COLLECTION OF EssAYs RECUEIL D' ARTICLES - Naciones Unidas

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LA CONTRIBUTION DU JURISCONSULTE A LA POLITIQUE DES ETATS RELATIVE AUX ESPACES MARITEMES Hfiseyin Pazarci Introduction Lorsque les gouvernements des Etats diterminent leur politique 6trangire, ils sont essentiellement preoccup6s d'assurer de la meilleure fawon leurs ntfrtts nationaux. Cependant, pour r~ussir, ils sont obliges de concilier cet objectif avec les intfrtts nationaux des autres Etats qui ont normalement la mme prioccupation C'est pourquoi chaque Etat, en vue d'.tablir une politique trang~re gelakralement acceptse, doit prendre en consideration aussi bien l'opinion publique nationale et internationale que la lkgalit6 des mesures i prendre'. L'6valuation de cette lgait& au niveau des Etats se fait, comme il est d'usage, par les services de jurisconsulte du Minist-re des affaires 6trangires 2 . Ce besoin du recours au jurisconsulte du Minhst~re des affaires 6trangmres se fait ressentir davantage lorsqu'il s'agit de la determination d'une politique concernant un sujet qui a beaucoup d'aspects techniques au sens large du terme. Les r gles du droit international relatives aux espaces maritimes presentant ces caractftistiques, le r6le du jurisconsulte gagne une importance particuliere pour la determination de la politique des Etats relative aux espaces maritimes. * Profeaseur, Ambassadetr de Turquie en Tunisie et ancien Chef d .I 134artenent juridique du Ministie des affaires angres de la Tuiquie Les opinions exPrinrts ic sont strictern persormelles et n'egagent que !auteur. IVoir aussi G. E. di Nascirmento e Silva, "Diplormacy" dam Encyclopedia of Public International Law : Inzernaonal Relations and Legal Cooperation :,. General, Diplomacy and Consular Relations, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., (1986), t. 9, p. 85. : Voir par exernple su ce sujet R.B. Bilder, -The office of the legal adviser", American Jownal oflnternational Law, vol.56, (1962). pp. 633-6,t;4, Sir G. Fitmaurice, "Legal advisers and foreign affairs", American Journal of Internaional Law, rol 59, (1965), p. 72 -86.
Page 1 and 2: OFFt OF LEGAL AFAmS COLLECTION OF E
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table des matiere
Page 5 and 6: M THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN
Page 7 and 8: THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER OR PR
Page 9 and 10: PREFACE The world has changed radic
Page 11: PROLOGO El mundo ha cambiado radica
Page 15 and 16: THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADISER [N THE
Page 17 and 18: decisions on matters of foreign pol
Page 19 and 20: well as a great privilege. Assistin
Page 21 and 22: ownership or, for the sake of more
Page 23 and 24: GOVERNMENT OF GHANA RELATIVE TO THE
Page 25 and 26: BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERIC
Page 27 and 28: "The Governments of the United King
Page 29 and 30: torch-bearer for the decolonization
Page 31 and 32: oppose independence. As you know, v
Page 33 and 34: constantly kept on the agenda of th
Page 35 and 36: Since independence, Ghana has pursu
Page 37 and 38: In 1962, Nkrumah convened a confere
Page 39 and 40: THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN TH
Page 41 and 42: distinction between the Charter of
Page 43: the United States, are promoting th
Page 47 and 48: consid6rer les r6les du jurisconsul
Page 49 and 50: mterts nationaux tels qu'ils les ap
Page 51 and 52: diments mtervenant dans le processu
Page 53 and 54: Lorsque la convergence de vues itat
Page 55 and 56: gouvemement au sujet du choix de ce
Page 57 and 58: aspects de la determination de la p
Page 59 and 60: autre problbme sur lequel les gouve
Page 61 and 62: adjacent aux Etats-Unis, le Pr6side
Page 63 and 64: davantage au mode de conciliation q
Page 65: n THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER 1IN
Page 68 and 69: in their constitutions. 3 This ques
Page 70 and 71: April 1993,1" transferred: a) The c
Page 72 and 73: - Ensures that the procedure for th
Page 74 and 75: subject-matter concerned. Quite oft
Page 76 and 77: has to be considered as a human rig
Page 78 and 79: - Keeping the list of treaties to w
Page 80 and 81: The broader recourse of States to t
Page 83 and 84: SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE RELATIONSHI
Page 85 and 86: armed conflicts. This led in 1949 t
Page 87 and 88: IV. The Convergence of Humanitarian
Page 89 and 90: considerations of humanity". The de
Page 91 and 92: substantive rules contained in para
Page 93 and 94: Government against its own civilian
Page 95 and 96:
One may hope that the elaborate and
Page 97 and 98:
LE ROLE DU DIRECTEUR DES AFFAIRES J
Page 99 and 100:
europenne des droits de lhoinme et
Page 101 and 102:
des tnbunaux franais. Ainsi l'arret
Page 103 and 104:
parviennent, ils contribuent au pro
Page 105 and 106:
Communautis europ~ennes (Traiti CE)
Page 107 and 108:
frangais sont presents soit environ
Page 109 and 110:
COOPERATION AMONG LEGAL ADVISERS ON
Page 111 and 112:
The meetings have been well attende
Page 113 and 114:
interest to note that the AALCC mad
Page 115 and 116:
mentioned that a "pocket library" f
Page 117 and 118:
or her services will be used for su
Page 119 and 120:
developments. The adoption of an in
Page 121 and 122:
Therefore, this element of the func
Page 123 and 124:
umuc international law has undergon
Page 125 and 126:
purposes of these meetings is to pr
Page 127 and 128:
Annex A Tentative Description of a
Page 129 and 130:
7. Participation in the national le
Page 131:
17. Head of a Legal Department (if
Page 134 and 135:
II. Definition This field should be
Page 136 and 137:
The creation of a preliminary, flex
Page 138 and 139:
IV. Are Agreements Binding Only in
Page 140 and 141:
treaty agreements would not be rule
Page 142 and 143:
a political or moral commitment, wh
Page 144 and 145:
settlement procedures and reprisals
Page 146 and 147:
"legal realism" or the "New Haven a
Page 148 and 149:
differentiation of the legal conseq
Page 150 and 151:
always excludes reservations, is cu
Page 152 and 153:
Mutual dependence of the intended a
Page 154 and 155:
agreements can contain termination
Page 156 and 157:
governing relations between the par
Page 158 and 159:
entered into force -- and that only
Page 160 and 161:
outbreak of hostilities between Sta
Page 162 and 163:
with the principles and rules of in
Page 164 and 165:
"The Parties [designation of agreem
Page 166 and 167:
ange of distinguished international
Page 168 and 169:
considers that a particular agreeme
Page 170 and 171:
needs. 2 1 Croatia decided to initi
Page 172 and 173:
several months. Almost invariably,
Page 175:
m THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN
Page 178 and 179:
que les principes g n~raux de droit
Page 180 and 181:
cadre fond6 sur le principe de l'ha
Page 182 and 183:
Les personnes qui peuvent encourir
Page 184 and 185:
fourniture des produits et des marc
Page 186 and 187:
Chapitre VII de la Charte, a mainte
Page 188 and 189:
establish the modalities for the im
Page 190 and 191:
3. Whether a treaty is enforceable
Page 192 and 193:
Again, in Messrs Najab Zarab Ltd. v
Page 194 and 195:
Article 227, paragraph 1, lays down
Page 196 and 197:
Adviser in Pakistan's Foreign Offic
Page 198 and 199:
A proper appreciation of the Zimbab
Page 200 and 201:
straddles two extremes, viz. the po
Page 202 and 203:
nature of the law officers' advisor
Page 204 and 205:
4. United Nations Practice As a rul
Page 206 and 207:
intrudes into the domestic realm. M
Page 208 and 209:
approval. Secondly, it was expressl
Page 210 and 211:
" Humanitarian law 53 and " Human r
Page 212 and 213:
Insofar as concerns the incorporati
Page 214 and 215:
proactive. Although these arguments
Page 216 and 217:
system. It is these attributes whic
Page 218 and 219:
(i) Harmonization of national legis
Page 220 and 221:
was recently fmalised to implement,
Page 222 and 223:
equired to serve as Chairman of the
Page 224 and 225:
assessment of the precise legal imp
Page 226 and 227:
V. Legal Adviser's Role in Resolvin
Page 228 and 229:
accruing to host States to regulate
Page 230 and 231:
consistent with the "adequate and e
Page 233 and 234:
LA LABOR DEL CONSEJERO LEGAL EN LA
Page 235 and 236:
adecuar las normas imperativas del
Page 237 and 238:
de Justicia, Profesor Stephen Schwe
Page 239 and 240:
Embajadores Ernesto De la Guardia y
Page 241 and 242:
normas aplicables, se esti tomando
Page 243 and 244:
ha sido, con frecuencia, de gran ut
Page 245 and 246:
etc.) y la Consejeria Legal, que po
Page 247 and 248:
Estado y a otros fimcionarios formu
Page 249 and 250:
Tal categoria, que se ha denommado
Page 251 and 252:
Los problemas y cuestiones anterior
Page 253:
IV THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER LN
Page 256 and 257:
Republic of Yugoslavia "shall not p
Page 258 and 259:
y virtue of such changes."' 0 "Ther
Page 260 and 261:
Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and
Page 262 and 263:
Republic of Yugoslavia. If the Fede
Page 264 and 265:
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's po
Page 266 and 267:
quite extraordinary. 26 Some intern
Page 268 and 269:
Due to the limited possibilities of
Page 271 and 272:
GARDIEN DU PATRIMOINE OU INVENTEUR
Page 273 and 274:
ell risquerait de donner une image
Page 275 and 276:
susceptible d'application mdustriel
Page 277 and 278:
crit~res dnt la pondration fut adap
Page 279 and 280:
des nouveaux venus du monde sociali
Page 281 and 282:
La Constitution de I'O1T d6finit de
Page 283 and 284:
enforcement etpromotion. Malg une o
Page 285 and 286:
Cette seconde proposition se bornai
Page 287 and 288:
et en constante 6volution, au gri d
Page 289 and 290:
Conference internationale du Travai
Page 291 and 292:
tenant compte de la jurisprudence s
Page 293 and 294:
emplir son mandat qui est, i l'inst
Page 295:
deveklpement du phnrlisme social in
Page 298 and 299:
indeed everywhere be left to profes
Page 300 and 301:
the answer is: basically yes! The l
Page 302 and 303:
Any staff member of the ITU may als
Page 304 and 305:
also to the legal adviser's credibi
Page 306 and 307:
elaboration of procurement rules an
Page 308 and 309:
Committee and twice, for several ye
Page 310 and 311:
y asking for the floor [sic] , if h
Page 312 and 313:
path to be followed "without any wo
Page 314 and 315:
attempts to partly attenuate and pa
Page 316 and 317:
commercial company. The functions o
Page 318 and 319:
includes the civic courage to say "
Page 320 and 321:
2Z 22 2 ' Annex 1 1 2 7
Page 322 and 323:
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNI
Page 324 and 325:
immunities (and their waiver) of th
Page 327 and 328:
THE ROLE OF THE WORLD BANK'S GENERA
Page 329 and 330:
a Providing legal support for resou
Page 331 and 332:
prepared in the office of the Gener
Page 333 and 334:
eyond the powers of the Executive D
Page 335 and 336:
institutions before national courts
Page 337 and 338:
signature by member countries by de
Page 339 and 340:
debt service reduction purposes. No
Page 341 and 342:
THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER IN TH
Page 343 and 344:
spheres. Of particular relevance in
Page 345 and 346:
the Legal Adviser had to play in de
Page 347 and 348:
objectives proposed by the Director
Page 349 and 350:
General who had hitherto headed the
Page 351 and 352:
The Director-General then referred
Page 353 and 354:
A second Bulletin on "Non-Voluntary
Page 355 and 356:
The main constitutional requirement
Page 357 and 358:
of interest on arrears, suspension
Page 359 and 360:
Business Plan states that such acti
Page 361 and 362:
The reform and restructuring of UNI
Page 363:
V THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ADVISER OR
Page 366 and 367:
I. Background Some of the challenge
Page 368 and 369:
Civil and Political Rights 4 has re
Page 370 and 371:
to the construction of Australian e
Page 372 and 373:
courts in other jurisdictions. This
Page 374 and 375:
view of its international obligatio
Page 376 and 377:
International law has impacted upon
Page 378 and 379:
atification of a convention is a po
Page 380 and 381:
Justice Kirby has said: "Where the
Page 382 and 383:
law of Australia so far as it is no
Page 384 and 385:
the formation of customary internat
Page 386 and 387:
material included United Nations re
Page 389 and 390:
LA PRATIQUE DE L'ARTICLE 38 DU STAT
Page 391 and 392:
La principale de ces donnees est bi
Page 393 and 394:
obligations qui s'imposent aux part
Page 395 and 396:
fonction, notamment, du contexte de
Page 397 and 398:
contentieux que dans d'autres, en f
Page 399 and 400:
d'instruments au cours des deux der
Page 401 and 402:
souvent considirables, il est n~ces
Page 403 and 404:
sauf i considdrer que la Cour serai
Page 405 and 406:
pas rare que les "publicistes les p
Page 407 and 408:
LE ROLE ET LES FONCTIONS DU CHEF DU
Page 409 and 410:
Cour d6gagent de la comparaison ent
Page 411 and 412:
Une reference i l'Agent est par con
Page 413 and 414:
fonctions d'Agent peuvent etre cont
Page 415 and 416:
institutionnellement au Minist~re d
Page 417 and 418:
En identifiant les organes concerns
Page 419 and 420:
des Ministres qui se prononcera sel
Page 421 and 422:
de l'accusation concemant la commis
Page 423 and 424:
lorsqu'il s'agit d'une question d'i
Page 425:
permanent pros le Conseil de l'Euro
Page 428 and 429:
States, to refrain from aggravating
Page 430 and 431:
phosphate deposits except for a nar
Page 432 and 433:
phosphate royalties and the ownersh
Page 434 and 435:
procedures a condition precedent fo
Page 436 and 437:
Copies of the Weeramantry Commissio
Page 438 and 439:
them were those relating to non-sur
Page 440 and 441:
Australia could be magnanimous to i
Page 442 and 443:
-mhe Joint Leclaration o rrincipies
Page 444 and 445:
Nonetheless, they then need to be t
Page 447 and 448:
REMARQUES SUR LE "MISTIER" DE CONSE
Page 449 and 450:
- Durant cette priode, 21' affaires
Page 451 and 452:
arreau anglais 4 , les conseils bri
Page 453 and 454:
file" de l'6quipe de plaidoirie. Po
Page 455 and 456:
les conseils puissent apprihender l
Page 457 and 458:
11. Au demeurant, 1'6quipe n'est pa
Page 459 and 460:
(dont il ne faut cependant pas se d
Page 461 and 462:
- De l'existence, parmi les autres
Page 463 and 464:
M noire ou de ia Rplique : il s'agi
Page 465 and 466:
II va de soi cependant que ce contr
Page 467 and 468:
l'organisation de celles-ci. 1H ne
Page 469 and 470:
affaires, une grande aventure v6cue
Page 471 and 472:
LITIGATION PRACTICE BEFORE THE INTE
Page 473 and 474:
"I should mention that the use of t
Page 475 and 476:
also protracted, a factor which agg
Page 477 and 478:
paragraph 3 of the same Article, up
Page 479 and 480:
These observations might be justly
Page 481 and 482:
The English circle, which can be su
Page 483 and 484:
(1982)' 4 , Libya (1984)7", Libya (
Page 485 and 486:
incorporation into their national l
Page 487 and 488:
which furnishes one or two lawyers
Page 489 and 490:
probably due to the specialization
Page 491 and 492:
THE PRESENTATION OF THE GAB(dOVO-NA
Page 493 and 494:
A second set of issues which fell t
Page 495 and 496:
Law Department Possibly the most im
Page 497 and 498:
impossible. A strong recommendation
Page 499 and 500:
invoked or relied on by the parties
Page 501 and 502:
the style of visual presentation wa
Page 503 and 504:
studio by Hungarian scientists who
Page 505:
POSTSCRIPT POSTFACE
Page 508 and 509:
procedural objectives, public gover
Page 510 and 511:
One may, of course, also succeed in
Page 512 and 513:
modernity is different from knowing
Page 514 and 515:
enthusiastic about a Common Heritag
Page 516 and 517:
International Criminal Court that t
Page 518 and 519:
enthusiasms gone sour, afin-de-sicl
Page 520 and 521:
commitment always remains ambivalen
Page 522 and 523:
to take account of environmental co
Page 524 and 525:
often silent assumed (especially by
Page 526 and 527:
practice, illustrated by the increa
Page 528 and 529:
social consensus to political manip
Page 530 and 531:
parliamentary committee that had di
Page 532 and 533:
seem like an impossible dilettante
Page 534 and 535:
issues about world order, internati
Page 536:
In~ js 'a- -i 4- - - . ._,.. i ' _
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