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Women and Chemicals

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1<br />

Summary 6<br />

5<br />

<strong>Women</strong> as agents of change 46<br />

2<br />

Why focus on women <strong>and</strong> chemicals? 8<br />

<strong>Women</strong>, sustainable development<br />

<strong>and</strong> chemicals 8<br />

Biological determinants 10<br />

Susceptible windows of development 10<br />

Transgenerational effects 10<br />

Gender <strong>and</strong> social determinants 11<br />

Roles <strong>and</strong> tasks of women <strong>and</strong> men 11<br />

Links: discrimination, poverty, education,<br />

public participation <strong>and</strong> access to resources 12<br />

Scientific limitations 14<br />

6<br />

What are the main harmful<br />

substances that women are<br />

exposed to? 49<br />

Existing lists of harmful chemicals 49<br />

<strong>Chemicals</strong> discussed: EDCs, highly hazardous<br />

pesticides, POPs, lead <strong>and</strong> mercury 50<br />

Endocrine Disrupting <strong>Chemicals</strong> (EDCs) 50<br />

Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) 51<br />

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 51<br />

Heavy metals – lead <strong>and</strong> mercury 52<br />

3<br />

4<br />

<strong>Women</strong>’s health under threat 17<br />

Breast cancer 17<br />

Infertility 20<br />

Where are women exposed<br />

to chemicals? 25<br />

<strong>Women</strong> as consumers 25<br />

<strong>Chemicals</strong> in products 26<br />

7<br />

Existing initiatives 54<br />

International Organisations 54<br />

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 54<br />

UN <strong>Women</strong> 56<br />

BRS Conventions Secretariat 56<br />

Strategic Approach to International<br />

<strong>Chemicals</strong> Management (SAICM) 57<br />

World Health Organisation (WHO) 57<br />

<strong>Women</strong> at home 30<br />

United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) 57<br />

Toxic building materials 30<br />

Indoor air pollution 30<br />

Typical exposure source at home –<br />

cleaning detergents 31<br />

<strong>Women</strong> at the workplace 33<br />

International Labour Organisation (ILO) 57<br />

Non-governmental Organisations 58<br />

Business 58<br />

Governments 59<br />

<strong>Women</strong> in agriculture 33<br />

<strong>Women</strong> in industry 36<br />

<strong>Women</strong> in the informal sector 37<br />

<strong>Women</strong> in services 38<br />

<strong>Women</strong> as mothers 39<br />

Pregnant women 39<br />

Breast milk contamination 40<br />

Conclusions <strong>and</strong> recommendations 61<br />

Bibliography 63<br />

Abbreviations 65<br />

<strong>Women</strong> in their environment 42

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