131214840-Carl-Schmitt
131214840-Carl-Schmitt
131214840-Carl-Schmitt
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Page xliv<br />
26. Article 1 of the Weimar constitution reads: "The German Reich is a republic. State<br />
power comes from the people." Horst Hildebrandt, ed., Die deutschen Verfassungen des<br />
19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (Paderborn: Schöningh, 1979), 69.<br />
Willibalt Apelt writes that the calling of the National Assembly meant that in "Germany<br />
too Rousseau's political theory that sovereignty, including the determination of the law,<br />
the form of the state, and its constitution, rests with the people had now been accepted."<br />
Apelt too identifies parliamentarism with democracy, in this case because the<br />
alternatives—monarchy or the dictatorship of the proletariat—represented the dominance<br />
of one man or one class. Apelt, Die Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung (Munich &<br />
Berlin: Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1965), 47–48.<br />
27. Richard Thoma, "Das Reich als Demokratie," in Gerhard Anschütz and Richard<br />
Thoma, eds., Handbuch des Deutschen Staatsrechts (Tübingen: Mohr, 1929).<br />
28. Karl Dietrich Bracher, Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik. Eine Studie zum<br />
Problem des Machtverfalls in der Demokratie (Königstein/Ts.: Droste Verlag, 1978),<br />
19.<br />
29. Hugo Preuss, "Volksstaat oder Verkehrter Obrigkeitsstaat?", Berliner Tageblatt, Nr.<br />
583, November 11, 1918, in Preuss, Staat, Recht und Freiheit. Aus 40 Jahren Deutsche<br />
Politik (Tübingen: Mohr, 1926), 366. On Hugo Preuss's place in the history of the<br />
Weimar constitution, see Apelt, Die Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung, 55ff., and the<br />
introduction by Theodor Heuss to Staat, Recht und Freiheit. <strong>Carl</strong> <strong>Schmitt</strong> regarded<br />
Preuss's essay "Volksstaat oder Verkehrter Obrigkeitsstaat?" as "one of the most<br />
important documents of German constitutional history." <strong>Schmitt</strong>, Hugo Preuss: Sein<br />
Staatsbegriff und seine Stellung in der Deutschen Staatslehre (Tübingen: Mohr, 1930),<br />
17. A similar position is taken by Apelt, who, like <strong>Schmitt</strong>, sees Preuss as the single<br />
most important intellectual force in defeating Bolshevism and reaction in 1918–1919;<br />
see <strong>Schmitt</strong>, Hugo Preuss, 56ff. Preuss's "Volksstaat oder Verkehrter Obrigkeitsstaat?''<br />
appeared on the morning of his appointment by Ebert as Staatssekretär in the Interior<br />
Ministry.<br />
30. Preuss, Staat, Recht und Freiheit, 365.<br />
31. Ibid., 367.<br />
32. Ibid., 366.<br />
33. Hugo Preuss, "Denkschrift zum Entwurf des allgemeines Teils der Reichsverfassung<br />
vom 3. Januar 1919," Reichsanzeiger, January 20, 1919, in Preuss, Staat, Recht und<br />
Freiheit, 368–394.<br />
34. Preuss, Staat, Recht und Freiheit, 370. Cf. Anschütz's characterization of Preuss's<br />
"dominant political principle" as "democratic unity," in Verfassung des Deutschen<br />
Reichs vom 11. August 1919 (Berlin: G. Stilke, 1929), 17. See also Anschütz's<br />
discussion of parliament as the representative of the German people as a national whole<br />
(159ff.).<br />
35. Max Weber, "Das neue Deutschland" (1918), in Johannes Winckelmann, ed., Max<br />
Weber. Gesammelte Politische Schriften (Tübingen: Mohr, 1980), 486.<br />
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