Research Methods in Toxicology and Insecticide Resistance ...

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Foreword By 2020, the world will require about 500 million tons of milled rice a year. To achieve this, production will need to average 5 tons per hectare. One constant threat for farmers to obtain this yield is losses caused by insects. When prophylactic insecticides are constantly applied, such practices will destroy ecosystem services and cause planthopper outbreaks, and will also induce rapid development of insecticide resistance. In the past 10 years, we have witnessed this type of insecticide resistance against some active ingredients. Insecticide resistance can be a major threat to the sustainability of rice production. Scientists will need to constantly monitor the development of insecticide resistance in order to design and implement strategies to manage resistance. In the fi eld of insecticide toxicology, it is important that experimental techniques be well established and properly used to eliminate errors arising from biotic and abiotic variations in these techniques. This book will be an important tool for scientists, professors, and students involved in insecticide toxicology and research on insecticide resistance. I would like to express our thanks to the Asian Development Bank for providing technical assistance that has made this publication possible. Dr. Robert S. Zeigler Director General v
Page 2 and 3: Research Methods in Toxicology and
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword v Preface vii Ack
Page 8 and 9: Preface Rice planthoppers are devel
Page 10 and 11: Acknowledgments This book would not
Page 12 and 13: 2 K.L. Heong, K.H. Tan, C.P.F. Garc
Page 14 and 15: Paul Hermann Müller (1899-1965), a
Page 16 and 17: H H H C O H C OH ATP ADP H C OH H C
Page 18 and 19: Step 7: Succinyl-CoA, with the addi
Page 20 and 21: Step 1: Acyl-CoA with cofactor FAD
Page 22 and 23: The most common detoxifying reactio
Page 24 and 25: Brain Fig. 1.5. The insect neuroend
Page 26 and 27: elease of acetylcholine (a common n
Page 28 and 29: 18 K.L. Heong, K.H. Tan, C.P.F. Gar
Page 32 and 33: Table 2.1. History of insecticide u
Page 34 and 35: Where do insecticides act in the in
Page 36 and 37: 6. Inhibiting the transfer of elect
Page 38 and 39: from different chemical classes hav
Page 40 and 41: phenomenon is known as the “pesti
Page 42 and 43: The resistance of BPH to imidaclopr
Page 44 and 45: Insensitive chitin synthase In a fi
Page 50 and 51: same place, and have the same age,
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A B C D E Fig. 4.2. Collection cage
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3. After the hot water has been dra
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synchronize their availability. The
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52 K.L. Heong, K.H. Tan, C.P.F. Gar
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Preparation of insecticide concentr
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Fig. 5.4. Preparation of test insec
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2. One option is to copy the data f
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4. Save the fi le. Choose OK and Ye
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5. Next, select Check data to verif
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Fig. 6.1. Output results. (Cont.) T
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Standardized residuals 5 4 3 2 1 0
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4. For the Probit values, follow st
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11. Go to the Chart menu and select
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7. Label the populations by changin
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11. Choose the Line tool, draw a li
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1 2 3 5 Fig. 7.1. PoloPlus© output
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3. Then, the Compute button is sele
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Mortality in probits 9 IRRI Tien Gi
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Karunaratne SHPP, Small GJ, Hemingw
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Supplementary References ATPase. ht
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Cont. Source: Finney (1971). 98 K.L
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Appendix B2. Excel worksheet for qu
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