R.J. Godlewski's The Independent Counterterrorist. I, Militia. June ...

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Colombia, many combatants smoke basuco which is cocaine paste combined with marijuana and tobacco. 26 In some instances, transshipped drugs are also adopted into the ceremonial practices of a warring group to increase the “high” that is experienced by individual fighters. Cocaine, transshipped via Liberia, became regularly ingested by participants in its civil war. 27 Several drugs like heroin, marijuana, and ATS are used for a number of purposes and are available in a number of different contexts. Hallucinogens like mushrooms, while a part of traditional uses, are also used by certain troops who do not participate in local practices but merely take advantage of their nearby availability for mental escape. Table 3 lists the conflicts where combatants have been known to consume drugs, the supply and demand for the drugs, and the specific drugs known to be consumed by belligerents. Traditional Transshipped Looted Manufactured Stimulant Marijuana, Cocaine, ATS Pharmaceuticals ATS, “basuco” Hashish, Khat, Mushrooms, Coca Reward Khat Heroin, Pharmaceuticals ATS Cocaine Recruitment Marijuana, Khat Heroin, Pharmaceuticals Unknown Cocaine Relaxant Marijuana, Heroin, Pharmaceuticals Prescribed Hashish Opium, Medications for Marijuana Professional Militaries Table 2. Drugs Present in Conflicts. 11
Conflict Supply/Demand Type(s) of Drugs Bosnia Transshipped-Reward Heroin Looted-Stimulant Pharmaceuticals Colombia Manufactured-Stimulant Basuco Traditional-Relaxant Basuco Haiti Transshipped-Stimulant Cocaine Iraq Manufactured-Stimulant (AQI) Methamphetamine Looted-Recruitment (Sunni insurgents) Pharmaceuticals Liberia Transshipped-Stimulant Cocaine Transshipped-Recruitment Cocaine Traditional-Relaxant Marijuana Peru Traditional-Stimulant Coca, base cocaine Philippines Traditional-Stimulant Heroin Russia Transshipped-Reward Heroin Rwanda Looted-Stimulant, Pharmaceuticals Looted Reward Sierra Leone Transshipped-Stimulant, Cocaine, Heroin Transshipped-Recruitment Somalia Traditional-Stimulant, Khat Traditional-Reward, Traditional-Recruitment Uganda Traditional-Stimulant, Khat Traditional-Reward, Traditional-Recruitment Table 3. Known Drug Use by Combatants in Contemporary Conflicts. EFFECTS OF DRUG USE ON THE BATTLEFIELD <strong>The</strong> law of supply and demand for narcotics in wartime also affects the way contemporary wars are being fought. For irregular fighters who consume drugs, the degree of effects on the battlefield has been varied. <strong>The</strong> acute and unrestrained degrees of drug used by irregulars on the battlefield are associated 12
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Page 12 and 13: FOREWORD The presence of drugged fi
Page 14 and 15: SUMMARY The complexity of many ongo
Page 16: Additional institutional measures s
Page 19 and 20: that those who became addicted were
Page 21 and 22: to constrain it. Taking mind alteri
Page 23 and 24: DRUG DEMAND AMONG COMBATANTS Drugs
Page 25 and 26: equipped troops also causes the sam
Page 27: for ailments unrelated to combat. N
Page 31 and 32: that many fighters do not act in a
Page 33 and 34: Giving drugs to individuals coincid
Page 35 and 36: in war occurs for a variety of reas
Page 37 and 38: in the conflict will have to prepar
Page 39 and 40: use. A type of drug quagmire can de
Page 41 and 42: “There’s guys who have to have
Page 43 and 44: with eccentric nicknames reflecting
Page 45 and 46: law enforcement institutions like E
Page 47 and 48: parameters of any possible peace ac
Page 49 and 50: Unlike the Vietnam era, the U.S. mi
Page 51 and 52: tions of professional military educ
Page 53 and 54: British routinely sought to destroy
Page 55 and 56: 22. Addressing Organized Crime and
Page 57 and 58: 44. Little study has been done on t
Page 59 and 60: 68. See, for example, Richard Rawso
Page 61 and 62: MEXICO'S NARCO-INSURGENCY AND U.S.
Page 63 and 64: FOREWORD Since 2006, Mexico has rap
Page 65 and 66: SUMMARY On June 30, 2008, President
Page 67 and 68: MEXICO’S NARCO-INSURGENCY AND U.S
Page 69: major foreign traffickers, with dom
Page 74 and 75: taken to recruiting former military
Page 76 and 77: Another calling card of these group
Page 78 and 79:
implications of the narcotics-fuele
Page 80 and 81:
part of the country. Felipe Caldero
Page 82 and 83:
public servants—whether local cop
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Coahuila in 2006. 71 These practice
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of opportunity, and feelings of hop
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oll back the violence that has roil
Page 90 and 91:
extended throughout Latin America.
Page 92 and 93:
to place greater stress on promotin
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poor farmers and thus undercut the
Page 96 and 97:
National Drug Intelligence Center a
Page 98 and 99:
complain of having signed coca erad
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it needed to attack them,” report
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honest, professional manner. The Me
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In congressional hearings on the Me
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unresolved. Similarly, while interd
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ut improving and expanding U.S. eng
Page 110 and 111:
addict rehabilitation—can have a
Page 112 and 113:
have long nourished the drug trade
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Beltrans Join the Golf Cartel and Z
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in 2007. “Homicidio de presunto z
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49. U.S. Immigration and Customs En
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71. Sarah Miller Llana, “Military
Page 122 and 123:
for Mexico and Central America, Was
Page 124 and 125:
106. Gabriel Marcella, The United S
Page 126 and 127:
123. “Visit to Cucuta, on Colombi
Page 128 and 129:
FROM THE NEW MIDDLE AGES TO A NEW D
Page 130:
***** The Strategic Studies Institu
Page 133 and 134:
and restoring order, and remains ov
Page 136 and 137:
SUMMARY Security and stability in t
Page 138 and 139:
disengagement at the other. The fir
Page 140 and 141:
FROM THE NEW MIDDLE AGES TO A NEW D
Page 142 and 143:
Observers who see the dominance of
Page 144 and 145:
government has dominated U.S. plann
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ecome regarded as a global “space
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countries at the bottom that are fa
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The medieval order was a highly fle
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skewed in the direction of the ethn
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group, religion, or sect—has crea
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control of drug trafficking routes
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to illicit activities is a natural
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ability of the various nonstate act
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ted urban spaces that are no longer
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Although it might appear contrived
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where the riots discussed above wer
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spite of such measures as the Conta
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ecome increasingly apparent, while
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analyzed within the context of the
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a nuclear weapons state. Conditions
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demands are likely to “encounter
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spreading. To some extent, these co
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V. GLOBAL INSTABILITY AND U.S. STRA
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indivisible. From this perspective,
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of loyalty to the mission, and focu
Page 186 and 187:
assumption that although these tren
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order discussed above. Yet this mig
Page 190 and 191:
15. Ibid. 16. John Rapley, “The N
Page 192 and 193:
Crime, New York: Simon and Schuster
Page 194 and 195:
2007, posted by and available at ww
Page 196:
93. Ibid., p. 7. 94. Ibid., p. 34.
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