Treatment of Sex Offenders

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10 Community Control of Sex Offenders 241 Vasquez, B. E., Maddan, S., & Walker, J. T. (2008). The influence of sex offender registration and notification laws in the United States. Crime and Delinquency, 54 (2), 175–192. Veysey, B., Zgoba, K., & Dalessandro, M. (2008). A preliminary step towards evaluating the impact of Megan’s Law: A trend analysis of sexual offenses in New Jersey from 1985 to 2005. Justice Research and Policy, 10 (2), 1–18. Washington State Institute for Public Policy. (2005). Sex offender sentencing in Washington State: Did community notification influence recidivism? Retrieved from Olympia. Widom, C. S., & Maxfield, M. G. (2001). An update on the “Cycle of Violence” . Des Moines, IA: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. Williams, K. S., & Bierie, D. M. (2014). An incident-based comparison of female and male sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , doi:1079063214544333. Williams, F. P., McShane, M. D., & Dolny, M. H. (2000). Predicting parole absconders. Prison Journal, 80 (1), 24–38. Willis, G., & Grace, R. C. (2008). The quality of community reintegration planning for child molesters: Effects on sexual recidivism. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20 (2), 218–240. Willis, G., & Grace, R. (2009). Assessment of community reintegration planning for sex offenders: Poor planning predicts recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36 (5), 494–512. Zandbergen, P., & Hart, T. C. (2006). Reducing housing options for convicted sex offenders: Investigating the impact of residency restriction laws using GIS. Justice Research and Policy, 8 (2), 1–24. Zandbergen, P., & Hart, T. (2009). Availability and spatial distribution of affordable housing in Miami-Dade County and implications of residency restriction zones for registered sex offenders. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http://www.aclufl.org/pdfs/SORRStudy.pdf Zandbergen, P., Levenson, J. S., & Hart, T. (2010). Residential proximity to schools and daycares: An empirical analysis of sex offense recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37 (5), 482–502. Zevitz, R. G., & Farkas, M. A. (2000). Sex offender community notification: Managing high risk criminals or exacting further vengeance? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 18 , 375–391. Zgoba, K. (2004). Spin doctors and moral crusaders: The moral panic behind child safety legislation. Criminal Justice Studies, 17 (4), 385–404. Zgoba, K., & Levenson, J. S. (2012). Failure to register as a predictor of sex offense recidivism: The Big Bad Wolf or a Red Herring? Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24 (4), 328–349. Zgoba, K., Levenson, J. S., & McKee, T. (2009). Examining the Impact of Sex Offender Residence Restrictions on Housing Availability. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20 (1), 91–110. Zgoba, K., Veysey, B., & Dalessandro, M. (2010). An analysis of the effectiveness of community notification and registration: Do the best intentions predict best practices? Justice Quarterly, 27 , 667–691. Zgoba, K., Miner, M., Knight, R. A., Letourneau, E., Levenson, J. S., & Thornton, D. (2012). A multi-state recidivism study using Static99R and Static2002 risk scores and tier guidelines from the Adam Walsh Act . Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240099.pdf . Zgoba, K., Witt, P., Dalessandro, M., & Veysey, B. (2009). Megan’s Law: Assessing the practical and monetary efficacy . Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/225370.pdf Zimring, F. E. (2006). The great American crime decline . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chapter 11 The Best Intentions: Flaws in Sexually Violent Predator Laws Kresta N. Daly Sexually violent predator laws allow states to deprive individuals of their liberty using a civil commitment process. While the civil commitment process has evolved to offer many of the constitutional protections afforded a criminal defendant such as the right to counsel, the right to subpoena witnesses and evidence, and the right to a speedy and public jury trial, the fundamental flaw with the civil commitment process is that it is used in place of the criminal system, thereby circumventing the legal process as envisioned in the constitution. The goals behind sexually violent predator laws are laudable; such restraints are intended to protect the public. The argument made by prosecutors and accepted by courts is these civil commitments are regulatory not punitive. The regulatory argument essentially states these laws are not intended to punish individuals with mental disorders or defects who are considered likely to commit future crimes because of mental disorders or defects. The passage of sex offender laws began in the 1930s in this country. Originally those laws were known as “ sexual psychopath laws .” Almost as soon as the sexual psychopath laws were adopted, lawmakers began making changes to those laws. Since the 1930s, the law in this area has continually been changing. At the current point in the evolutionary continuum, most states have some form of sexually violent predator [SVP] laws . Beginning in the 1980s and continuing into the 1990s, the United States saw the abolition of indeterminate sentencing for criminal defendants. Indeterminate sentencing varied from state to state but generally gave judges the freedom to sentence a person to a span of years, i.e., 7–12 years. In such case the defendant could not be released in fewer than 7 years nor imprisoned more than 12 years. The courts or probation could recommend release if the defendant had proved he or she was deserving of release. K. N. Daly (*) Barth Daly LLP , 431 I Street, Suite 201 , Sacramento , CA 95814 , USA e-mail: kdaly@barth-daly.com © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 D.R. Laws, W. O’Donohue (eds.), Treatment of Sex Offenders, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25868-3_11 243
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Pref ace It can be wise for a field
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Contributors Adam J. Carter , Ph.D.
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Chapter 6 Polygraph Testing of Sex
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6 Polygraph Testing of Sex Offender
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