Ecosystem Services

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5. Ecosystem services of blue mussel beds ............................................................................ 65 5.1 Distribution and physical requirements ................................................................... 65 5.2 Threats and challenges ........................................................................................... 67 5.3 Supporting services ................................................................................................ 68 5.4 Provisioning services .............................................................................................. 69 5.5 Regulating services ................................................................................................. 73 5.6 Cultural services ..................................................................................................... 75 6. Ecosystem services of shallow bays and inlets ................................................................... 79 6.1 Distribution and physical requirements ................................................................... 79 6.2 Threats and challenges ........................................................................................... 82 6.3 Supporting services ................................................................................................ 83 6.4 Provisioning services .............................................................................................. 87 6.5 Regulating services ................................................................................................. 88 6.6 Cultural services ..................................................................................................... 92 7. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 95 7.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 95 7.2 Knowledge gaps ..................................................................................................... 98 References ............................................................................................................................ 103 Norsk sammendrag ............................................................................................................... 123 Tareskog ......................................................................................................................... 123 Ålegrasenger .................................................................................................................. 124 Blåskjellbanker ................................................................................................................ 125 Grunne bukter og viker .................................................................................................... 126
Ecosystem Services In the Coastal Zone of the Nordic Countries Hege Gundersen (NIVA) Tanya Bryan (GRID-Arendal) Wenting Chen (NIVA) Frithjof E. Moy (IMR) Antonia N. Sandman (AquaBiota) Göran Sundblad (AquaBiota) Susi Schneider (NIVA) Jesper H. Andersen (NIVA) Sindre Langaas (NIVA) Mats G. Walday (NIVA)
Page 1: Ecosystem Services In the Coastal Z
Page 4 and 5: Ecosystem Services In the Coastal Z
Page 9: Preface This report gives an overvi
Page 12 and 13: Baseline Natura 2000 NCM NIVA NOK T
Page 14 and 15: Kelp has a long tradition of being
Page 16 and 17: Traditionally, blue mussels have be
Page 19 and 20: 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Mari
Page 21 and 22: quences of different uses (Meld. St
Page 23 and 24: forests, we have also looked at the
Page 25 and 26: Important supporting ecosystem serv
Page 27 and 28: Skagerrak and Baltic in the south.
Page 29: The approach goes beyond ecosystem
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2: Map of the Nordic countri
Page 34 and 35: the tourism industry. The total val
Page 37 and 38: 3. Ecosystem services of kelp fores
Page 39 and 40: and Vance 2015), the spread of inva
Page 41 and 42: Box 2: Eutrophication, climate chan
Page 43 and 44: 3.3 Supporting services 3.3.1 Habit
Page 45 and 46: Scheibling 2012). Detritus settles
Page 47 and 48: Based on the well-known food chains
Page 49 and 50: Box 3: An investigation of CO2 upta
Page 51 and 52: Many studies are also supporting in
Page 53 and 54: 4. Ecosystem services of eelgrass m
Page 55 and 56: Figure 11: Eelgrass meadow with flo
Page 57 and 58:
The challenge is to stop or reduce
Page 59 and 60:
4.3.2 Primary production, food webs
Page 61 and 62:
4.3.3 Biological control By high pr
Page 63 and 64:
4.5 Regulating services 4.5.1 Maint
Page 65 and 66:
4.5.5 Coastal defense The eelgrass
Page 67 and 68:
5. Ecosystem services of blue musse
Page 69 and 70:
al. 2002, Vuorinen et al. 2002, Lap
Page 71 and 72:
of plankton and suspended particles
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 18: Blue mussel farmed in a
Page 75 and 76:
5.5 Regulating services 5.5.1 Maint
Page 77 and 78:
for consumption and enjoyment of re
Page 79:
Box 5: Løgstør - the town of muss
Page 82 and 83:
which slowly become flads and later
Page 84 and 85:
occur in these types of environment
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 22: Shallow, wave sheltered
Page 88 and 89:
6.3.3 Biological control Shallow, w
Page 90 and 91:
On the Swedish east coast the comme
Page 92 and 93:
6.5.3 Eutrophication mitigation Rem
Page 94 and 95:
Within two weeks, the charophyte co
Page 96 and 97:
The contradiction between how the u
Page 98 and 99:
Of the regulating services, kelp an
Page 100 and 101:
7.2 Knowledge gaps Although this st
Page 102 and 103:
huge knowledge gap regarding which
Page 104 and 105:
7.2.4 Shallow bays and inlets Recre
Page 106 and 107:
Baumann HA, Morrison L, Stengel DB.
Page 108 and 109:
Christie H, Norderhaug KM, Fredriks
Page 110 and 111:
FAO. 2014. The State of World Fishe
Page 112 and 113:
HVMFS (Havs- och vattenmyndigheten)
Page 114 and 115:
Karås P. 1996a. Basic abiotic cond
Page 116 and 117:
Lyngby JE, Brix H. 1989. Heavy meta
Page 118 and 119:
Newell RIE. 2004. Ecosystem influen
Page 120 and 121:
Rinde E, Tjomsland T, Hjermann DØ,
Page 122 and 123:
Stål J, Paulsen S, Pihl L, Rönnb
Page 124 and 125:
Wernberg T, Russell BD, Moore PJ, L
Page 126 and 127:
mrd NOK. Siden tareskogene er antat
Page 128 and 129:
størrelse som fiskeoppdrett, men f
Page 130:
Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Str
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Ecosystem Services

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