function as a grammatical participant.Below is the example: ‘To maintain the policy is hard’.The clause ‘to maintain the policy’ allows the social actor(s) who are responsible formaintaining the policy to be excluded.c. Nominalizations and process nouns. Rashidi and Rasti (2012:2) gives example asfollows: ‘Financial support came to us’.38

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org From the example above, the noun ‘support’ is nominalised from excluding the doer of theactivity.BackgroundingBackgrounding is the exclusion that leaves traces in the representation. Here, the excluded socialactors in a specific activity pop up later in another part of the clause, sentence or text. Accordingto van Leeuwen (2008:30-31) the linguistic realization of backgrounding can be existed fromsimple ellipses in nonfinite clauses with -ing and –ed participles, in infinitival clauses with to,and in paratactic clauses. In all of these cases, the excluded social actor is included elsewhere inthe same clause or clause complex. It can also be realized in the same way as suppression, butwith respect to social actors who are included elsewhere in the text. The two realizationsbackground social actors to different degrees, but both play a part in reducing the number oftimes specific social actors are explicitly referred to. The examples of backgrounding are asfollows:a) Clearing the case, police set up the evidence. (using infinite clause –ing)b) To maintain the policy, government has invited some experts. (Infinitival clause with to-)c) John invited them to the party, but the wilsons didn’t show up. (Paratactic clauses)The first example uses infinite clause with –ing and the second uses infinitival clause with to.The social actors ‘police’ and ‘governement’ are backgrounded or found at the rest of thesentence. The third example uses paratactic clauses. Here, the reader will know exactly thespecific actor ‘the wilsons’ in the second clause.RESEARCH QUESTIONSIn this study, we try to analyze and describe the exclusion strategies represented in the headlinesof The Jakarta Post Newspaper in the case of of FPI’s rejection to Lady Gaga’s performance inIndonesia from Critical Discourse Analysis point of view. Considering that, there are threeissues discussed in this study: (1) What exclusion strategies are used by The Jakarta Post inrepresenting the actors that involve in the texts?; (2) What linguistic realizations are used as thetools in revealing the exclusion strategies?; and (3)What are the functions of using thosestrategies?THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThis study seeks to investigate the exclusion strategies used by one of English languagenewspapers in Indonesia, The Jakarta Post Newspaper, in representing the social actors in thecase of FPI’s rejection to Lady Gaga’s performance in Indonesia. In this study, the focus is ondetermining the type of exclusion strategies used by The Jakarta Post Newspaper, the linguisticrealizations of the exclusion types, and the function of using those. This study gives acomprehensive analysis on how the social actors are excluded in the representation of the case inthe news by the Jakarta Post Newspaper.39

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org METHODOLOGYThe MethodThe method applied in this research is qualitative. Bogdan and Biklin (1992:29) state thatqualitative research at least has five features as follows: (a) Qualitative research takes place in anatural setting; (b) Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of wordsrather than numbers; (c) Qualitative researchers are concerned with process rather than withproducts; (d) Qualitative researchers analyse their data logically; (e) Meaning is an essentialconcern to the qualitative approach.Since the features show how a qualitative method is used in a research, we give some attempts toimplement them in this research. One of the attempts is by deciding the conceptual model or theobject of this research. As this research will raise the representation of social actors, the object ofthis research is the actors involved in the case of FPI’s Rejection to Lady Gaga’s Performance inIndonesia. Since the actors are represented in The Jakarta Post headlines, the object of thisresearch can be seen through words, phrases, clauses, and sentences which present or describe theactors.Related to the object of this research above, another attempt that we must do is to conductspecific strategies in implementing the formulation of study and also the objectives of study. Thestrategies are stated below.First, in implementing the first objective which is to analyze the discourse strategies used torepresent the actors in the text, we use specific discourse strategies of representation of socialactors put forward by van Leeuwen (2008). The process will be as follows: (1) understanding theclauses meaning comprehensively, and then, (2) choosing the data by categorizing them intospecific discourse strategies (inclusion or exclusion). Second, in implementing the secondobjective which is to describe the linguistic realizations used as the tools in revealing thediscourse strategies, we also use specific linguistic realization on discourse strategies ofrepresentation of social actors put forward by van Leeuwen (2008:23-54). Van Leeuwen states(2008:23) that every discourse strategy has its own linguistic realization, such as: transitivity,paratactic analysis, nominalization, passivation, and many other elses. Last, in implementing thethird objective which is to formulate the functions of using those strategies, we use vanLeeuwen’s theory (2008) as well. In the theory, van Leeuwen has given some detail examples ofhis analysis on reprentation of social actors. Thus, the van Leeuwen’s analysis will be ourguidance in conducting the analysis.The Technique of Data CollectingData collecting is an underlying thing that is necessarily attempted to conduct a research. The aimof the data collecting is to get valid and accurate data. In collecting the data, there are severalapplicable methods, i.e. library research, field research, and laboratory research. In this research,we only conduct library research since this research needs many references. Library research isthe most appropriate method for this kind of research. In collecting the data, I implement severalprocedures as follows:40

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org 1. Choosing the data sourceIn conducting this research, data source is needed to get accurately valid data. Eventually,a newspaper is chosen as the data source. Here, we collect the headlines about the case ofFPI’s rejection of Lady Gaga’s performance in Indonesia from The Jakarta Postnewspaper.2. Reading the whole articles carefully and thoroughlyThe whole headlines articles about the case from The Jakarta Post newspaper are readcarefully and thoroughly to comprehend the content of the articles.3. Choosing the dataIn this process, the data chosen are the clauses and sentences related to the representationof social actors as the topic of this research. They consist both of discourse strategies:exclusions and inclusions, however, in this study we only focus on the exclusions.4. Analyzing the dataAfter choosing the data, we will analyze them based on the strategies used to represent theactors in the text, and then, we will analyze the linguistic realizations used as tools inrevealing those strategies. Finally, we will describe the functions of using those strategies.Data SourceThe data source of this research are taken from 6 (six) headlines articles from The Jakarta PostNewspaper. The articles are: (1) ‘Little Monsters’ growl over threats to Gaga (May 09, 2012), (2)No Permit for Gaga: Jakarta Cops (May 15, 2012), (3) Gag is Not The End To Gaga Concert(May 16, 2012) (4) Gaga Concert – To Be or Not To be (May 23, 2012), (5) Extremists Win TheLady Gaga Saga (May 28, 2012), (6) Fans Mourn The Concert That Never Was (June 04, 2012).Theoretical OutlineIn this research, there are several applied theories used in analyzing the data. To find theexclusion strategies represented by the media in this research, we will use Theo Van Leeuwen’stheory (2008). In addition, in order to accommodate the analysis of this research, we use not onlyTheo van Leeuwen’s theory of linguistic realization (2008) but also Systemic FunctionalGrammar (SFG) put forward by Halliday & Matthiessen (2004) and Gerot & Wignell (1995) asthe tools of analysis.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONResultsAs this research will focus on the representation of social actors, the first thing to do is to classifythe actors who are involved in the case. The case that we raise in this research is about FPI’sRejection to Lady Gaga’s Performance in Indonesia. It is simply classified that the main actorsinvolved in the case is Lady Gaga and FPI. However, we also have to consider the other actorsinvolved; therefore, we will divide two main groups as the pros of the case and the cons. Wename the pros as the pro-rejection actors and the cons as the anti-rejection actors.The pro-rejection actors in this case are as folows:1. FPI (Front Pembela Islam), or in the articles it is named by Islam Defender Front.41

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org 2. The National Police.3. The rejection supporters. Those are people (public) who support the rejection, but are notFPI members.The anti-rejection actors in this case are as folows:1. Lady Gaga herself.2. Big Daddy Entertainment as the Promoter of the concert3. Lady Gaga fans who are known as Little Monsters.4. The anti-rejection supporters. Those are people who are not Lady Gaga fans.The results of the study can be seen in the table below:Table 1: The frequency of the exclusion strategies found in the headlinesActors Suppression Frequency Backgrounding FrequencyPro-Rejection 19 -Anti-Rejection 1 142

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana www.ijllalw.org Exclusion*Strategies*5%$95%$Suppressions$Backgrounding$Figure 1: The percentage of exclusion strategies found in the headlinesAs stated before, there are three linguistic realizations in suppressions, the results are shown inthe table below:Table 2: The frequency of the linguistic realizations in suppressions43

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana www.ijllalw.org Actors Passive Agent Deletion Nominalization andNon-finiteClauseprocess NounsPro-Rejection 2 16 1Anti-Rejection - 1 -Figure 2: The percentage of the linguistic realizations in suppressionsAll of the detail results can be seen in the table below:Table 2: The analysis results of exclusion strategiesExcludedNo. Data Headlines Actors1. ‘Little Monsters’ growl overthreats to Gaga.2. preventing the singer fromperforming in Indonesia “will notmake gay people turn straight”3. there’s a very slim chance thepermit will be issued4. the decision was based on inputreceived from groups who saidLady Gaga, famous for her hitsingles “Poker Face” and “BadRomance”, was not suitable forlocal audiences.5. after clearing those bureaucratichurdles, promoters in Jakarta had‘Little Monsters’growl over threatsto Gaga (May 09,2012)No Permit forGaga: Jakarta Cops(May 15, 2012)FPIFPIPolicePolicepromotersTypes ofExclusionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionBackgrounding44

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 to submit several additionalpermit requests to the NationalPolice6. The battle to hold a concert forAmerican pop diva Lady Gaga inJakarta reached new heightsTuesday7. This decision is an obviousreflection of the police’s inabilityto control the FPI.8. The show’s cancellation wouldbe a backward step in efforts todevelop a more open Indonesiaand bad news for business.9. She has finally broken her silenceon the prolonged drama over herplanned Jakarta concert10 making notes of censorshipconcerns and threats of violenceagainst her on Twitter11. There will be no concert if thepermit is not issued12. The Lady Gaga concert in Jakartawas canceled13. The law can only be applied tothose who used violence to rejectLady Gaga, and the police havenot done anything14. the gig’s cancellation reflected agovernment that was weak in theface of intolerant political groups15. Big Daddy Entertainment saidthat the 26-year-old singer’smanagement decided to cancelthe planned concert due to“security concerns”16. all 52,000 tickets that had beenpurchased for the show would berefunded17. that the show’s cancellationwould not prompt other foreignperformers to have secondthoughts about performing here18. Alhamdulillah [praise the Lord]that the concert was canceledRayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana www.ijllalw.org Gag is Not The EndTo Gaga Concert(May 16, 2012)Gaga Concert – ToBe or Not To be(May 23, 2012)Extremists Win TheLady Gaga Saga(May 28, 2012)FPIPolicePoliceFPI,PoliceFPIPolicePoliceFPIPoliceFPI,PolicePromoterPolicePoliceSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppressionSuppression19. the bitter end of weeks ofcontroversy over the gig was ahuge loss not only for Gaga fansbut also for every citizen whobelieved in freedom.Fans Mourn TheConcert That NeverWas (June 04,2012).FPI,PoliceSuppression45

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 20. They also stamped theirhandprints with colorful paint ona large poster of Gaga, whichstated “Little Monsters’ tribute todiversity”21. Their fears were unfounded asaround 3,000 members of the FPIprayed together at theirheadquarters on Jl. PetamburanIII, Central Jakarta, to celebratethe concert cancellationRayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana www.ijllalw.org FPI,PolicePoliceSuppressionSuppressionDiscussionSome of representative data will be analyzed as follows:Datum 1: The Lady Gaga concert in Jakarta was canceled (TJP: Extremists Win The Lady GagaSaga: May 28, 2012)The datum above consists of exclusion strategy since there is actor excluded in the datum.To get the detail analysis, the Functional Grammar tool is used as follows:The Lady Gaga concert in Jakartawas canceledThemeRhemeIn addition, to complete the analysis, we also use the transitivity analysis as follows:The Lady Gaga concert in JakartaGoalwas canceledProcess: MaterialHere, the datum is a passive clause. By using theme and rheme analysis, it shows that the focusof message is the Subject of the clause ‘the Lady Gaga concert in Jakarta’. In addition, since thetransitivity analysis shows that there is no actor in the clause, the process becomes the sameimportant as the Goal. Thus, the analysis will be more interesting to analyze since there is actordeleted.The strategy of passive without existing the actor is called passive agent deletion. This strategy iscategorized as suppression strategy. By using this strategy, the text producer tries to drive thereaders’ attention to the goal. Thus, the producer wants to show that the goal is more importantthan the actor who executes the action (cancellation). Here, as we know the actor is ‘the police’.‘The police’ has been hidden; the only reason the producer does it is to protect ‘the police’ fromthe case. Then, the readers who read this article has unconsciously been driven to be concerned46

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org with the goal that is “the Lady Gaga concert” and to pay no attention to the actor “thepolice”.Datum 2: She regretted the cancellation (TJP: Fans Mourn The Concert That Never Was: June04, 2012)The datum above consists of exclusion strategy since there is actor excluded in the datum. To getthe detail analysis, the Functional Grammar tool is used as follows:She regretted the cancellationSenser Process: Mental PhenomenonHere, the datum is an active clause involving mental process. By using the transitivity analysis, itshows that the focus of message is the Subject of the clause or as the senser of the process ‘she(Lady Gaga)’ and the Object or the phenomenon of the process ‘the cancellation’. Here, thesocial actor, Lady Gaga, is included; however, there is another actor who is excluded. This isrealized by the presence of the Noun ‘cancellation’. The Noun has proposition ‘someone cancelssomething (the concert)’. Thus, it is definitely there is actor excluded from the clause.The strategy above is categorized as the process Nouns which is a type of suppressions. By usingthis strategy, the text producer tries to hide the other actor and to drive the readers’ attention tothe senser (subject of the clause). Thus, the producer wants to show that the senser is moreimportant than the actor who executes the action (cancellation). Here, as we know the actor is‘the police’. ‘The police’ has been hidden; the only reason the producer does it is to protect ‘thepolice’ from the case. Then, the readers who read this article has unconsciously been driven tobe concerned with the senser that is ‘she (Lady Gaga)’ and to pay no attention to theother actor “the police”.Datum 3: Preventing the singer from performing in Indonesia will not make gay people turnstraight. (TJP: ‘Little Monster’ growl over threats to Gaga: May 09, 2012)The datum above consists of exclusion strategy since there is actor excluded in the datum. To getthe detail analysis, the Functional Grammar tool is used as follows:Preventing the singer from performing inIndonesiaThemewill not make gay peopleturn straightRhemeHere, the datum is an active clause. By using theme and rheme analysis, it shows that the focus ofmessage is the Subject of the clause ‘Preventing the singer from performing in Indonesia’. Themain Subject of the clause is ‘Preventing the singer’. Here, the social actor, the singer (LadyGaga), is included; however, there is another actor who is excluded. This is realized by the47

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org presence of the Noun ‘preventing’. The Noun has proposition ‘someone prevents someone (thesinger)’. Thus, it is definitely there is actor excluded from the clause.The strategy above is categorized as nominalization which is a type of suppressions.Nominalization is the process of changing verb into Noun. Here, the Verb ‘prevent’ isnominalized by adding ‘-ing’, or in English it is usually called as gerund. By using this strategy,the text producer tries to hide the other actor and to drive the readers’ attention to the includedactor ‘the singer (Lady Gaga). Thus, the actor who executes the action (preventing) is hidden.Here, the hidden actor is ‘FPI’ since FPI gives the effort to prevent Lady Gaga to perform inIndonesia. ‘FPI’ has been hidden; the only reason the producer does it is to get the readers whoread this article more pay attention to ‘the singer (Lady Gaga)’ as the victim actor.Datum 4: After clearing those bureaucratic hurdles, promoters in Jakarta had to submit severaladditional permit requests to the National Police. (TJP: No permit for Gaga: Jakartacops: May 15, 2012)The datum above consists of exclusion strategy since there is actor excluded in the datum at thefirst clause. To get the detail analysis, the Functional Grammar tool is used as follows:After clearing those bureaucratichurdles,xβpromoters in Jakarta had to submitseveral additional permit requests tothe National Police.αHere, the datum is a sentence. By using clause complex analysis, it shows that the focus ofmessage is in the first clause ‘After clearing those bureaucratic hurdles’. In the clause, there is anactor excluded, but the actor ‘promoters’ is presented in the second clause. This exclusionstrategy is categorized as backgrounding.By using this strategy, the text producer tries to drive the readers’ attention to the activity or theaction in the first clause. Thus, the the readers who read this article more pay attention to theaction than the social actor.CONCLUSIONAs the results of the study show that the exclusion strategies mostly used are suppressions (95%),we can conclude that The Jakarta Post newspaper uses radical way in representing the actors inthis case. As stated by van Leeuwen that suppressions are kind of exclusion which is called asradical exclusion (2008:29). The results also show that Almost 90% of exclusion strategies go tothe pro social actors of this case. The Jakarta Post newspaper does this for some reasons: first, tohide the excluded social actors; second, to protect the social actors; Third, to drive the readers’attention to the other actor (the victim) which here is Lady Gaga and her supporters as the Congroup. Based on CDA perspective, we also can conclude that the results show that the discourseused by The Jakarta Post Newspaper is not neutral enough in presenting actors of this case.48

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Actually, this is absolutely fair for mass media (which here is The Jakarta Post newspaper) toplay its role as the medium of power. Thus, CDA can be used to disclose the media ideology(side) in presenting the news. The fact is also in line with van Dijk viewpoints that the focus ofCDA is actually to criticize how power is abused; he also highlights dominance and inequalitythat can be meant as to elevate someone or group that have the power (a dominant group), and theother side to position someone or group that have no power in an inappropriate position.Therefore, this study can be useful to increase the readers’ awareness in viewing news presentedby media.LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThis study focuses on analyzing the representation of social actors from the headlines of a mediamass. The term ‘representation’ is related to how something is presented in a text. Besides,according to van Leeuwen (2008:23), “the representation of social actor is related to how theparticipants of social practices can be represented in English discourse. This study implements aCDA model analysis put forward by Theo van Leeuwen (2008). According to van Leeuwen,there are two strategies in representing social actors in a text or in a news of media: inclusion andexclusion strategies. Exclusion means omitting actors of a social action by some linguisticmechanisms; whereas inclusion means putting the actors in the center of attention and beingpresented in the text clearly. However, in this study, the focus is only on investigating theexclusion strategies. According to Theo van Leeuwen (2008:29) there are two kinds of exclusion,suppression and backrounding. Suppression is the exclusion that leaves no traces in therepresentation, excluding both the social actors and their activities, whereas backgrounding is theexclusion that leaves traces in the representation. Suppression might be linguistically realized bypassive agent deletion, nominalization and process of nouns, and non-finite clauses.Backgrounding might be realized by simple ellipses in nonfinite clauses with -ing and –edparticiples, in infinitival clauses with to, and in paratactic clauses. The theory above isimplemented in the analysis of this study. Thus, the exclusion strategies will be the only focus ofthis study as this will also be the limitation of this study.REFERENCESBogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (1992). Qualitative research for education: An introduction totheory and methods. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis-The Critical Study of Language. London:Longman.Gerot, L., & Wignell, P. (1995). Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Australia: Gerd Stabler-Antipodean Educational Enterprises (AEE)Halliday, M., & Matthiessen, Ch. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. (3rd edition).Great Britain: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.Mc Carthy, M. (2000). Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.49

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World(IJLLALW)Volume 4 (3), November 2013; 33-­‐49 Rayhan, B. M., Heriyanto., & Citraresmana EISSN: 2289-­‐2737 & ISSN: 2289-­‐3245 www.ijllalw.org Mahritta, V. (2012). The Legitimation Strategies in The Statement of The Secretary General ofUnited Nations Regarding Libyan Conflict: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Bandung:Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.Paltridge, B. (2000). Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Sydney: Gold Coast.Post, M. D. (2009). Representation of Meaning within Textual Personas: An Analysis of 2008 USPresidential Campaign Speeches. Birmingham: The School of Humanities of TheUniversity of Birmingham.Rashidi, N., & Rasti, A. (2012). Doing (in) Justice to Iran’s Nuke Activities? A CriticalDiscourse Analysis of News Reports of Four Western Quality Newspaper. Article:American Journal of Linguistics 2012, Vol. 1, Page. 1-9Suganda, D. et all (2009). Representasi Sosok Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW) Indonesia dalamWacana Berita pada Harian Umum Utusan Malaysia dan Harian Umum KompasIndonesia (Kajian Analisis Wacana Kritis). Proceeding: Simposium KebudayaanIndonesia Malaysia X, 2009.Van Dijk, T.A. (2008). Discourse and Power. London Palgrave: Routledge.Van L Th. (2008). Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. NewYork: Oxford University Press.Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: SagePublication.50