Hidden Figures - Margot Lee Shetterly

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women at the NACA and NASA who offered their shoulders to stand on
CONTENTS Dedication Author’s Note Prologue 1 A Door Opens 2 Mobilization 3 Past Is Prologue 4 The Double V 5 Manifest Destiny 6 War Birds 7 The Duration 8 Those Who Move Forward 9 Breaking Barriers
Page 3: DEDICATION To my parents, Margaret
Page 7 and 8: About the Author Credits Copyright
Page 9 and 10: PROLOGUE Mrs. Land worked as a comp
Page 11 and 12: art collection, and haunted local a
Page 13 and 14: father drove the twenty minutes fro
Page 15 and 16: My dad joined Langley in 1964 as a
Page 17 and 18: ent on studying electrical engineer
Page 19 and 20: of our social life. Every summer, m
Page 21 and 22: oardrooms to have an inkling of the
Page 23 and 24: I had known more than that number j
Page 25 and 26: who made up the majority of Langley
Page 27 and 28: lack and white women who had been h
Page 29 and 30: youth or returned to life, I starte
Page 31 and 32: But before a computer became an ina
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER ONE A Door Opens Melvin But
Page 35 and 36: one of the research facility’s ex
Page 37 and 38: disseminating its findings to the m
Page 39 and 40: had only provided the Army Air Corp
Page 41 and 42: engineers parked the planes in the
Page 43 and 44: airplane models tested in the tunne
Page 45 and 46: conscripted what seemed like entire
Page 47 and 48: thousand Negroes to the nation’s
Page 49 and 50: of the defense industry, and Execut
Page 51 and 52: The Warehouse Building, a brand-new
Page 53 and 54: law—and Virginia custom—kept hi
Page 55 and 56:
e moved. The black female mathemati
Page 57 and 58:
The laundry room was both one of th
Page 59 and 60:
at the bottom of the war’s great
Page 61 and 62:
In the summer of 1943, Dorothy jump
Page 63 and 64:
ace. She did nothing to draw attent
Page 65 and 66:
City, Missouri. Her own mother died
Page 67 and 68:
little while, will look on with int
Page 69 and 70:
either to her race or to her gender
Page 71 and 72:
school year. The Depression-fueled
Page 73 and 74:
Farmville’s Beulah AME Church, it
Page 75 and 76:
Dorothy’s house on South Main sat
Page 77 and 78:
Bemis Laboratory, graduates of Engi
Page 79 and 80:
Teacher, preacher, doctor, lawyer
Page 81 and 82:
CHAPTER THREE Past Is Prologue The
Page 83 and 84:
leadership and creativity to mainta
Page 85 and 86:
sale, each purchase a small offset
Page 87 and 88:
made up her mind. Once Dorothy made
Page 89 and 90:
The Colored waiting room at the Gre
Page 91 and 92:
father’s extended absences, they
Page 93 and 94:
Dorothy, who knew the call of the o
Page 95 and 96:
Katherine lived in Marion, Virginia
Page 97 and 98:
ending graduate school admission po
Page 99 and 100:
domestic life winning out over care
Page 101 and 102:
Tidewater region advanced toward Do
Page 103 and 104:
etreated against the rolling tide o
Page 105 and 106:
war towns like summer rain. Negro r
Page 107 and 108:
usinesses sprinted to keep pace. Lo
Page 109 and 110:
largest defense housing project—t
Page 111 and 112:
existence was reduced to its simple
Page 113 and 114:
segregation laws were designed to r
Page 115 and 116:
with people who had stepped beyond
Page 117 and 118:
Practices Committee brought about a
Page 119 and 120:
endless abuse at the hands of white
Page 121 and 122:
Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Pract
Page 123 and 124:
eloquent sermons and maverick views
Page 125 and 126:
What are we fighting for? they aske
Page 127 and 128:
lessings of democracy was the featu
Page 129 and 130:
of government just as surely as the
Page 131 and 132:
either side—that sealed her statu
Page 133 and 134:
whose company, J. S. Darling and So
Page 135 and 136:
futuristic aspect of the landscape
Page 137 and 138:
the desks, plying the machines for
Page 139 and 140:
Wilberforce. By securing jobs in La
Page 141 and 142:
and supervised Margery Hannah and t
Page 143 and 144:
number and complexity, an employee
Page 145 and 146:
into the “slow but deadly” SBD
Page 147 and 148:
practical footwear that could stand
Page 149 and 150:
proscribed in the same fashion. The
Page 151 and 152:
Commonwealth of Virginia’s discri
Page 153 and 154:
new sign just as blankly menacing a
Page 155 and 156:
The Manns lived on Hampton Institut
Page 157 and 158:
leader of all black colleges in pro
Page 159 and 160:
openings with the same care and pro
Page 161 and 162:
openly defied southern conventions.
Page 163 and 164:
pragmatic majority, the West Comput
Page 165 and 166:
a neighboring table; they just want
Page 167 and 168:
Miriam Mann, and Kathryn Peddrew we
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER SIX War Birds Readers of bl
Page 171 and 172:
1944 the 332nd was flying North Ame
Page 173 and 174:
most powerful offensive weapons—a
Page 175 and 176:
committee. Amelia Earhart nearly lo
Page 177 and 178:
thought they had a better way to do
Page 179 and 180:
in one of the wind tunnels, shoulde
Page 181 and 182:
Turbulent flows, like the swirl and
Page 183 and 184:
identifying how to make a good plan
Page 185 and 186:
owboat. But in order to accelerate
Page 187 and 188:
—the West Area Computers received
Page 189 and 190:
lost their X designation—the B-29
Page 191 and 192:
ased on testing worked in the small
Page 193 and 194:
pulleth a boner of any kind whatsoe
Page 195 and 196:
work was making a difference in the
Page 197 and 198:
CHAPTER SEVEN The Duration The firs
Page 199 and 200:
Newsome Park, picking up the keys t
Page 201 and 202:
Lassiter Courts, Orcutt Homes, and
Page 203 and 204:
exhorted residents to turn out for
Page 205 and 206:
children on a separate path forward
Page 207 and 208:
can’t-get-there-from-here points
Page 209 and 210:
to be the war to truly end all wars
Page 211 and 212:
had come economic security, and a g
Page 213 and 214:
kept the poor of all races divided
Page 215 and 216:
and Copeland Parks under slum clear
Page 217 and 218:
might have missed her calling in th
Page 219 and 220:
dressed up and met the Manns at the
Page 221 and 222:
and pain lay in store for the unfor
Page 223 and 224:
including the principal, made less
Page 225 and 226:
Joshua and Joylette Coleman’s fou
Page 227 and 228:
Virginia State Institute. Income fr
Page 229 and 230:
and Katherine and her sister took j
Page 231 and 232:
was, like W. E. B. Du Bois and Book
Page 233 and 234:
with one hand and just as quickly e
Page 235 and 236:
opened and on humiliating terms.”
Page 237 and 238:
off to West Virginia, they got marr
Page 239 and 240:
the ruling. Rather than fight, Holt
Page 241 and 242:
the professors treated her fairly,
Page 243 and 244:
passage of time, it was easy to bel
Page 245 and 246:
The youngest Vaughan children were
Page 247 and 248:
Miriam Mann, and the Peddrews— Ka
Page 249 and 250:
Institute’s bookkeeper and local
Page 251 and 252:
herself from the leftovers. She did
Page 253 and 254:
the region like waves on the shores
Page 255 and 256:
laboratory when they were ready to
Page 257 and 258:
Nearly to a woman, the West Compute
Page 259 and 260:
who supported their factory workers
Page 261 and 262:
1934, it was as a subprofessional s
Page 263 and 264:
numbers that bedeviled her days. Sh
Page 265 and 266:
imperative of drag cleanup—the pr
Page 267 and 268:
approached Mach 1, or 100 percent o
Page 269 and 270:
NACA’s first female engineer and
Page 271 and 272:
eached the end of the road. Over th
Page 273 and 274:
had no research credit to her name.
Page 275 and 276:
Arkansas AM&N, a black college that
Page 277 and 278:
movies at the Hampton Institute the
Page 279 and 280:
Marge’s upward move resulted in o
Page 281 and 282:
the women were proficient in basic
Page 283 and 284:
Loads Building to help the women de
Page 285 and 286:
Blanche turned her back on the grou
Page 287 and 288:
cure an illness that would eventual
Page 289 and 290:
laws of the state applied just as v
Page 291 and 292:
knew it, and her bosses eventually
Page 293 and 294:
the laboratory during the war, woul
Page 295 and 296:
“Confederate-set inferno” that
Page 297 and 298:
Hampton Institute campus, was like
Page 299 and 300:
school system already employed two
Page 301 and 302:
tireless service, religious devotio
Page 303 and 304:
the King Street USO and the end of
Page 305 and 306:
their lives. With a leader as creat
Page 307 and 308:
“Hold on a minute!” she said su
Page 309 and 310:
passed through the office, she was
Page 311 and 312:
would not back down before any riva
Page 313 and 314:
As a plane accelerated from high su
Page 315 and 316:
known only as Project 506 was revea
Page 317 and 318:
trial was all the evidence many cit
Page 319 and 320:
The Stability Research Division, wh
Page 321 and 322:
empowerment and one of the leaders
Page 323 and 324:
Even A. Philip Randolph, an avowed
Page 325 and 326:
estaurants in Maryland. The humilia
Page 327 and 328:
teeth of the wartime mandate that h
Page 329 and 330:
government. Among the middle-class
Page 331 and 332:
CHAPTER ELEVEN The Area Rule In the
Page 333 and 334:
East Area might put in a phone call
Page 335 and 336:
same workplace as her white counter
Page 337 and 338:
good nature and prodigious research
Page 339 and 340:
paid close attention to her surroun
Page 341 and 342:
proven when Langley built a small t
Page 343 and 344:
and gained a measure of local celeb
Page 345 and 346:
safer planes. Of course, the NACA w
Page 347 and 348:
take a leave of absence from the wo
Page 349 and 350:
engineering positions through the C
Page 351 and 352:
eferring to the black engineers who
Page 353 and 354:
do anything to impress. John Becker
Page 355 and 356:
morning until the time they put on
Page 357 and 358:
CHAPTER TWELVE Serendipity It had a
Page 359 and 360:
Carolina. The simple but elegant we
Page 361 and 362:
director of the Newsome Park Commun
Page 363 and 364:
summer break from school, the Goble
Page 365 and 366:
Hampton Roads was far from Jimmy’
Page 367 and 368:
heat; many was the night she pined
Page 369 and 370:
oth as a mathematician and as a man
Page 371 and 372:
a job that paid her three times her
Page 373 and 374:
Langley for a two-day conference on
Page 375 and 376:
would both depend on the events in
Page 377 and 378:
prejudice. But these days, there wa
Page 379 and 380:
mind focusing on the good fortune t
Page 381 and 382:
month probational appointment. Succ
Page 383 and 384:
an assistant division chief for man
Page 385 and 386:
was a keeper, and they had no inten
Page 387 and 388:
her inquiries with gusto: they coul
Page 389 and 390:
day, she sat in a dark room and pee
Page 391 and 392:
sky. That research, and other inves
Page 393 and 394:
all as smart as whips. There was no
Page 395 and 396:
outine, another reminder of the cas
Page 397 and 398:
Virginia accent, Katherine might ha
Page 399 and 400:
Katherine after two years in Newpor
Page 401 and 402:
success that included home ownershi
Page 403 and 404:
imagine a dream house but to plan t
Page 405 and 406:
widow and her three adolescent daug
Page 407 and 408:
the Christmas holidays, she accompa
Page 409 and 410:
world that she would teach Roman nu
Page 411 and 412:
feel their weight on her own should
Page 413 and 414:
thirty-eight years old, she found h
Page 415 and 416:
dubbed the American Century. Jet en
Page 417 and 418:
gunmetal-gray block to solve engine
Page 419 and 420:
trajectory analyses in a way that s
Page 421 and 422:
The female mathematicians’ job se
Page 423 and 424:
to sever the link between separate
Page 425 and 426:
courageous teenagers set in motion
Page 427 and 428:
comers. It held one engineering cou
Page 429 and 430:
declared his pleading moot. As Hamp
Page 431 and 432:
fit for the job. He was white, male
Page 433 and 434:
suggested that she enroll in the la
Page 435 and 436:
had been forced to sue the Universi
Page 437 and 438:
too hard, her parents had worked to
Page 439 and 440:
combine the resources to build a be
Page 441 and 442:
named Gerald Rainey. Rainey instruc
Page 443 and 444:
some of the staff had to the presen
Page 445 and 446:
answered as they had each time thei
Page 447 and 448:
moved from shadow to sun, the purpl
Page 449 and 450:
crisis unfolded over days, each mor
Page 451 and 452:
American democracy. That is, until
Page 453 and 454:
the way to underground refuge from
Page 455 and 456:
declared, was nothing less than a t
Page 457 and 458:
editorial in the Cleveland Call and
Page 459 and 460:
can’t let them beat us, she thoug
Page 461 and 462:
Avenue School, was black. Most of t
Page 463 and 464:
Mann (unrelated to West Computing
Page 465 and 466:
father taught her the tricks like p
Page 467 and 468:
the time she turned five, Desma Man
Page 469 and 470:
Calloway’s niece attended in the
Page 471 and 472:
Greensboro public school system. Ch
Page 473 and 474:
United Negro College Fund. “I’v
Page 475 and 476:
United States still struggled to fi
Page 477 and 478:
CHAPTER SIXTEEN What a Difference a
Page 479 and 480:
little too far out to warrant syste
Page 481 and 482:
Physicists, chemists, geologists, a
Page 483 and 484:
with the answer. Space had long bee
Page 485 and 486:
With the US government desperate to
Page 487 and 488:
louder, engineers from PARD and the
Page 489 and 490:
NACA’s three main laboratories. T
Page 491 and 492:
fundamental problems of flight beca
Page 493 and 494:
The defense machine’s hunger virt
Page 495 and 496:
attenuated over time. Dismantling E
Page 497 and 498:
children. An engineer’s wife gave
Page 499 and 500:
yield their seats in the “white
Page 501 and 502:
public school that tried to integra
Page 503 and 504:
ending West Area Computing only aft
Page 505 and 506:
United States.” It would take a l
Page 507 and 508:
public operations of the military s
Page 509 and 510:
assistant director, Floyd Thompson,
Page 511 and 512:
1980s, but with the modesty charact
Page 513 and 514:
With their educations on track and
Page 515 and 516:
Vaughan a fresh start as well. She
Page 517 and 518:
automobile than a baby carriage,”
Page 519 and 520:
put forth a vague, practically usel
Page 521 and 522:
Ray Moulton. So the engineers, who
Page 523 and 524:
the Monroe calculator and filling o
Page 525 and 526:
news. But however close she sat to
Page 527 and 528:
designed to clarify the marching or
Page 529 and 530:
answer nature’s call—a law she
Page 531 and 532:
eyes of their bosses. Five out of t
Page 533 and 534:
interactions with the men. Too much
Page 535 and 536:
withstand pressure. Their path to a
Page 537 and 538:
everyone who had helped her to reac
Page 539 and 540:
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN With All Deliberat
Page 541 and 542:
creating a brain trust at Mother La
Page 543 and 544:
Virginia closed the public schools,
Page 545 and 546:
School. The school board, however,
Page 547 and 548:
their mother made regular appearanc
Page 549 and 550:
into practice. James A. Johnson, bo
Page 551 and 552:
together at dances and dinner parti
Page 553 and 554:
lead, it was the simplest, fastest,
Page 555 and 556:
enough to fit into the lunchbox of
Page 557 and 558:
To the engineers on Katherine’s d
Page 559 and 560:
thousands of woman-hours computing
Page 561 and 562:
Skopinski. Working with Skopinski a
Page 563 and 564:
—the fact that it was not perfect
Page 565 and 566:
Angle report was the work of the Fl
Page 567 and 568:
leary-eyed days of 1959, she accept
Page 569 and 570:
had been set the year before by an
Page 571 and 572:
weekend, approached. Mary helped he
Page 573 and 574:
fifty thousand boys gearing up to c
Page 575 and 576:
adolescent insolence and tears be d
Page 577 and 578:
Entering the derby was tantamount t
Page 579 and 580:
open to black boys, would have reje
Page 581 and 582:
Four-foot Supersonic Pressure Tunne
Page 583 and 584:
looked like them. Serving as the le
Page 585 and 586:
and returned with tales for her you
Page 587 and 588:
at the summit of the Twenty-Fifth S
Page 589 and 590:
hour. His family fell upon him in a
Page 591 and 592:
else might be possible? Achievement
Page 593 and 594:
CHAPTER TWENTY Degrees of Freedom I
Page 595 and 596:
arrested this afternoon when I went
Page 597 and 598:
carrying a full semester of courses
Page 599 and 600:
lack president at the helm for the
Page 601 and 602:
moved: they defunded the entire cou
Page 603 and 604:
already found permanent positions i
Page 605 and 606:
promoted from an all-female service
Page 607 and 608:
girls, Dorothy made a date with the
Page 609 and 610:
correct order. As powerful as ACD
Page 611 and 612:
put all available resources behind
Page 613 and 614:
unpredictable from the start: on Ja
Page 615 and 616:
thorough plan. Now they executed it
Page 617 and 618:
only fifteen minutes and twenty-two
Page 619 and 620:
of eighteen thousand people. The bu
Page 621 and 622:
Side, Katherine’s former colleagu
Page 623 and 624:
suborbital flight, came and went in
Page 625 and 626:
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Out of the Past,
Page 627 and 628:
velocity, the aerodynamic pressure
Page 629 and 630:
from the capsule in the Back River
Page 631 and 632:
Eisenhower’s watch. Additional te
Page 633 and 634:
full checkout of his flight plan. B
Page 635 and 636:
machines’ data only to find error
Page 637 and 638:
The space age and television were c
Page 639 and 640:
pushing for answers to their inquir
Page 641 and 642:
It was at Langley where the progres
Page 643 and 644:
ange for work. The Scout rocket had
Page 645 and 646:
whose greatest talents had been rec
Page 647 and 648:
of accident, harmony, favor, wisdom
Page 649 and 650:
guide and control the rocket and ca
Page 651 and 652:
world. On the map were inscribed si
Page 653 and 654:
ut it faced computer glitches and c
Page 655 and 656:
of sending her numbers to be checke
Page 657 and 658:
orbits. But then, during the first
Page 659 and 660:
just minutes before was preparing h
Page 661 and 662:
News: along the shipyard, over the
Page 663 and 664:
1962, a glamorous Katherine Johnson
Page 665 and 666:
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO America Is for E
Page 667 and 668:
space vehicle.” The document, cre
Page 669 and 670:
Randolph brought together a group t
Page 671 and 672:
the crowd, easing into his prepared
Page 673 and 674:
through the doors at Langley, the w
Page 675 and 676:
Virginia State University in Peters
Page 677 and 678:
church with her husband and two you
Page 679 and 680:
asis. They hosted card parties and
Page 681 and 682:
their favorites. Christine Darden a
Page 683 and 684:
plans were destroyed in the Februar
Page 685 and 686:
up. The command service module was
Page 687 and 688:
oard the spacecraft and the astrona
Page 689 and 690:
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE To Boldly Go I
Page 691 and 692:
the janitresses and washerwomen and
Page 693 and 694:
window, all observing the same thin
Page 695 and 696:
The intensity of the last few days
Page 697 and 698:
around the country ranged from mode
Page 699 and 700:
get past the bellman—delights lik
Page 701 and 702:
needs of the jet set at the Greenbr
Page 703 and 704:
in the trenches of Mission Control.
Page 705 and 706:
optimism, a certain idealism about
Page 707 and 708:
South. The bill only made it over t
Page 709 and 710:
others found themselves the only bl
Page 711 and 712:
Star Trek landed in American homes
Page 713 and 714:
That weekend Nichols attended a cel
Page 715 and 716:
How could Katherine not be a fan? E
Page 717 and 718:
immediately. Even without the press
Page 719 and 720:
nights in front of the Friden calcu
Page 721 and 722:
Aldrin on the Moon would have a bri
Page 723 and 724:
EPILOGUE It’s the question that c
Page 725 and 726:
fingerprint on what is considered h
Page 727 and 728:
Katherine and her colleague Al Hame
Page 729 and 730:
glamorous days of the space program
Page 731 and 732:
Virginia. And a charter high school
Page 733 and 734:
was from her descriptions to me in
Page 735 and 736:
waiting for the rest of us to catch
Page 737 and 738:
dream of Dr. King that had rung out
Page 739 and 740:
Apollo program was clamorous, but t
Page 741 and 742:
new decade were less glamorous, but
Page 743 and 744:
agency would never return to the gl
Page 745 and 746:
computers in aeronautical research,
Page 747 and 748:
the third member of Mary and Kaz’
Page 749 and 750:
in other workplaces, a prime locati
Page 751 and 752:
wasn’t wired to take the easy roa
Page 753 and 754:
determined to push for opportunitie
Page 755 and 756:
good-bye to one of my favorite “c
Page 757 and 758:
gave Gloria the chance to advance f
Page 759 and 760:
who spent the summer interning with
Page 761 and 762:
to “reprogram” the computers in
Page 763 and 764:
Jackson Sr., had spent the end of h
Page 765 and 766:
een an exciting place in the run-up
Page 767 and 768:
Christine went directly to the divi
Page 769 and 770:
esearchers Richard Seabass and Albe
Page 771 and 772:
An upper-level supervisor denied he
Page 773 and 774:
chart and showed it to the head of
Page 775 and 776:
Butler, a white man, who also held
Page 777 and 778:
was perhaps the only photographic e
Page 779 and 780:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The title of this b
Page 781 and 782:
comprehensive database of all the f
Page 783 and 784:
Museum for inviting me to be part o
Page 785 and 786:
questions regarding the months lead
Page 787 and 788:
instrumental in helping me reconstr
Page 789 and 790:
Wynn have been my hometown cheering
Page 791 and 792:
of the book proposal, improving it
Page 793 and 794:
National Aeronautics and Space Admi
Page 795 and 796:
Baltimore Afro-American. Archive ac
Page 797 and 798:
PDF and ebook formats at http://his
Page 799 and 800:
interviews with prominent African A
Page 801 and 802:
Katherine G. Johnson, Newport News,
Page 803 and 804:
Champine, Gloria. He’s Got the Ri
Page 805 and 806:
History of the NACA and NASA, 1915-
Page 807 and 808:
Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rig
Page 809 and 810:
Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917- 1958
Page 811 and 812:
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. K
Page 813 and 814:
Pearcy, Arthur. Flying the Frontier
Page 815 and 816:
Action 1940-1972. Baltimore: Johns
Page 817 and 818:
Economic Research, 2004, http://www
Page 819 and 820:
Gainer, Mary E. and Robert C. Moyer
Page 821 and 822:
Tunnels.” Ebony Magazine, August
Page 823 and 824:
“USO Secretary Weds Navy Man.”
Page 825 and 826:
xvi two white head computers: Blanc
Page 827 and 828:
1943, NARA Phil. 1 Every morning at
Page 829 and 830:
2012), 11. 3 the largest industry i
Page 831 and 832:
7 practical solutions: In the NACA
Page 833 and 834:
10 supported three workers: Kathryn
Page 835 and 836:
microfilm: 1374800, Ancestry.com. 1
Page 837 and 838:
Unemployment in the 1930s,” Journ
Page 839 and 840:
Mann Harris, personal interview, Ma
Page 841 and 842:
20 put war stamps on sale: Ibid. 20
Page 843 and 844:
(Parkersburg, WV: Trans Allegheny B
Page 845 and 846:
6, 2011. CHAPTER 4: THE DOUBLE V 27
Page 847 and 848:
Roads Port of Embarkation in World
Page 849 and 850:
November 13, 1943; “VPS Begins Tw
Page 851 and 852:
33 “There is no power in the worl
Page 853 and 854:
of Virginia”: Hansen, Engineer in
Page 855 and 856:
2014; Miriam Mann Harris, “Miriam
Page 857 and 858:
James A. Johnson, personal intervie
Page 859 and 860:
NASA and Langley archives at the La
Page 861 and 862:
51 flying North American P-51 Musta
Page 863 and 864:
Aeronautics 1915-1958 (Washington,
Page 865 and 866:
Paige, “Newsome Park Echoes,” N
Page 867 and 868:
1945. 66 their white, Gentile-only
Page 869 and 870:
1944. CHAPTER 8: THOSE WHO MOVE FOR
Page 871 and 872:
The History of the Greenbrier, 113.
Page 873 and 874:
73 received an offer to join the in
Page 875 and 876:
2013. 75 walked away from an offer
Page 877 and 878:
79 just $96: Martha J. Bailey and W
Page 879 and 880:
formed after the Langley laboratory
Page 881 and 882:
Memorandum for Section Heads and Di
Page 883 and 884:
aerodynamics text High Speed Wing T
Page 885 and 886:
Laboratory,” Memorandum for the S
Page 887 and 888:
Sanatorium: Ibid. 91 “It appears
Page 889 and 890:
highest honors: “Mary W. Jackson
Page 891 and 892:
97 field trips to the crab factory:
Page 893 and 894:
1940-1949-winners. 100 Project 506:
Page 895 and 896:
September 2003. 102 Eastman Jacobs,
Page 897 and 898:
Employment.” 105 science textbook
Page 899 and 900:
author, Swedish economist Gunnar My
Page 901 and 902:
and Corliss, Wind Tunnels of NASA,
Page 903 and 904:
113 “Jaybird was as fair as it go
Page 905 and 906:
118 the director of the Newsome Par
Page 907 and 908:
122 “The Flight Research Division
Page 909 and 910:
ackground in the work being done by
Page 911 and 912:
131 some of the black employees: Th
Page 913 and 914:
135 Family lore had it: Hylick inte
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138 destined for the lab’s financ
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Cones at Supersonic Speeds,” Lang
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Over US”: New York Times, October
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York Times, July 5, 2008. 154 nonex
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157 Bettye Tillman and JoAnne Smart
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Relating to a Satellite Study, RA-
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January 14-17, 2002, Reno, Nevada,
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school districts to integrate: Smit
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y the President’s Science Advisor
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18, 2014, http://www.marieclaire.co
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181 “they were all the same”: J
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186 Mary Jackson had been one of hi
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and Guide, July 2, 1960. 194 nine-h
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198 So Mary enlisted the help of He
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256. 201 three hundred had joined t
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documents to support this, many in
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1961. 208 Have the chimpanzee: Swen
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214 “a Rube Goldberg device on to
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Saul Gass, “Project Mercury Real-
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career woman!”: “Lady Mathemati
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scenes role helping to organize the
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Apollo 11 Moon Landing,” Smithson
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lack publications, its small blacka
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243 face-to-face with Dr. Martin Lu
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246 “grand tour” of the outer p
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249 “They are loud in their prais
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R. Benson, Quieting the Boom: The S
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“Mary W. Jackson, Federal Women
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15. Gloria’s father’s crew work
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man: Christine Darden, The History
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Champine, personal interview, July
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Aerospace Mechanics Division, 182 A
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218, 221, 223 atomic war, 98, 151-1
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“masked” around whites, 109 Moo
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Colored waiting room, 22 entering a
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Cherry, Mary, 16 Civil Rights Act (
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Cold War “Communist” epithet, 6
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“fly-by-wire” Mercury missions,
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See also mathematicians men as, 205
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Darling Stadium, 225 “data analys
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Eisenhower, Dwight D. Introduction
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significance to blacks, 15-16, 32,
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Goble, James Francis “Jimmy” as
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electricity rationing and wind tunn
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West Computing section head, xvii,
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604 and 650 for trajectories, 138 7
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Girl Scout leader, 95, 97-98, 108,
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25, 75-76 homeowner, 132-133, 185-1
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Keating, Jean Clark (scientist), 17
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Rosenberg trial repercussions, 101-
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Malvestuto, Frank, 112 Maneuver Loa
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acial integration of women, 205 sal
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Moon shot cost of space program, 24
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Joseph McCarthy target, 102 teacher
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charter of, 171 cost of space progr
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newspapers. See black newspapers Ni
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Presidential Medal of Freedom, 172,
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221, 258 trajectories, 189-191, 214
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Robinson, Jackie, 140 Robinson, Spo
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International Geophysical Year, 162
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East End, 29-30, 61-62 federal defe
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Smart, JoAnne, 157 Smith, Benjamin
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illness, 89-91 West Computing secti
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airmen Taylor, Ophelia (West Comput
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transonic region, 100, 110-111, 137
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125-126 Langley first day, 37, 39,
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size increase, 41, 107, 111 West Co
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Mary Winston women author Doris Coh
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Young, P. B., 34 Young, Pearl FBI q
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CREDITS Cover design by Elsie Lyons
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HarperCollins e-books. FIRST EDITIO
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New Zealand HarperCollins Publisher
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