Beyond clickbait and commerce

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Saifoloi, Malama, Stowers-Ama, Jarcinda, Papoutsaki, Evangelia, Williams, Marcus, Davis, Catherine, Kailahi, Sandra and Naqvi, Munawwar (2014) Participatory video and the Pacifica Mamas: Exploring visual dialogue as an enabler for social and economic change. Paper presented at the OUR Media conference, Diverse communities, diverse media, University of Goroka, Papua New Guinea. Available online at http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/handle/10652/2937 Shaw, Alan (1996) Social constructionism and the inner city: Designing environments for social development and urban renewal, Kafai, Y. B. and Resnick, M. (eds) Constructionism in practice: Designing, thinking, and learning in a digital world, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Siemens, George (2005) Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age, International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, Vol. 2, No. 1 pp 3-10 Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (2012) Decolonizing methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples, London: Zed Books, second edition Spurgeon, Christina, Burgess, Jean, Klaebe, Helen, McWilliam, Kelly, Tacchi, Jo and Tsai, Mimi (2009) Co-creative media: Theorising digital storytelling as a platform for researching and developing participatory culture. Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference 2009: Communication, Creativity and Global Citizenship, Brisbane. Available online at http://www.anzca. net/conferences/past-conferences/44-adam.html Tacchi, Jo (2012) Digital engagement: Voice and participation in development, Horst, H. and Miller, D. (eds) Digital anthropology, Oxford, Berg Unitec Institute of Technology. (2015a) Telling stories, Advance, Winter pp 16-19 Unitec Institute of Technology (2015b) Telling stories through The living community. Available online at http://www.unitec.ac.nz/about-us/telling-storiesthrough-the-living-community, accessed on 18 December 2015 Violence Free Waitakere (2015) Banishing bullying together. Available online at http://www.violencefreewaitakere.org/our-projects/bully-banishing-together, accessed on on 10 October 2015 Waitakere Paciifc Arts Cultural Centre (2014) The Pacifica Arts Centre. Available online at http://www.pacificaarts.org/about-us, accessed on 15 March 2014 Williams, Jocelyn E. (2009) Connecting people: Investigating a relationship between internet access and social cohesion in local community settings. PhD thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North. Available online at http://goo.gl/ Ugl2p6 Williams, Jocelyn E. (2013) Social cohesion and free home internet in New Zealand., Abdelaal, A. (ed.) Social and economic effects of community wireless networks and infrastructures, Hershey, PA, IGI Global Williams, Jocelyn E. (2014) The spaces between: The Living Community. Available online at http://linkingthespaces.com/, accessed on 18 December 2015 Williams, Jocelyn E., and Saifoloi, Malama (2016) Promoting the Pacifica Mamas: Piecing together their work and their story on film. Paper presented at the Australian Association of Pacific Studies ‘Tides of transformation: Pacific pasts, Pacific futures’ 6th Biennial Conference, The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia RESEARCH PAPER Note on the contributor Jocelyn Williams (jwilliams@unitec.ac.nz) has 17 years’ experience working in community research projects from the digital divide to digital and community media. She completed her PhD in Community Informatics in 2009, and works in the Department of Communication Studies at Unitec Institute of Technology teaching communication, supervising research and leading community engagement and communication planning projects that straddle research and practice. Copyright 2016-2/3. Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics. All rights reserved. Vol 13, No 2/3 2016 65
Clare Cook Money under fire: The ethics of revenue generation for oppositional news outlets This paper critically assesses the ethical challenges not-forprofit oppositional news outlets face when generating revenues. Both media in exile (out-of-country news outlets feeding independent information into the country of origin) and those in restrictive environments (in-country providing counter-information) often rely on media development funding to survive. Yet they are increasingly expected to diversify revenue as they wean themselves off grant dependency. As a result, tension arises between the necessities to generate revenues while continuing journalism in some of the most challenging environments globally. Building on empirical data, the author reflects on the ethical implications of three main revenue categories being used: grant funding, commercial revenues and donations. The paper finds oppositional news organisations are faced with a unique set of pragmatic challenges that prompts an ethical value set which oscillates between entrenched dependence on grant funding, commercial reluctance and commercial reconciliation. Key words: exile, oppositional news, revenues, business, media development Introduction Exiled media can no longer operate in the country relating to their content. Journalists operate in exile on a residency, refugee or asylum status and focus on getting news back in. News exists online, occasionally in print, or shortwave radio near borders, satellites or phone-in radio. They are often unable to return home due to danger or warrants for their arrest, and many have been abused, imprisoned or tortured. The sites can be blocked in-country, requiring a proxy server; offices can be destroyed and cyber-attacks carried out. Information providers in restrictive news environments are in-country news outlets often operating under the radar. They also face extensive legal and operational difficulties. Both kinds of oppositional news outlets share a desire to truth-tell, give a voice to their populations suffering war or oppression and foster 66 Copyright 2016-2/3. Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics. All rights reserved. Vol 13, No 2/3 2016
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Beyond clickbait and commerce The e
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Contents Editorial Looking beyond t
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EDITORIAL Looking beyond the tradit
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These questions of independence are
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of the work produced by foundation-
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Crisis Center, for example, has a g
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library that spotlights progress in
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journalists working on the developm
Page 18 and 19: Note on the contributor Dr Mel Bunc
Page 20 and 21: 2014). One response has been to par
Page 22 and 23: and/or distributed by ENGOs to mobi
Page 24 and 25: democratic dissent’, while DeLuca
Page 26 and 27: ecording the interviews, I engaged
Page 28 and 29: spent two weeks collecting images a
Page 30 and 31: Although photographs of spirit bear
Page 32 and 33: up the article ‘Pipeline through
Page 34 and 35: Alexandra Garcia, iLCP communicatio
Page 36 and 37: killed/, accessed on 27 December 20
Page 38 and 39: Dave Harte ‘Tell it like it is’
Page 40 and 41: Veronica Coatham and Lisa Martinali
Page 42 and 43: which content its audience is most
Page 44 and 45: in the 1990s and early 2000s. Borge
Page 46 and 47: in Leeds, he notes the valuable rol
Page 48 and 49: Yet the nature of the journalism at
Page 50 and 51: Foucault, Michel (1980) Power/Knowl
Page 52 and 53: Unitec research colleagues; media p
Page 54 and 55: voice in seven unique contexts was
Page 56 and 57: therefore, challenging to strike th
Page 58 and 59: 7 The Pacifica Mamas, ‘matriarchs
Page 60 and 61: sharing approach to collaboration,
Page 62 and 63: programme, and they wanted the spot
Page 64 and 65: and that I was entrusting myself to
Page 66 and 67: ecosystem (Cooren 2015b). In a 2015
Page 70 and 71: informed citizenry. Most see journa
Page 72 and 73: While there is no universally accep
Page 74 and 75: news organisation are decisions to
Page 76 and 77: is largely seen as unethical to ask
Page 78 and 79: open to paying for content. Others
Page 80 and 81: Conclusions Overall, oppositional n
Page 82 and 83: Foster, Michelle (2012) Calling the
Page 84 and 85: Judith Townend ‘Charitable journa
Page 86 and 87: In the second category, where the r
Page 88 and 89: Among the issues is the Charity Com
Page 90 and 91: House of Lords (2012) House of Lord
Page 92 and 93: press in a democracy to campaign, l
Page 94 and 95: The tribunal’s decision For the p
Page 96 and 97: charitable journalism may be recogn
Page 98 and 99: Denis Muller Conflict of interest:
Page 100 and 101: Tanner et al. (2005: 187) identify
Page 102 and 103: to its audiences. To engage in jour
Page 104 and 105: creating a commercial climate in wh
Page 106 and 107: that a sponsor would have no role i
Page 108 and 109: Items about Dove not labelled as sp
Page 110 and 111: their public-interest responsibilit
Page 112 and 113: Murtha, Jack and Gourarie, Chava (2
Page 114 and 115: Recognising the shadow elements of
Page 116 and 117: admits that ‘systematic’ may be
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Rather than ethics being an issue t
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