Karenia mikimotoi

Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Non-toxic phytoplankton blooms 3
2.1 Noctiluca scintillans 3
2.2 Blooms of diamoms 3
2.2.1 Effects on human health 4
2.2.2 Polyunsaturated aldehydes in diatoms 5
2.3 Phaecocystis Spp. 5
2.3.1 Dimethyl Sulphide (DMS) and acrylic acid 7
2.3.2 DMS 8
2.3.3 Acrylic acid 8
2.3.4 Toxicity of acrylic acid to humans 9
2.3.5 Polyinsaturated aldehydes 9
2.3.6 Haemolytic galactolipid 9
2.3.7 Other organisms associated with Phaeocytis colonies 10
2.3.8 Effects on human health 10
2.4 Emiliania huxleyi 10
2.4.1 Other coccolithrophore algae 11
3 Toxic Phtyoplankton 12
3.1 Toxic diatoms and dinoflagellates causing Shellfish poisoning 12
3.2 Prorocentrum lima 12
3.3 Amphidinium carterae 13
3.4 Karenia mikimotoi (formerly Gyrodinium aureolum) 13
3.4.1 Toxins in K. mikimotoi 13
3.4.2 Effects on human health 16
3.4.3 Conclusions 17
3.4.2 Pfiesteria piscicida and putative estuary associated syndrome (PEAS) 17
3.5.1 Pfiesteria-like organisms 18
3.5.2 Effects of Pfiesteria on human health 18
3.5.3 Global distribution 19
3.5.4 Pfiesteria in the UK 19
3.5.5 Monitoring strategies 20
3.6 Chrysochromulina polylepis 20
vi A Literature review of the potential health effects of marine microalgae and macroalgae