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Description of document:<br />

ISCAP release:<br />

Posted date:<br />

Note:<br />

Source of document:<br />

Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC) Technical Report<br />

422: PROJECT COMBO: Review and Recommendations,<br />

<strong>1980</strong><br />

06-December-2016<br />

26-December-2016<br />

Material released under ISCAP appeal<br />

Mandatory Declassification Review Request<br />

Department of the Navy<br />

SECNAV DON/AA-DRMD<br />

1000 Navy Pentagon<br />

Washington, DC 20350-1000<br />

The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials<br />

made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its<br />

principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however,<br />

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its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or<br />

damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the<br />

governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from<br />

government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns<br />

about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question.<br />

GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website.


MEMBERS<br />

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE<br />

GanyP. Reid<br />

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE<br />

Mark A. Bradley<br />

DEPARTMENT OF STATE<br />

Amb. Larry L. Palmer<br />

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF<br />

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE<br />

Jennifer L. Hudson<br />

NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND<br />

RECORDS ADMINISTRATION<br />

Sheryl J. Shenberger<br />

NATIONAL SECURITY<br />

COUNCIL<br />

John P. Fitzpatrick, Chair<br />

Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel<br />

c/o Information Security Oversight Office<br />

700 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Room 100<br />

Washington, D.C. 20408<br />

Telephone: (202) 357-5250<br />

Fax: (202) 357-5907<br />

E-mail: iscap@nara.gov<br />

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY<br />

William A. Cira,<br />

Acting Director<br />

INFORMATION SECURITY<br />

OVERSIGHT OFFICE<br />

December 6, 2016<br />

Please be advised that the Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP) has<br />

concluded its consideration of the mandatory declassification review appeal 2006-033 filed by<br />

you and that the 60-day period during which an agency head may appeal an ISCAP decision to<br />

the President has expired. Enclosed is a copy of the document and a chart that outlines the<br />

ISCAP decision on the records under appeal. With the exception of any information that is<br />

otherwise authorized and warranted for withholding under applicable law, we are releasing all<br />

information declassified by the IS CAP to you. If you have questions about this appeal, please<br />

contact William Carpenter of my staff at (202) 357-5250.<br />

Sincerely,<br />

I. ~ 'tl1J · t/' /J'"<br />

VV',.(..u::t,ft j,1'~ . - t~~<br />

WILLIAM A. CIRA<br />

Executive Secretary<br />

Enclosures<br />

cc:<br />

Mr. Mark M. Langerman,<br />

DoD Liaison to the ISCAP<br />

Ms. Gaye Evans,<br />

Deputy DON/AA


N<br />

N<br />

~<br />

G::<br />

....<br />

~<br />

0<br />

z<br />

. DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE<br />

· INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PA:'\EL,<br />

• E.O. 13526, SECTION S.3(b)(3)<br />

ISCAP APPEAL NO. 2006-033, document no. I<br />

DECLASSIFICATION DATE: December 02, 2016<br />

Technical Report 422<br />

PROJECT COMBO: REVIEW AND<br />

RECOMMENDATIONS (U)<br />

WC Cummings, RL Seeley,<br />

PO Thompson, RA Johnson<br />

July <strong>1980</strong><br />

,--.:~~IOML_ ,S~CIJK~Ii. • ~:::.~!::::..,<br />

•QD99ttaor1ae4 Dl•alosurt.Subjeot to Cl'Smlanl<br />

lulott.-• ..:..-.---·<br />

Prepared for:<br />

Naval Sea Systems Command<br />

and<br />

Naval Electronic Systems Command<br />

DTIC<br />

SELECTE<br />

AUG 28 19IK)<br />

.'\<br />

NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER<br />

SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92152<br />

Copy AJ of<br />

Copies<br />

S-5029·79


--·· ~ • i '<br />

I<br />

. I<br />

Best<br />

Available<br />

Copy


SECRET<br />

CThts j)aqe .. ii U:ack"S:::.~· .-::,<br />

..<br />

~·<br />

< ~.:<br />

NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER.SAN DIEGO, CA 92152<br />

AN ACTIVITY OF THE NAVAL MATERIAL COMMAND<br />

SL GUILLE. CAPT. USN<br />

HL BLOOD<br />

Commander<br />

Technical Oisector<br />

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION tU)<br />

"··<br />

/,<br />

r:.<br />

i-<br />

{ Ul This work was p.:rformcd umkr sponsorship of Naval Sea Systems Co11111wnd<br />

and N:ival Eledronk Systems Command.<br />

...<br />

{ Ul \V\• ;u.:knowkdgc !he assistanl.'e of J. F. Fish and I~. S. Gulcs of NOSC through·<br />

oul Proje~·1 COMBO. We arc grnt1:ful for the help of M. E. Dahlhcim. A. Dihclku. D. Ferrin.<br />

J. D. Finch. M. D. Flaskll. S. J. J. Ci. lloffnrnn :md C. I>. Smilh at NAVSEA<br />

:mu M. L. Parker. Jr. llnd I. L. Smk-1:111 :11 NAVELl.X. and for !he assistmK~' or 11. B. Stone<br />

in OP 987 illlll CDR D. It Moyer USN. CDR C. B. Lowe USN and LCDR A. J. l>ietzler<br />

USN at NMATQ~.<br />

(UJ J. F. Fish and Ci. A. Turlon were the h:chnk;il rcvicw~·rs. W. ,\,Friedl ussisted<br />

with tcdmkal editing ;ind final n:port organization.<br />

Jfoleased hy<br />

JM STALLARD, lknd<br />

Hio:1~·011s1ks & !Honks Division<br />

Under aulhority of<br />

HO PORTER. I lead<br />

Biosdcnccs J)c1,arlmcn 1<br />

SECRET<br />

(This page. iS Unclas..."i.i1:~<br />

1',<br />

'"•'-t'"<br />

.••


--------------···-·····--·-<br />

-=---<br />

(Tb.fa ii09e fa 'e9NFIDENT1Ab<br />

4'£CUA1TY Cl.ASSIFICATIOlf OF THIS PAGE (Wit.,, Dere Enl•rN)<br />

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE<br />

READ INSTRUCTIONS<br />

BEFORE COMPLETINC FORM<br />

12~ GOVT AC:C:ESSIOlf lfO. J. AEC:1P1ENT"S·C:ATAL.OG lfUMBElll<br />

'tfl:]> -c 0 'l:1 3 lJ:;, -<br />

. i<br />

WC CUMMINGS, RL SEELEY. PO THOMPSON, RA JOHNSON<br />

t. PUtFOAMING OAGANIZATIOlf lfAME AND ADDREt;<br />

Naval Ocean Systems Center, Hawaii Laboratory<br />

P. 0. Box 997 ·<br />

K.ailua, Hawaii 96734<br />

11, CO!tTROl.l.ll'iG OFFICt: 1tAME ANO ADDRESS .--<br />

Naval Sea Systems Command (NSEA 63R33) . ;.: ij~ .<br />

Department of the Navy ·-~ :'. . . ·<br />

Washin1ton, D. C. 20362<br />

If. CISTAIBUTION STA TENEN T (ol 1/lle RflflJotl)<br />

1.,. C:ONT!lM:l'.011 &11,jll~T lfUlllBER(•)<br />

( /:.- j ,:;:::: i .' / i_ /<br />

. --~ r- .. I ... ·~:. !(J'i-J<br />

,. 'lO~'AM'f!J,_!"MElf ~Jl!C:T, T AS~<br />

AREA 6 W~l'IK UNtT .,_ ,<br />

--621.2.J!l· F212' I {SF2128 IG71_;,<br />

XF2 I 2227BI J .,-::. , ,<br />

N"I ""~JO<br />

IZ. REPORT CATE<br />

July <strong>1980</strong><br />

II. NUN8EA OF PAGES<br />

44<br />

II. SECURITY Cl.ASS. (ol 1111• r•portJ<br />

____ __,.<br />

1la. Ol:Cl.AS$1FIC:6!.10""'00W!!ll"RAl)J.ll,R<br />

SC:NEDULt: .1115. a••T. "1Y7<br />

111 ....... UIAft<br />

f<br />

17. OISTAllUTION STATEMENT (al flte ••tre1:1 •fend /rt Bloclr 20, II dlll•1•I ,_ R•oHJ<br />

II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES<br />

It. KEV WORDS (Contln11• °",.,.., .. •Id• II neu••_,. Md ldMlll)- lit)• l)/o"lr n-Ht).<br />

Bandwidth Large Whales Pinnipeds<br />

Bioacoustics Low-Data Rate Signal-to-noise Ratio<br />

Communications Marine Mammals Signal Synthesis<br />

Covert Measure Format Small Whales<br />

Source Levels<br />

Sutimarine<br />

Transducers<br />

Waterfall Display<br />

Whistles<br />

IACS -,, Pilot Whale Sonogram<br />

ZO. A8STR~T (Conrlr"a "" r•.,•••• •Ille It n•ceH_,. •d ,,,_,,,,_ "" blacll ,._._,, j<br />

(C) Prc,cct COMBO produced the elements of a covert communications system that conveys coded messages<br />

using selected marine animal sounds in a natural sound environment. Project progress includes development of a coding<br />

teer -.ique. a ~omputer program for elemental synthesis, and a recognizer/decoder instrument that is compatible witb<br />

fleet low-data•rate communications. equipment. The report also discusses. properties of available transducers and !<br />

characteristics of marine animal sounds as possible elements of covert communication systems.<br />

'!\'<br />

\.<br />

I<br />

OD<br />

FOIUI<br />

1 JAN 7.1 1473


emm01:~rnH<br />

HCUl'llTY Cl..ASSIF"ICATION OF" THIS '"AGll (llti.., De1a lln1ua~<br />

,...<br />

/:<br />

~Ql>JFIBW'flAC<br />

-SECURITY Cl..ASSIF"IC:ATION OF THIS PAO£(Vll•n D••• l!.nltr•d)


SEClff<br />

FOREWORD (U)<br />

,;er' Project COM 80* uses coded marine animal sounds for a covert underwater<br />

communications system with ranges to SO nmi. The Project COMBO concept originated in<br />

1959 at the Navy Electronics Laboratory. Collection and analysis of sounds suitable for ultimate<br />

use in Project COMBO began in 1965. We recorded marine animal sounds. mearntl!'d<br />

sound source levels. observed animal behavior and initiated a.:oustic analyses. In I


-SEGR!T<br />

SUMMARY (U)<br />

OBJECTIVE (U)<br />

,JRr" Develop a covert communications system with a bioacoustical message fom1a1<br />

using animal sounds as message elements that are recognizable with existing Oeet signal pro·<br />

cessing equipment.<br />

RESULT$ (U)<br />

I.


CONTENTS (U)<br />

INTRODUC~fl01\ ... pag.· 7<br />

HAC:KCI ROUND ... 8<br />

coNn:PT ... 8<br />

AUTI ll:NTICITY ... 8<br />

UTILITY ... X<br />

)<br />

l'ROCRl:SS ... 8<br />

/<br />

llARDWARI'. C"ONH<br />

TRAl':SDU


SECRET<br />

DEl'LOYl\ILNT SFCUR!TY ... J7<br />

TRANSDUCERS ... 37<br />

SOURCI'. LEVELS ... 37<br />

Sfnlcd diredly from the playback<br />

ta11e rcl·orJcr. . . J4<br />

I I. \\'atafoll displays or kilkr whale SflL'l'lr:1 ... 35<br />

I:!. lfrspons.· or I IX-1 X~A Pm.k.:tnr in SL'ril-s with a I I O-to-200 I lz hand rcjel.."lion<br />

filter ... J/1<br />

4<br />

SECRET


SECRET<br />

\f<br />

I<br />

··-<br />

;,<br />

(.<br />

I<br />

,<br />

TABLES CUJ<br />

Si1m:il-10-1wisl' ri1lios <br />

7. Fll'l'I fl'l'l'iVl'rs suil:1hk fi:n possihk COMBO-likL' a1,plic:11ions. . . J


SECRET<br />

INTRODUCTION I U I<br />

~ l'roj1•l'I COMBO w;i" a fotff·Yl';tr rl'S1:;1rd1 :iml 11l-vdopml.'nl l.'fforl to produn• u<br />

i:ol'l'rl-b}··di'!!ui:-l' 11mll.'rw:11n l'ommunkations S}'Sll.'m using ..:mkd umlcrw;.it.:r "°unds of<br />

nwrilll' anirmil:-. Thi.' l'01h:d "ound" arc ti1·1wrakd lit Dill' pl:1tform and rl.'l'l'in:d and tki:udl.'d<br />

:it ;111011!.·r c fi!,!llr•• I l. M:irinl.' .ininrnl >numls arl' l'lllllllltlll aml promincnl l'Otl!Pon.-nts of the<br />

n;11t1ral w11krwa1n ~oni.· l'tl\'ironmcnt. Milit:iry ..:ommw1k;1tions h:isl.'d on 11:11ural :inim:il<br />

o;ou ntl" l'Oll fuund 1.kl•'l'l ion hy l.'Vcn infonnl.'d l'lWlllY M1rvdl laJll'I.' hc.::ms•' I hi.' 1111.'Ssages arl.'<br />

hut a 'nrnll portion of !hi.' 1ot:1I hiologkal ..:horns. As 1)art of Proje.·t COMBO we dtiJrm:ta·<br />

itl'ii m;iri1w :mi111;1l sou ml>. dl.'vis.:iJ a tlistort ion·frcl.' 1·0Ji11i: Sl'hl.'llll.'. idl'ntilkLI >ignal pro •.•. ,,.<br />

inJ,! 11·.·liniqu.·s. d.·\'clO!h.'d a method to 11rojl.'•'l. cktl'l'I aml dl.'1·ml1• sitmab. aml i.ynthl.'si1l·d<br />

smmds with cnmpll!l.'r :ti!,!orithm~. Prnjl.'1'1 111.'vl.'lopml.'lll 1·an lw trn.:1•d i11 rl'f~·rl.'lll''-'S 1-4.<br />

COMBO RECEIVER<br />

IN THE FLEET<br />

__.............<br />

TO BE DEVELOPED<br />

,,..-~~--~~-~---~--~~---.<br />

LDR/QRP<br />

.f'-';S;;';P;;;E~C::;T:o;,;R:;A;-L-j... __ -lCOMBO SIGNAL ___ DECllDED<br />

PROCESSING RECOGNIZER MESSAGES<br />

SHIP<br />

MESSAGE SYNTHESIZED<br />

SONAR ( FORMAT i----1 ANIMAL SOUNDS<br />

(U) Figur~<br />

tfmfflBUITh\ll<br />

I. COM 110 S:'slcm cun..:cpt.<br />

}81' l'rojl.'t:t COMBO n:l:1tcs to th1· lntcgrat'-'d At:ouslk ('ommunkations Syst.:111<br />

( IA


SECRET<br />

BACKGROUND tU)<br />

CONCEPT (Li)<br />

Jk(' Tlw proj.:1:1\ Olllldl> ii'.\ llh..'l>l\:tl:!C l'lcme11is. Ml.'s.,agl'S 1.:an lh·<br />

rl.';lll:! l.'lJ11i1nnrnt in tl1c tkct. The -;ystclll will 1.:onfound<br />

illll'rl'l.'!Hn~ by pl'l.'Sl'lllinv ;m uwrwlwlming l:t~k of :111al} 1 t.illl:! :ill m;irinc mammal ~ounds<br />

l'lll'Ollllll.'rl'd in order lo i£;l·111ify poi.~ihlc nw~s;rl:!l' .:kmcnt:..<br />

A UTli ENTICITY c U)<br />

Jff"' Fiddity Of lfUflkil'lll<br />

bandwidth lo Jll'l.'!>ervc the sounds' natural qrnrlitic~.<br />

I l.i I Im pmwd fak•lity fodo1~ rcsull from heller rl·rnrdi111:1 tl·i:hni4u•·S: i1111>rnwd ~i!,!­<br />

n;il prm'l'!>l\illl:! am! ~ynt hl·sis :md advanccu transdul·cr development.<br />

!.1111wlc,l~l'<br />

JR'( Tht• trnnsn1issio11~· ll'!llporal aml 11-cogrnphk l'O!lsistcrn:y 1fo1wnds on


-....... ·. ~fi.l.!a~·l: &~?: ..'1• .~"4:t·:::-'·\:i%!'.~~<br />

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l•llll!llr. p1m,111r.OJlj ,;.11i:pmt11u11.i.1r. .im.11ps iill!ll0·'·1P .111.1. 'lill!SS,1.1llJd.1.1ll ll?llOI 01 llOllPlll<br />

flll!Pll·'·'l'Hill!jlo.111,1 ·'Ill ,lUIJllll.l It'll op 'lllll llllr. llllll!JOiilr. :iU!S'i,),1()J\l;\UI .\trn 1u.~.llll.1J ,\r.m<br />

11-}IS.> ·'Ill 01 tndu! s.1111:110" iiol"llV ·m:1ll '!Ill U! Jl·'l!IU!j llltl s! pm:,111mil!s ·'IU. jiff<br />

·.;uu!''!t11s111:; 1 .1111 lllOJJ "·'ii1:ss,11u .1q1 "p1:.nx.1 pm: s,,;i1:ss,1u1 iltl!IM·'·'Jd "jl:Ufl!s :lu!<br />

-A.l!lllllb ·'ld!llillll s.l./.!lliio.i.,.1 IU,llUtlJ ISll! ·''I.I. ·p:,\J,1111! ·'111!1·'U!·'·'lh1: ll!lll!,\\ ·'·'ll·'JJ!l.1.10 !r.ll:l!S<br />

ll!Ofllll!J JUJ pm: s11:11il!S ilU!S'!lll .lllJ "lllllll.1,1\l \lS)I: 11-}IS.) ·''l.L ·1."ll' 11111il1~ JSJ!J ,1\1111! s1r.11'il1s<br />

,1,1.llfl .11!1.10 llh\l (l) dn 'illl!Sstlll JOJ lllll0.1.11! Of :i111!.'!ll:1uo1111: SIJ!llS IU,ltllllJ)SU! .HJ.I. "SJ,lfS.'I<br />

l!ll.'J!.111:1u.11x.1 pm: ·'!'101 ll'u!l·'·'JJO ....... mJJ,1 'llO!ll?J<br />

·'l!.J. '11-}IS.) 'J,ll!lll'l\1.1,)}l ll!llif!S om~O.) P·'!.l!Plllll .ll'I S! mj.1,1pp ,1;!1:""·'111 ·''I.I.~<br />

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·O(l 1: ll! si\1:A\ ll!.1J,1JJ!P ,1,lJlll ll! S.1lll! I ·'·'Jlfl P·'ll!,11l.1J '! ,1;!1:.;s,,111 v -.1.iu,1.1,1,1.1.11111 ,11U(l.)J,1,\(l<br />

01 p.1sn '! uo!"'!llNU:J 1 1ur.p1111p.1.1-,11d1.1 r. ·.;11111111' 11:111!111: Jt) .;11.1011.11: lJ!l{l!-'' sp:ufl!' .1111 ll!<br />

lll·'J·1llll! 'l':UO! !l!Jl1Jl!U '1111'11 ( ~S:I) :111,,\,1'1 JJlllS .\.iu.inh.1.1.1 s.\OJthU.i illl!('0.1 ·'ILL ~<br />

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· 1,1,..,otl 1prno.11: P·'ll!!llstn:J 1 p.is1:.11.111! tlllllll!"' .1itm:.1 dO!ltl.'!lllllUUlo.1<br />

·'ll.loqJ!'! J{l .i.11:,1J1"; ·'ll I pu .11 )o;.1 o l .1.1.1p.1s 111:J r ·'l•fl!l.'•1f,1 u 1: .'lppoJd s,\onq 1n1s P·'!J!fH>l I/ ·,,\111111<br />

-ouo~ .\Jl:l!llltl lO s.111011d11.1p.\ll l'·'WhJ!ll:.1 'P·'l·'-'1Hm.'-,1iq1:.1 .1J1~ sJosu.is ·'!IS110.1y ~<br />

·p:i:qiu<br />

·IP"'":·'' mu111n.1 J.111:,\\ ·''I.I. ·111;:;:1 01 .i.>r.JJll~ 11:.111 moJJ P·'!Jll,, s111ll.lp J,1,..!,1,1,1J pur. JOl·'·'f<br />

-0.ld ·m I 11: 1:,1111 .1J HP no;: (l) dll 'f.'·'·'111! p.1p.1fo.11l .1J.1111 plll!lf ZIPl-


SECRET<br />

~ Tnrnsdul·~rs :11111h11io11 is increasing. Population<br />

sizl.' is 1wt lll'l'L'ssarily JirL·.:lly rl.'hlll'd to :1L·ouslk prcscnl·e. For cx:unplc. the hum1)hac:k<br />

wlwk• pop11l:1t ion is small h11 t the SJll'l'kS is partkul:irly soniforou,,. Simil:irly. the killer whale<br />

10rci1111.~ mm). is fn:qul.'ntly hl·ard l'VCll though its population is tkpll•tcd. Thus. the use of .<br />

COM UO sounds in tlw oc:can ret1uirL'S relatively f1•w whall.'s. and conscrvalion nwasul'l.'s should<br />

gu:mmll'L' populations .it least :1s largl.' as JHl'sc.'lll ones.<br />

SYSTEM COMPONENTS l'h!L'lion corn I. Signal Syntlwsis. Trnnsduwrs. Lll•ployllll'lll Scc:urity. and Flt'l'I lmpa..:t.<br />

SIGNALS (Ul<br />

~ Tlm'l' ..::itqmril'S of m:1rine mamnwls pmdUl'I.' sounds wil h potential COM 130<br />

ilJlplic;ition: lar1:1c whales, sm:1li wlwks ('.: . ..:hilling porpoiSl'S), aml pinnipcds (seals :mJ Sl'a<br />

liorn.l. Thl' listed sounds :m· l'llllllllll ;ind conl;iin 1011:11 .:omponcnts. Within the whak .:all'·<br />

gorks. animals :m• dis,·usscd in onkr of prohahk 1)olcntial applkahility lo tile COMBO<br />

l·ommuni,·aliom sc:lwnw from most to kasl likdy. l'innipcds arc not so or


SECRET<br />

I<br />

~ Larg.l' wlrnh:s prodlll'l' low-fr.:q,11!'111:y sounds with high suun:l' l.:vc!s. The low·<br />

frcque1i.·y sounds rl'quirl' spci:ial tr;rnsdul·ers. The sounds l'Ollld be used in ii COM BO ,·om·<br />

mun.io;:1f ilr.n'4·«:ik'(!l1~ widl' ;in i!H~ .. ,~1 .. ...i·1·~nlg.I.• l~'!iws i.nt.!,'rmin11l~·tl with 11uls"·s :md n1~rin1r sounds<br />


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YHf!,urc: ::. Sooogi:um ,,f i.nunJ wilh COl\IHO :11•1>lk:1liuns. A. hclui;a. II. killer whale.('. pilot whale.<br />

D. dkks of cad1. rcspct:livcly Hii:-i:1h1l' muilydn~ illtcr handwidih. W 117 (1\.11.r .) ~00 117. j D t.<br />

I:!<br />

SECRET<br />

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SEGREr-<br />

The blue wh.ill' moans :IVl•r:.igl' lll.S-dll sollrl'l°eans. eSJll'l'i:.illy in tropil'al :mil s11IHropk-;1I wall'r' 111.·ar lhe A1.or,·s. l'l·ru. th,· C::.ilap;igo'.<br />

:111J olTCentr;il Calil'orni;1. lkl·:1usl' ol' 111.:ir 11biquily. high s111m·,· k•vel and \'011111111n lll',tll<br />

renl'e. sp,•rm wh:ik· so111ub :.tl'l' fomili;ir lo so11:11'11ll'll ofall nationalit'ies and ;Jrl' exl·elklll<br />

sounds for COMBO applkatil>ll .<br />

..+-Sf Th,• l'lkk sll"lll'llll\' l>f ,1wr111 whak si1rn:tls is i11n1111patihk witli pr,·"·111 < ·< l\l ll< l<br />

n11:thutls of n:mow frl'Qllelll'Y h:.ind 1Htll°essinl! :111d ,·otlinl! a11d R'quir''' ill,tl';ttl. wideli:ind<br />

lhrl·shold tk•kdion :uul simple t,•mporal l'Odini; p:1tlem,. Nl'l'ertlll'k's'. '"''I'll• whall· "11111.i,<br />

arl' itk•;il for hiolo!,!kS l'Ollllllllllk';llion :1pplil·:1tio1K<br />

SMALL WHALES tU)<br />

.JK'( Th,• pilot whak·. c:/n/iin•ph11/11111c'luc•11a. Ii. Jt'llllWtnui, and c:. 111,11.,-11rl11·11ck1<br />

produws ;1 variety of sounds. inl'luding dkks. whist ks. Mltleal,, ,~·arhk,, ;rnd gn1111' < 1tly of 111:.irilll' w;11,·r. l'ilot '' hak<br />

sm:nds :m• suilahk for COM HO lrnns111issi1111s of 25 lo 50 n111i.<br />

(lJ) ln the,•ast,·rn North l'adl'il'.kilkr whaks.Orl'i1111.,11rn1.lh 'l'l'l';1111 parts l1'1Vl' 1t1a11y l1an110111,,. l11<br />

Antarl'lil' \Vall' rs. kill,•r whak•, l'lllil dkk I rains 'imil;ir to lhthllllll'l'!larts. Kilk·r wltak·, c>l'l'ltr worldwi1k. espl·l'iaJI~· 1ll':1r l'l•,t't' .1t 1:1;.•!1.-1<br />

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SECRET<br />

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( U I l:kl11g:1s. /Jdphi11up1eru.'i fc•uca.\, m:w hl' lhl' most sonifomus sea mammals trcl­<br />

''rl'r..:c 23 I. lklug;1s l'lllit ii v;tril>'ty of sounds. indutlitli,t whistll•s. warhks. d1irp:.. dkks.<br />

, , 'I • . . . . . . . . ' ~ '<br />

~•t•~_,\~ \'l'~l.... :in\l fl.1011-1~ :it 1:r-.... ::.~·1+di.•!! ~i""~ ·!.(}(! Hl-1.. ·Jk"-'l:a !i11{114:I-. 1~·tl-it'aU~· -.:erwafu<br />

l'1wrgy in n;1rrow frl'1Jlll'lll'}' b:mds. lklug;1s Ol'l'llr mainly in th,· Aro:tk (kl'an. Thi.' whall.'s<br />

o ...·1:ur Sl.'a~rnrnlly as for south ;i,. 50"N. anti ;m• abundant iu llw Davis Strnits. lluJson Bay.<br />

isti1w1li1w1.·umponl'nts 1.'Xll.'ml as low as 15 kl II in l'al'ilk whitl'·sh.11:11<br />

. -!'littf\1.1N.• ·~lil!!ih i>;"-:ffit.''Wbill~·'lilh~I r·t.ill'lfri.• 1'11..'!.'IU' Jn:un lin)


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'<br />

SECRET<br />

.;·<br />

'<br />

PINNIPEDS (U)<br />

( U) Tile Welldell se;1l. Lepr1J11ydwreJ wc•dddli. emits narrowhand pulsl.'s at re1wtition<br />

ratl.'s from above: 140 sec.: to one in several se•onds I refl•ren•e 26 J. The soumJs' freqUL•nq•<br />

range is rrom 50 to 10.000 llz. Thi.' pulse trains typically ~t;irt at I to 2 kllz with a ra~t<br />

repetition ratl' and end al :ihout 0. I kHz with slow repel it ion. Individual pulse~ in a train Ml"<br />

rrequc:nl"Y modulatc:d from 2 kllz at 10 kH.t to 50 M.t at 100 llz. Weddell Sl'als also 1irud11c.:e<br />

howls. with fundamc:ntals rnnging from 50 to 4000 Hz and with strong l1:1m10nk slntl°tUrl'.<br />

and ringing sounds in the: I- to J-kHz range that last up to 10 st'l'. Weddell sc;ils on·lir in thl•<br />

southc:rn hemisph.-re around !he Antarl·til' l"Ontinent and its adjac.:ent pal"k il·e. \h·ddell seal~<br />

migrate: as far as JO~S to South Amerk;1. to Australia. and to Nl.'w Zl•al;ind.<br />

·;:<br />

!Ul The beanled seal. l:"rig11arlws b11rht1llfs. emirs a whistle with a tremolo dtar:il··<br />

teristk c.:auSl.'J by fast frequency llllldulation of a few hertz. l'hl.' whistk is modulated rurthcr<br />

OVI.' r Sl'Vt'ral hundred lie rt z at mies or ahou I I /Sl.'l' I 0 one in Sl'\'eral sec.:unds as I he whist k<br />

drops 3 to 4 kllz to 0.2 k llz owr :1 period of :1 111 inu te ( reforcnc.:c ~ 7 ). The !warded sl.'al is<br />

l.'in:umpolar in·W;iters or thl.' An:lil'.0l'l'an and till' auj;ic.:ent Atlanlic ;111d l'ac.:ifi.- n:gions.<br />

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( U l The rinJ:!cd sc.:al.1'11s11 J1i.1l1ida. pruduc.:l.'s a numher or sounds. induding a ~lcady<br />

disc.:rcte-c.:omponcnt. downward frcquc.:1ll'Y sWl'cp imhued with harmonks (rl·fl.'rcnl·c ~Xl.<br />

The sounlls las! from aboul 1 lo 4 sec.:, rnngl' from 5 kllz lo 0.2 kllz and have at k•asl four<br />

sl rong harn1011ks whkh 111ay ex tend above I 0 kHz. This seal also makl'~ a broad hand ringing<br />

sounll in the frequc.:n•y rangl' fro111 hdow ~ kllz to ahout 6 kllz. with lluratinns up to 15<br />

sec.: .. Tl1c ringed seal ocrnrs widely in the.: Arl'lk Oc..·ean and on till' norl.h l'0:1sts of Europe.<br />

Greenland. North Americ.:;i :md the Soviet Unimi.<br />

I U) The ribbon Sl.'al. l'/wrn (l/istrioplwca) fasC'iata. produces two prinl·ipal t11Hk·r·<br />

water sollnlis coinc.:ident with spring rcproduL·tivc al·tivities: an intense I- to 5-scl' downw;irc.I<br />

frequcnc.:y sweep in the 7- to 0.1-kl lz rl.'gion and a 0- lo 5-kl iz hre:1thi11g-typc M111111I or almosl<br />

I sec dur:ition hut at :!Oto :!5 dB lower in pressure level ( rl.'frrenl'C 2c.; ). This seal 1,<br />

distributed from the northeasl Berin!( Sea to the Sea of Okhotsk and inl. The hark~· 111ai11<br />

c..:omponcnts !->~'.~ur.betwcl.'n 0.5 and I kl.lz. l1:1r111011ics ~xlend up. to aho_ut 5 k.1.!z. Most_or.<br />

1•ln:-at-ttt:r'{'11ill~1-tt'~;1t~ttitt ~mh~'l.·ttt· ffi•tlk H\~in:~-~ ~·t1:1 ta"\' .1.;n.,. :ntc·t'~··<br />

fornia sea lion oc.:c.:urs along the C:11ifornia co:1st. Baja California, the c;alapagos Island!> and i<br />

the.: c.:oast of Japan. Bulls m·c..·ur as for north :ts Washington in the wi111crti111c.<br />

I U) Pinnipc..·d sounds usually oc.:c.:ur within I 0 nmi of coasts. ice packs or llriftini: i'~·-<br />

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15<br />

S&CRET


SECRET<br />

I<br />

SIGNAL DETECTION !U)<br />

~ Tht' COMBO Signal R.:l·ogni.ti:r. S1:rnnd Generation. CSR-II !figun: 3 ). w:.i~<br />

dl•sigrwd and :isst!mhlt'd. and tlwn 11.'stl.'d both in lht' lahoratorr :ind at sea. Thi.' signal rerng·<br />

nit ion devil.'1.• i:an 1.krndc propi:rly 1.'Vl.'11 if seven or the 11i1w signals ilfl' Jost. Information<br />

1.'Xlrihk 0L11irnt. Tlw word<br />

"BAD" app1.•:irs in light"l'lllilling i.lioJ1.• ( Lt:Dl Jispl:iys whcn data arl' insuffki1.·nt or do 1101<br />

1.·onfonn to um..• of six 1111.·ss:1g1.• formats. Tlw CSl{-11 :ll·1.·ommo


SECRET<br />

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(ZH>t) A:'.>N3003li:t<br />

17<br />

SECRET


SECRET<br />

;ii 1'r.'-rc.·l1g11i1io11 pro····ssing in the CSR-II is 1or1:il a11:1lysis wilh a r•·al·tinw<br />

'\ll'•"lntm analyr.,·r lhal j, '"'•"•'P·limill'LI at ~.4:' lo 4 5 li.llz ;1ml with an rns1:111hk a\····agcr<br />

th;1t llS•'S••ighl awrag.·s. Till' ;1n:1lyZl'r is a Sp•·•·tral Dy11;1mk' SD 30 I ;1ml is the sam.: anaty1..-r<br />

ux·d i11 lhc WQC"-5 I LDR/()Rl'l n.·.·1 ··n11111rn11i.·a1ion sy,l•"lll. Th.· avcr:1gcr is a Sp•·•·tral<br />

J)y11:1111i.·, .~(}l).<br />

J)i1' The c11tir•· SJ'l'•"lrlllll in :1 sckctcd formmpk·<br />

llll'ntary logk p:hs to prolluc•' mutuall~· cxdusi\'c: llll'S,a)!l' ··kmc:nts. liy similar procc:ssin!,!.<br />

othcl' single void' lh· rnultiplc: acquisitions wiil he: d1:111g.·d. •'.J:!.. J2E to J~I or .221 to J~I.<br />

Multiple: voids rl'lllain 1111dian)!cd and Sl'ri:1l nmllipk ill'lJllisitions lli~pl:1y c;nply. l'.)! .. J.1.3<br />

hcrnmcs JEI'.. Ma.iorit~· logk Sl':lllS cad! l'Olumn or prnn•ss.·d dat:1 Sl'l1Ul'nli:1lly and pli!l"l's<br />

till' majority d1:1r:rl'l•·r for ••:id1 .·olumn in a linal lwst-nll'ssag•· matrix. Fol' cx:unpk. if tli.·<br />

firsl ··olumn .·ontains 31'..l in franll'S I. 4. and 7. rl'SJll"l"til'l'ly. :r J will lll"L'llr in lhl' rirst<br />

l""ilion or llw.1 ·:s1-11i.·ssaf:!l' m:rtrix. Similarly. 2.32 in th•· Sl'•"llJHI n1lu111n produ.·n a 2 in<br />

thl' Sl·~·ona.J position of lhl· hl'Sl·llll."SS:lgl' matrix. and l'.LJ-. in lhl• lhird •"Oilllllll prodUl'l'S an I·<br />

in till' third position. A s•·cond rompk•mcnlary logk pass 011 llll' hl·st nwss;rgc matrix at-<br />

1.·n1pls to fill voids hdf.ir.· results :m· ·displ;1y.•d in Ll'.l>s. If tlw final 111~·ss;1gl· i' u1w.·rtain h•··<br />

.·a11s1: of insuflil'i••n1 m conlliding a.lal:i. 1h.· lc:ttas "'l3AD" ar~· di,pl:1ycd in lhc LED i11'tc;1d<br />

or;\ final lllL'Ssage. Singk-hit. ewn parily is mainl~1i1ll'd lhro11gho11t the logil' p:rssc,, A poinl<br />

display.·d in a J"inal mcssagL' fralllL' indkall·s an inop•·r:11ivL' ROii.i. 1\rt.·r final111.·,s:1gc assc111·<br />

hly. a d····mlcr n.·twork al"li~·atL'S sok·noids or lap•· r.·.·onkr' to


SECRET<br />

~ ·• \H'nly huur~ ui'hinal·11L1~1k rl'l'ording~ with high !\ignal·lo-noisl' ratios Wl'rl·<br />

p\;1ynl 11110 thl· CSR-II without fob,· :1l:m11. Thl' l"l'l'llrding, ind111kd 111:111y pilol wh:ik<br />

so11nds bl'(;!llSl' pilul whak· SOllllll, l'lln~I i Ill l l'd ( hl' l'll1k·d l':lll'gor~' or ~ound,. A ( I illll'S during<br />

!ill' ll'~I. a -..ini,:il• 1i111,· window would qualify. h111 1 hl' llll'";1)!l' 11i,pl:1y w;1, ;1\way, "HAI>''.<br />

l n\\'l'I' 'ignaf l"l'l .. 1>gnitio11or1rigi;l-ri11g lhrl·shold, will i1Kl'l''1'l' i11l·orl"l·,·1 111-H'f Thl' C'0~11l0 l'lllll'''I''-· 'Ph'lll' and J'l'lll'•'s'ill)! ,,·hl'llll'' \\'l'fl' ll'.,kJ in lhl• lahork srn1111ls at sourl'l' kwls 25 dB ahO\'l' natural<br />

kwb. l'rq>rol'l'~~inf,! :111d dl'l'Odii11! \\'1'rl' till' s:lllll' :1~ in !Ill' p1'l·vious l'il'ld ti:sts. Till' fiw<br />

si)!na\, \\'l'rl.' di,trihull'd throti)!h lhl' frl'lJlll'lll'Y h:1nd i'rom 4.4 to h kllz.<br />

~Till' CSR-I l·om•l·tly d1'll'C:ll'd :tll rl'l·onkd llll'Ssagl·~ (l·o1k•d ani111:1I sounds) at<br />

thl' 5· aml I 0-11111i rall)!l'' :ind l'rl'l'lll oJ' till· llll'S':t!!l'S :11 20 nmi. Amhil'nt nobc .:onditions<br />

wcrc lll':ll' 1m1ximum Wen.: shipping noise kvl•ls. Signal Joss m·•urrl•d at two of thi: liVl'<br />

ffl'lJlll'lll'ics tr:111~111ittl·d at 20 nmi.<br />

.•<br />

'<br />

19<br />

SECRET


SECRET<br />

~ Sii;u:il·lo-noiw ra1ios 1wrl' dl'tl•nnilll·d on lhl' rl':1l-1inw s;i1.•,·1ru111 :inaly1;."r<br />

11.1hk- l 1 :\I'. and 10 11111i. 111,· 11ob1.• w:" ll1wrn·111 pmh:illili1~· of ,·orr1.·,·1 dl'l1.'l"li


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100<br />

90<br />

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1f PREDICTED<br />

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0 OBSERVED<br />

80<br />

4<br />

5 6<br />

FREQUENCY (kHz)<br />

1CO>J1'1Ul:NT1t\l. I<br />

( lll Figure~. Received level or C"OMHO si~m1ls mcasur~d in CSR·l 1ests anti pre


SECRET<br />

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>R'f In June .1974. COMBO smmJs were lr:111s111ith·d hetw,•,·n d11.• suhmarini:<br />

/Jolpltin antlratc A(;(' \hould h1.· u,nl for 1.•;11:h rrcqllelll'Y h:Jnd.<br />

';<br />

~ Tr:rnsmi,sion time can bl· r1.•dul'l'li hy using par:illd ..:liding anti 111.!.:mling. l'hl'<br />

( 'SR-11 system t ranslllits Sl'ri;illy Olll' I o~l'l' window :it a tillll' and n•quirl'S at 11.•asl l)() ..c..: or<br />

•H:tws!it: J:da for i.1111· m·~·l'a!~·· Par.illd 1·111H11u would uptl:1t1.• an in11u• p;.ill1m11.'Vlo!I'~' 50 iii~•:..:<br />

:111d require :1ho11t .:!O Sl'l' 11.1 tr:msmil ~I siµn:tls. oro1k' of SO.+O po,sihk llh!SS.tg1.•, with tri11k<br />

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SECRET<br />

FREQUENCY (kHzJ<br />

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SECRET<br />

;81 111e synthesis of pilot whale sounds requires an ability 10 desaibe the sounds·<br />

microstructure and to choose the generated frequencies. For applications not requiring rl."altirne<br />

generation, sounds can be tape recorded. Recorded sounds would haw an upper frequency<br />

limit about 7 kHz. Methods of sound synthesis involve signal generation tedmiqLll'S<br />

and computer software but the upper frequem·y of synthcs.ized sounds is limited lly hardw;.in:.<br />

BACKGROUND (U)<br />

TRANSDUCERS (U)<br />

.J.Br Transducers for transmir.ting antl receiving COMBO low-data-rate mcssagcs<br />

should have the following characteristics:<br />

o A fre We surveyed ":.7 transmitting and 9 receiving systems to identify 1ran:-.duccrs<br />

a..:ccptable for COMBO use.<br />

-tSr Sound projectors transmit most cfli!ctiwly in a rdativcly narrow frl'quc111.:y<br />

band. For some projectors. the effective band is wide enough for COMBO applkation with<br />

certain sounds. but no proje..:tor is suitable for all COMBO sounds. Fvr example. COMBO<br />

codes 1onals in pilot whale phonalions from I to 3 kHz. but the animal's sonic repertoirl· ..-xtends<br />

from 300 Hz to 15 kHz. The COMBO schem~ is directl!'d toward use of lkcl sonar<br />

l!quipmc-nt. but olher transducers wcrc surveyed because fleet equipment dol!s not fulfill all<br />

COM BO requirements.<br />

1-e-T No fleet sonar system proje1.·t_s i:-ffoclively over thc fr.:qucn1.:y hand rt•quir.:d for<br />

all low data rate transmisi;ions in the COMBO s.:heme. so WI! consi signals' higher frcqul'm:ics. Mid·<br />

frl'qm;:ncy animal soun:es produce sounJs in the 70- tq 3000-Hz rang.:. Some: large whak~.<br />

such as humpbacks. :mt! most pinnipcds arc mid-frl'qucncy COM 80 sotm:cs. Low·frl·quc11'.. ~,.<br />

animal sources prodm:c soum.ls in the ~0- to ~00-Hz range. Largl.' whales. suc.:h as h Im:. linh;id;<br />

and gray whales. are low-frequency COMBO sources. Because the frequency limits ovt:rl:ip.<br />

:-:.omc animals arc sources in two categories.<br />

FLEET PROJECTORS CU)<br />

J.&r Fleet sonarsappli1.·abk 10COMBO applkationsar1.· listl·d in tahk 4. h1a1.kqLL1L·<br />

low frl•queon1.·y response limits most or !hi." units. Only GNATS satisfks ;i complck sub1:i ... k<br />

1.·atcgory. namely the miu-freqUl'lh:y scgm l.'11 ts. Thl' GNATS S}'Sll.'111 usl.':


.,<br />

i<br />

;81' The WQC -2 low-band project111g transducer system l'Ould be equalized to provide<br />

adequate n:sponse from I. I to al least 5 kHz. at a source: lewl of approximately 190 dB<br />

rl' I µP:1 al I Ill. Allernativdy. sounds could be preequalized for use with the: system. Use of<br />

till' WQC-2 driving amplilia in a COM BO sd1cme would require auxiliary input from a tlat<br />

rcspollSl' l'irl'Uit. The WQC -2 is installrd on submarines and surfacl.' vessds for con1111unil·a·<br />

tions.<br />

J,.&1' The frcque;:ncy response of thl' WQC-2 is too nar1ow for the en I in: range of the<br />

high-frcqul'lll'Y l'ategory or sounds. but is adcquale for COMBO transmissions of killer<br />

whale. fal~e killer whak·. beluga. and holllenose porpoise sounds.<br />

-t-Bf Thl' frequi:nry ri:sponse of the SQQ-23 with :111 auxiliary amplil'ier and of the<br />

B


Syst.·m<br />

I. WQC-~ 'Low lkllllh<br />

..<br />

SQQ-~J<br />

· 3. BQS-13 1Comm Modl')<br />

4. GNATS<br />

Maximum Undislorh·d<br />

Sourl·c Level.<br />

l_)~,l~,~~~~t f2~t1~·~~'L·-~.l~l~ dB r~ !~~~a! _!_!~1<br />

Surfo~c/Suhmarin.: 1.5-5 190<br />

Sur!'m:c lf~l - 8 :!00+<br />

Sub111ari111.· :!.5. 8 :!00+<br />

Suhnmrint.> O.Oh - '' lf\O+<br />

(CO~ILIDENTIAL)<br />

(ll) Table 4. Fleet sonars considered for COMBO-like applkatioi1s.<br />

w<br />

Frcl1ucncy<br />

01ler:1ling<br />

Response SoUTl'I.' Ll·vcl Depth Approximatl.'<br />

Tr:mSMD IV 0.01 -0.I 15(1 No data Cylind,·r 0.4 Di:i x 0.5<br />

llX 18:!-A 0.0h • I.I 190 :!.rn Cylinder 0.


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OUTPUT<br />

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o-.: 0<br />

20 TIME (sec} 40<br />

!,USC'tASSIFltDI<br />

I Fl Figure 10. Sonugrams of blue whale sounds re·recorded directly from the playback tape rl"cmder<br />

("input". abm-el anJ after pr.ljection h}· the PliD IV transducer at Q 111 Jepth f .. ou1p111". helow1.<br />

ll1e effective anal~·sis filter band\\idth i: I.I Hz.<br />

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SECRET<br />

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.~!f.:~~~r:_-~:;~~~'::'8J~*"l'.lffi!~:~t.t-;~~~~rfh"7~:0r:;;;:;.;'!;;l!i:;.:.,,..... ····.. ,.,......,~~"'"'' "'·'"' ..,.. --,,<br />

.• ~""1'~<br />

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Trnnsllu,·er<br />

Fre•1ucncy<br />

Response.<br />

Hz<br />

Sottri:c: Lc\·d.<br />

LIBn.· I µPa.at Im<br />

Op•:rational<br />

Depth<br />

Limit. 111<br />

Configuration<br />

Hon.:ywdl<br />

HX 254-8<br />

B.:ndcr Bar<br />

25-1(\0<br />

180<br />

450<br />

91 un Dia x I 20 cm plu~<br />

depth .:ompen!>ator. Ql)O kg. to\Vctl<br />

Ma~navox Bcn1kr<br />

Bar<br />

Resonant at<br />

50 Hz<br />

180<br />

450<br />

43 ,·m Dia x XI .:m. 135 kg<br />

w<br />

00<br />

Genera\ Dyna111i,·s<br />

Hydro;u:oustks<br />

hO·· 105<br />

180<br />

4(10<br />

53 .:111 Dia x 2-15 .:m. 730 kg. tO\\'CU<br />

Moc.g Hydroacoustk<br />

40 - 400<br />

180 at 55 Hz<br />

155<br />

455 kg<br />

Westinghouse<br />

Flexural Dis,·<br />

10- 100<br />

190 < Broallh;;nd I<br />

200 ( Dis.:rt•tc Freq I<br />

No data<br />

1800 kg<br />

Acrojet Electrosystem!><br />

rh:surnl<br />

Dis~·<br />

25 - 95<br />

1 C)C)<br />

No data<br />

0.24m 3 • 455 kg<br />

IC0PfflBUfflALI .<br />

JtJ Tal>le 6. Low·frequency projectors surveyed for possible COMBO-like applications.<br />

··.·~--,,-.-.;;i... :llwl~<br />

··.:n"'-'<br />

~~<br />

JI,.


SECRET<br />

System Depluym.:nt Fr.:qu.:n .. ·y. kllz<br />

SQ0-23 Surr:i ..· ..• o ..'i. ,,<br />

B()R-7 Suh111a ri1ll' 0. I · 7<br />

1305·R-17 lTASSl Suhrn;1ri1ll' U.O I • J. I<br />

B()R-1.'i < ST,\SS I S11hmari1ll' O.ll:\ - ~ . .'i<br />

!Sl:fl~l:'fl<br />

I U) Tallie 7. 1-lt> :I rccci\'el"S s11i1anlc for possible C'O~IBO-like applkaliuns.<br />

CO!\IBO :1ppli .. ·atiuns. C'o111111u11kation signals th:1t us .. • phonation' of 011! .. ·r mann'-' 111a111111ab<br />

111:1y hare 10 .. ·x..:e .. ·d 11:1tural sour .. ·e k•vcls by up to .~O dB. Sour .. ·e kvcl b :i flm .. ·11011 or th,•<br />

trnnsqtission\ .. ·oded l'r .. ·qu .. ·11 .. ·y :md intended rang•'. Use of unnatur;dly high ,mir..-.. · 1..-v .. ·ls<br />

~hould he limill'd to shurt-dur:11ion t ransmis~ions :md low fre,111en .. ·y sounds.<br />

SIGNAL SYNTHESIS (lJ)<br />

. '<br />

i·<br />

•..<br />

'<br />

~ Signal sy1111l ..·s1s has rqirodue ..·d port ions or pilot whale sinusoi,Jal wavci"orm<br />

whistl~·s. The sournb of lat"µ•' wh;ik•s have not h ..•<br />

..·n synth••.;i1.cd. Adcquat•• .;ynthesi~ of hioa<br />

..·oustk sign:lls for l"Vl'rt ..·m1111111nk:.1tions rl·quir ..·s quality ·rl·..·ordings of natural sound~ .<br />

Synthe~ized sign:ils arl' ..:onstru ..·t ..·d frnm and ..:om pared with the naturnl te111pl:1tes. Synthe-"<br />

siz ..·d sig11:1ls must :1ppear n:itural on snn;irdispl:iys and 111us1 sound natural to k'nmvlcdgeahlc<br />

list ..·n..•rs.<br />

..t!tft The for111:1ts pr ..·s..·nting hio:1..:011stk ..·01111111111i..::1tio11s sigu:lls must also he natural.<br />

The in ..·rc:isl' in eriti..::11 hamlwidt!1 with frcqucn..:y in animab' auditory function implies that<br />

h:111dwi


SECRET<br />

SIGNAL OCCURRENCE (U)<br />

)8'5 Bioacoustic communication signals must occur at the proper time and place.<br />

No marine mammal is pan-oceanic and many Jisrinct phonations occur only at certain times<br />

or places. The frequency with which a bioacoustic communication will be used depends upon<br />

the communicators' a1:tivitics. More common signals should be used for more frequent 1:ommunications<br />

.<br />

.4Bf A guide to biologics has been produced to familiarize sonam1en with bioacoustic<br />

signals. bioacoustic sources, and marine mammal distribution t reference 12>.<br />

FLEET IMPACT (U)<br />

.f.5'r A six-week study of Project COMBO and of the effects of bioacoustics on fleet<br />

oper.itions condudcd that both the U.S. and the Soviet Union would have the capahility to<br />

apply bioacoustics to communications rasks after 1975 (reference 36 ). Covert active sonar<br />

using marine animal sounds requires changes in fleet sonar hardware and operating doctrine.<br />

Reliable. relatively covert communications possible through Project COMBO also will affect<br />

submarine ta(.·tical deployment.<br />

~ Poor communications disrupt coordination in submarine escort or ASW opera·<br />

tions. Even a limited covert co111munication ability will enhance coordination between surface<br />

ships and submarines. Project COMBO provides covertness unavailable with prcscntlyd1:ployed<br />

two-way communication systems and thus enhances ~oordination in critical<br />

scenarios.<br />

-+st- LJ_S. Sonarmcn typically tune out biologics as interference. but Soviet use of<br />

bioaeoustics for communications is likely. so fleet sonannen must become more familiar<br />

with bioacoustic signals. Past biologics dassifkation wus base~ on NAST AD training tapes.<br />

aural memory and the som1m1e11's ex1,criencc. Annotated BQR-20/2'.! displays and hio-.<br />

·acoustic indices I rclcren·-·e 12) now augment the classification effort.<br />

~ Marine animal sounds arc ubiquitous I reference 37) and likely well-known to<br />

Soviet sonarmi;-11. Signal processing techniques will aid anu advance underwater military<br />

1:om111unit.:ations. hut U.S. for1:cs may face


SECRET<br />

REFERENCES !U)<br />

I. Cunm1ings. W. C.R. l. S.:1.'ky. P. 0. Thompson. S. J. Kennison. Uni11L10: (\>mmuni,·a·<br />

lions System (UL Patent Disdosurc r\o. 59. 1 l78. !1>75, tSl.CltLTl<br />

Scl..'ley. R. L. W. C C\1mn1111gi.. S. J. Kcnni"°n. Cl:.inmm11i.:a1ion {'hannd Fa.ding<br />

Co111pe11s:.ttor I UI. Pall'nt Disdosun: No. 58. 1 179. I 975.-1 SITllLTJ<br />

J: Johnson. R.A .. R. L. S.·.-k)'. W. C. c·ummilll:fS, S. J. Ko:1rni~m1. Co1111irnnkatio11~ hror<br />

C'om.•.:tion Dev kl.' 1 U ). Patent Di~dosurc No. 58.980. 11i75. 1 ~ilTIU.T ><br />

4. S.·l'lcy. It L. \\'. C. Cu111111ing~. S. J. Kennison. Srndm111i1.cr for C'onununi.·iltion<br />

lniliali1.atio111U1. Pa'l.'111 Di~dosur.· l"\o. 5'l.5-l~. 11175. tSU'lll.ll<br />

5. Ad llo.· Stlldy (irnup. NSIA Ad 11111.: S1>1Jr A.·m1~ti•· Conmumkation Hnal R.·port i l L<br />

N:itional Sl.'•'Urity lndus1ri;il A~~od;1tio11. Jl·.r:.:·1 L\l.1<br />

fmh.•d ~11.'ssagc<br />

7. Wr,•nd1. E.11. Jr. l11.-n:;1~·d Sipn;1l l>ro,·cs .. ingSpccd U~ingSw.·cp Limit Cuntrol•t'I.<br />

Unpuhli~hell NUC Report. I UNCLASSIFll~DI<br />

X. Tlrnmpso11. P. 0. :md W. C. Cu111111ini~. Critkal Survey ofCcnai11 Umkrwulcr Sound<br />

Tr:tll'.\(htl.'.:r~ I U I. Unpuhlishl.'d l\'U I<br />

I 0. P:iy11I.'. R. S. and S. ~!.:Vay. So11ps of l lumpha,·k Whaki.. Sdcn.:c. 17 J: 585-5'17. l 'J7 l.<br />

l I. Cummin!;!s. \V. C'.. J. F. Fj,h :uul P. 0. Thompson. Sound (>rodul.'tion aml Oth,·r<br />

B!!l1:1vior of Southern Righi Whah:s. J:'uhalamu ~ladali.t CUI. Tr;111,;1;.:1in11-. uf Iii.• San<br />

l>il;'J!O So,·idy of N:iturni I li,tmy 17! 11: 13 pp, 1 1 17 2.<br />

12.


SECRET<br />

15. Cummings. W. C. and P. 0. Thompson. Underwater Sounds from the Blue WhaJe.<br />

Balaeuoptera musculus (U). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50(4): I 193-1 198. 1 Q7 J.<br />

16. Backus. R. and W. E. Schevill. Pllyseter Clicks (U). /11 Whales, Dolphins. and Porpoises.<br />

edited by K. S. Norris. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeks, 1966.<br />

17. Watkins, W. A. Acoustic Behavior of Sperm Whales (U). Oceanus (Woods Hole Oceanographic<br />

Institution), 20(2): 50-58. 1977.<br />

18. Busnel. R. G. and A. Dziedzic. Acoustic Signals of the Pilot Whak Globicepllalu melaena<br />

and of the porpoisesDe/pltimis de/pit is andP/wcoe11aplwcoe11a ( U). /11 Whales, Dolphins.<br />

Porpoises, edited by K. S. Norris. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los<br />

Angeles. 1966.<br />

19. Fish, J. F. and C. W. Turi. Acoustic Source Levels of Four Species of Small Whaks.<br />

NUC TP 547. 14 p •. December 1976. (UNCLASSIFIED><br />

20. Sd~evill. W. E. and W. A. Watkins. Whale and Porpoise Voices. A Phonograph Record.<br />

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 24 p. phonograph disk, 1962.<br />

21. Schevill. W. E. and W. A. Watkins. Sound Structure and Directionality in OrC'i1111s<br />

(Killer \\'.hale)


SECRET<br />

30. Sd1L1stl·r111:1n. R. J .. R. c;.:r,try. and J. Sd11110ok. Undcrwall'r Sound l'rodul"lion by<br />

Caplil'l' California Sl·a Lions. /.c1/11ph11x ni/i.fiimic1il11.,· ( U I. Zoologka. 52: 21-24. I 1 l1> 7.<br />

3 I. Cummings. \V, C'. l'rojl·l·l COM 130: l'ro1m·ss Ro:porl for l:isl·:d Yo:ar I IJ7J ( U l. Nal'al<br />

t!11do:rs1::1 C'l'llll'r TN 1009. ~2 pp. I lJ?J.-t!il.C'IU:TJ<br />

32. C11111111in1?s. W. C'. 1 1 rogn:s~ l\knm. l 1 mj.:,·1 C'Ol\IHO. 28 lkl·o:111bo:r l'l7J I U). l'al'al<br />

U1ak•N':1 (\·1111:r Ml·mo to I>. c;. lloffm:m. NSlllPS l'MS 3024. 17 pp.<br />

( C 'Of>' Fl I)) Xl"L't LI<br />

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..<br />

i:<br />

J3.<br />

J.~.<br />

35.<br />

311.<br />

J7.<br />

Urkk. R. J. l'rindpk·s o!'Umk·rll':ll..-r Sound for l'n!!i11wr~. l\k(;r:1w·l litl. S;in halll'i"·o.<br />

J42 pp. 1%7. < UNCLASSIFILDI<br />

Johnson. R. A. anll 1\. W. Dihdk:1. A11:1ly~is and Synth~si~ of Natural Sound~ t Ul.<br />

Nl!C TP 5.l.l. Jc, pp. JlJ7C1. (('O~Jl"ll)l.~fflAU<br />

lkll. T. c;. :111d c;. C'. C'onnally. Jr. 1:uturo: Rl·quirl•nt..-nts for c;l'lll'r;il Nois..- and Tonal<br />

Sysll•ms 1c;~ATSl IUl. NUS(' TR 411 l.l. X4 pp. l'l73. l!il.C"RLTI<br />

Markh. M. NU(' l\ll 0 llHHamlu111. Sl·r 4013/W('C.SI 1/75. Ro:porl of A,·1ivi1y l>11ri:1g<br />

To:mporiiry Additio1wl Duly


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