INTENSIVE CARE
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Table 1 Characteristics of the included reviews on childbirth and postnatal interventions<br />
Reviews Objective Type of Studies<br />
included (number)<br />
Hotnett 2013<br />
[10]<br />
Smail 2010<br />
[16]<br />
Cotter 2001<br />
[21]<br />
Soltani 2010<br />
[22]<br />
McDonald<br />
2004 [25]<br />
Begley 2011<br />
[24]<br />
McDonald<br />
2013 [26]<br />
Pena-Marti<br />
2007 [27]<br />
Gulmezoglu<br />
2012 [30]<br />
Hussain<br />
2011 [31]<br />
Hofmeyr<br />
2013 [33]<br />
Tuncalp<br />
2012 [34]<br />
Mousa 2007<br />
[35]<br />
Lopez 2010<br />
[39]<br />
Dodd 2004<br />
[45]<br />
To assess the effects of continuous, one-to-one intrapartum<br />
support compared with usual care.<br />
To assess the effects of prophylactic antibiotics compared with no<br />
prophylactic antibiotics on infectious complications in women<br />
undergoing cesarean section.<br />
To examine the effect of oxytocin given prophylactically in the<br />
third stage of labour on maternal and neonatal outcomes.<br />
To assess the effect of the timing of administration of<br />
prophylactic uterotonics (before compared to after placental<br />
delivery) on the outcomes related to the third stage of labour.<br />
To compare the effects of ergometrine-oxytocin with oxytocin in<br />
reducing the risk of PPH (blood loss of at least 500 ml) and other<br />
maternal and neonatal outcomes.<br />
To compare the effectiveness of active versus expectant<br />
management of the third stage of labour.<br />
To determine the effects of early cord clamping compared with<br />
late cord clamping after birth on maternal and neonatal<br />
outcomes<br />
To determine the efficacy of fundal pressure versus controlled<br />
cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage<br />
of labour.<br />
To evaluate the benefits and harms of a policy of labour<br />
induction at term or post-term compared to awaiting<br />
spontaneous labour or later induction of labour.<br />
The purpose of this review was to study the possible impact of<br />
induction of labour (IOL) for post-term pregnancies compared to<br />
expectant management on stillbirths.<br />
To determine the effectiveness of uterine massage after birth and<br />
before or after delivery of the placenta, or both, to reduce<br />
postpartum blood loss and associated morbidity and mortality.<br />
To assess the effects of prophylactic prostaglandin use in the third<br />
stage of labour.<br />
To assess the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological, surgical<br />
and radiological interventions used for the treatment of primary<br />
PPH<br />
Assess the effects of educational interventions for postpartum<br />
mothers about contraceptive use<br />
To assess the clinical effects of treatments for postpartum<br />
anaemia, including oral, intravenous or subcutaneous iron/folate<br />
supplementation and erythropoietin administration, and blood<br />
transfusion.<br />
Cochrane/<br />
non-<br />
Cochrane<br />
56 neonatal <strong>INTENSIVE</strong> <strong>CARE</strong> Vol. 29 No. 4 • Fall 2016<br />
Pooled<br />
Data<br />
(Y/N)<br />
Outcomes reported<br />
RCTs: 21 Cochrane Yes spontaneous vaginal birth, intrapartum analgesia, dissatisfaction,<br />
caesarean, instrumental vaginal birth, regional analgesia<br />
RCTs and qRCTs: 86 Cochrane Yes febrile morbidity, wound infection, endometritis and serious<br />
maternal infectious complications<br />
RCTs: 14 Cochrane Yes Blood loss, removal of placenta, blood pressure<br />
RCTs: 3 Cochrane Yes postpartum haemorrhage, retained placenta, length of third stage<br />
of labour, postpartum blood loss, changes in haemoglobin, blood<br />
transfusion; the use of additional uterotonics the incidence of<br />
maternal hypotension and the incidence of severe postpartum<br />
haemorrhage<br />
RCTs: 6 Cochrane Yes blood loss of at least 500 m<br />
RCTs and qRCTs: 5 Cochrane Yes maternal primary haemorrhage, maternal haemoglobin<br />
RCTs:15 Cochrane Yes postpartum haemorrhage<br />
RCTs: 0 Cochrane No None<br />
RCTs: 19 Cochrane Yes perinatal deaths, cesarean sections<br />
Studies: 25<br />
RCTs: 14<br />
Non-<br />
Cochrane<br />
Table 1 Characteristics of the included reviews on childbirth and postnatal interventions (Continued)<br />
French 2004<br />
[46]<br />
Kesho Bora<br />
2009 [47]<br />
McCall 2010<br />
[49]<br />
Dyson 2005<br />
[52]<br />
Lewin 2010<br />
[53]<br />
Lassi 2010<br />
[54]<br />
Imdad 2011<br />
[55]<br />
Debes 2013<br />
[56]<br />
Lumbiganon<br />
2011 [57]<br />
Imdad 2013<br />
[62]<br />
Zupan 2004<br />
[60]<br />
Ziino 2002<br />
[67]<br />
Lee 2011 [68]<br />
Ungerer<br />
2004 [69]<br />
The effect of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of<br />
postpartum endometritis on failure of therapy and complications<br />
was systematically reviewed.<br />
Triple-antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis during pregnancy and<br />
breastfeeding compared to short-ARV prophylaxis to prevent<br />
mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (PMTCT): the Kesho Bora<br />
randomized controlled clinical trial in five sites in Burkina Faso,<br />
Kenya<br />
To assess efficacy and safety of interventions designed for<br />
prevention of hypothermia in preterm and/or low birthweight<br />
infants applied within ten minutes after birth in the delivery suite<br />
compared with routine thermal care.<br />
To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions which aim to<br />
encourage women to breastfeed in terms of changes in the<br />
number of women who start to breastfeed.<br />
To assess the effects of LHW interventions in primary and<br />
community health care on maternal and child health and the<br />
management of infectious diseases.<br />
To assess the effectiveness of community-based intervention<br />
packages in reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and<br />
mortality; and improving neonatal outcomes.<br />
To assess the effectiveness of breastfeeding promotion<br />
interventions on breastfeeding rates in early infancy.<br />
To review the evidence for early breastfeeding initiation practices<br />
and to estimate the associationbetween timing and neonatal<br />
outcomes.<br />
To evaluate the effectiveness of antenatal BF education for<br />
increasing BF initiation and duration.<br />
To evaluate the effects of application of chlorhexidineto the<br />
umbilical cord to children born in low income countries on cord<br />
infection (omphalitis) and neonatal mortality.<br />
To assess the effects of topical cord care in preventing cord<br />
infection, illness and death.<br />
To determine if the administration of epinephrine to apparently<br />
stillborn and extremely bradycardic newborns reduces mortality<br />
and morbidity<br />
To estimate the mortality effect of immediate newborn<br />
assessment and stimulation, and basic resuscitation on neonatal<br />
deaths due to term intrapartum-related events or preterm birth,<br />
for facility and home births.<br />
To assess the effect of prophylactic versus selective antibiotic<br />
treatment for asymptomatic term neonates born to mothers with<br />
risk factors for neonatal infection.<br />
Yes<br />
Stillbirths<br />
RCTs: 2 Cochrane No Blood loss<br />
RCTs: 72 Cochrane Yes severe PPH, blood transfusion<br />
RCTs: 3 Cochrane Yes maternal mortality, hysterectomy, use of uterotonics, blood<br />
transfusion, or evacuation of retained products, maternal pyrexia<br />
RCTs: 8 Cochrane Yes effect on contraceptive use<br />
RCTs: 6 Cochrane Yes lactation at discharge from hospital<br />
RCTs: 47 Cochrane Yes treatment failures<br />
1 study in five different<br />
location<br />
Non<br />
Cochrane<br />
No<br />
Extended triple ARV regimen consisting of the anti-HIV drugs<br />
zidovudine, lamivudine andlopinavir/ritonavir, from the last<br />
trimester of pregnancy and continued during breastfeeding up to<br />
the age of six months.<br />
RCTs: 6 Cochrane Yes heat losses in infants < 28 weeks’ gestation, risk of death within<br />
hospital stay<br />
RCTs: 7 Cochrane Yes increasing breastfeeding initiation rates<br />
RCTs: 82 Cochrane Yes increasing breastfeeding initiation rates<br />
RCTs and qRCTs: 18 Cochrane Yes Maternal mortality, neonatal mortality, perinatal morality, stillbirths,<br />
newborn care practices<br />
RCTs and qRCTs: 53<br />
prospective studies,<br />
includingRCTs, and<br />
cohort studies = 18<br />
Non-<br />
Cochrane<br />
Non-<br />
Cochrane<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
EBF at 4-6 weeks postpartum<br />
All-cause neonatal mortality, infection-related neonatal mortality<br />
RCTs: 17 Cochrane No BF educational interventions were not significantly better than a<br />
single intervention<br />
3 RCTs Non-<br />
Cochrane<br />
Yes<br />
All cause neonatal mortality, omphalitis<br />
RCTs and qRCTs: 21 Cochrane Yes colonization with antibiotics<br />
RCTs: 0 Cochrane No -<br />
RTs: 2<br />
qRCT: 2<br />
Observational studies:<br />
20<br />
Non-<br />
Cochrane<br />
Yes<br />
preterm birth<br />
RCTs: 2 Cochrane No -<br />
http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/11/S1/S3<br />
http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/11/S1/S3