European case studies Eur

European case studies European case studies Our six country case studies provide a deeper understanding of the drivers and symptoms of the politics of fear through a detailed analysis of national specificities. Each provides a different analytical perspective and takes a different methodological approach, taking account of national contexts and trends. In France, we find a toxic political atmosphere, dominated by negative voting intentions, and a population divided between a majority that continues to view the Front National in strongly negative terms, set against a sizeable minority that see its leader Marine Le Pen, as ‘strong’ and a ‘realist’. This political context is underpinned by a more widespread sense of anxiety and crisis, linked to recent attacks, and economic uncertainty. In Germany, by contrast, citizens’ concerns are shown to be more closely tied to specific issues around the EU’s impact in key areas of policy, including social security and EU payments. The findings here reveal there is a significant gap between the views of the public and those of German politicians, who tend not to recognise these concrete concerns and instead speak of a generalised sense of fear among their citizens. In Poland, while socioeconomic grievances have played a role in the electoral success of the Law and Justice party, their rise to power also reflects a clear backlash against liberal and European values. The Polish case study argues that the dissemination of systematic political lies and conspiracy theory through social and alternative media has been a key component of the populist right’s success. In the UK, we find similar social and cultural underpinnings to the Brexit vote, although these are shown to be heavily intertwined with economic and educational inequalities. Social networks are also found to be significant

41 – internationally and intranationally – with those people who have recently socialised with someone from either a different country or a different UK city more likely to have voted Remain. Even in the home of social democratic liberalism, Sweden, our findings show a similar (if slighter) turn towards ethnically defined conceptions of national identity in Swedish political discourse. That said, the public polling also reflects the continued strength of civic understandings of identity in Sweden, albeit with Sweden Democrats voters more likely to hold a mixture of civic and ethnic conceptions. Spain stands as an outlier, with no significant right-wing populist gains despite seemingly fertile conditions – having been particularly impacted by the economic crisis and with high levels of immigration. The Spanish research – ‘the Spanish exception’ – suggests that this unique situation is linked to Spain’s political past, its current electoral system, and the failure of its far-right parties to modernise. However, polling findings from Spain on support for reduced immigration present a warning against complacency even in this country. The following chapters explore these case studies in detail, and the findings of surveys and interviews conducted in each country with both citizens and elites during the second half of 2016.

Page 1: “ Mapping and responding to the r
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Page 11 and 12: 11 Foreword Nothing to Fear but Fea
Page 13 and 14: 13 FORES in Sweden, the Institute o
Page 15 and 16: 15 rising tide that cuts across tra
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Page 19 and 20: 19 trends in Austria, where the Fre
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Page 25 and 26: 25 ‘wrong-headed doctrine’, and
Page 27 and 28: 27 While the Central European case
Page 29 and 30: 29 Europe, but the politics of fear
Page 31 and 32: 31 of European identity - attachmen
Page 33 and 34: 33 Euroscepticism In every country,
Page 35 and 36: 35 Figure 2 Views of respondents in
Page 37 and 38: 37 Political trust We also asked ou
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Page 43 and 44: 43 els/soc/OECD2014-Social-Expendit
Page 45 and 46: 45 25 R Wodak and S Boukala, ‘Eur
Page 47 and 48: 47 References ‘Denmark suspends q
Page 49 and 50: 49 European Commission, Standard Eu
Page 51 and 52: 1 Great Britain - ‘It’s who you
Page 53 and 54: 53 1 What we already know about Bre
Page 55 and 56: 55 compared with 59 per cent of tho
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Page 67 and 68: 67 Anti-immigrant sentiment In addi
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Page 71 and 72: 71 One caveat of this research is t
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Page 75 and 76: 75 As part of this project, we comm
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91 Variable Scale Explanatory or re
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93 regardless of the possible impor
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95 Table 6 Brexit model with socdif
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97 Table 8 Brexit model with attitu
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99 Table 10 Brexit model with attit
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101 Table 12 Brexit model with atti
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103 Table 14 Brexit model with atti
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105 Table 16 Brexit model with pref
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107 Notes 1 D Runciman, ‘A win fo
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109 org/2016/07/brexit-vote-boosts-
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111 29 Jun 2016, http://bruegel.org
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113 53 R Stubager, ‘Education eff
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115 71 Ashcroft, ‘How the United
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117 84 Goodwin and Heath, ‘Brexit
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119 Bell T, ‘The referendum, livi
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121 brexit-and-the-left-behind-thes
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123 Katwala S, Rutter J and Balling
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125 Stokes B, ‘Euroskepticism bey
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Contents Summary Introduction 1 Fea
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Introduction 2 France Fear exists i
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2 France of reasons. It affects how
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2 France impetus that originates in
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2 France Another illustration of Fr
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2 France Figure 2 Responses by surv
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2 France Slightly more French peopl
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2 France The situation in Poland, f
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2 France Figure 6 Responses by surv
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2 France Figure 8 Responses by surv
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2 France 2 Elections at a time of p
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2 France These results are particul
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2 France Figure 11 Responses by sur
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2 France One of the parties that is
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2 France the idea of ‘plain speak
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2 France The fact that these two is
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2 France Figure 17 Responses by sur
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2 France As in the YouGov survey, D
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2 France Conclusion: the need to pu
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2 France Notes 1 F Furedi, ‘The p
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2 France 15 A de Montigny, ‘Selon
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2 France 31 On this topic, see Y Be
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2 France urgence-conduit-a-des-abus
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Vie Publique, ‘Trente ans de lég
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Contents Summary Introduction Metho
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3 Germany politicians have difficul
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3 Germany among the German public s
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Methodology 3 Germany To further th
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3 Germany Figure 1 Areas represente
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3 Germany Taking a closer look at t
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3 Germany When looking at all the c
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3 Germany with different demographi
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3 Germany Figure 7 Fears of respond
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3 Germany feeling of insecurity ont
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3 Germany Insight 3: Concerns about
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3 Germany of the politicians interv
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3 Germany Figure 11 Fears of respon
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3 Germany I haven’t heard anyone
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3 Germany Figure 13 Fears of respon
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3 Germany issues that are the EU’
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3 Germany are able to draw on compa
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Conclusions 3 Germany Using the lat
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3 Germany concerns and alleviating
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3 Germany Provide avenues for knowl
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3 Germany public-elite comparisons
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3 Germany ·· €1,351-1,660 ··
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3 Germany ·· Q5. Which of the fol
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3 Germany a Angela Merkel b The Ger
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3 Germany 6 T Lochocki, The Unstopp
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3 Germany European Parliament, Stan
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Contents Introduction 1 Migration,
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4 Spain 1 Migration, economic crisi
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4 Spain During the rapid economic e
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4 Spain Figure 4 GDP (adjusted for
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4 Spain Figure 8 Household expendit
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4 Spain In short, high levels of mi
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4 Spain of them also illiberal, wer
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4 Spain Figure 9 The proportion of
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4 Spain This Europeanism presents i
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4 Spain Table 3 The views of respon
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4 Spain The acceptance of globalisa
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4 Spain Figure 13 The views of resp
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4 Spain Increased acceptance of dif
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4 Spain Table 7 The percentage of r
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4 Spain Figure 15 Views of responde
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4 Spain Table 9 The extent to which
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4 Spain Table 10 Respondents’ vie
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4 Spain are most inclined to vote f
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4 Spain 3 Electoral and party polit
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4 Spain The extreme right was disco
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4 Spain towns, although none of the
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4 Spain emphasising unity and the l
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4 Spain cradles of successful natio
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4 Spain of the population supportin
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4 Spain Appendix 2: Results of the
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4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
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4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
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4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
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4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
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4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
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4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
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4 Spain Notes 1 Jose Pablo Martíne
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4 Spain Material deprivation covers
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4 Spain 23 European Commission, Sta
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4 Spain See Centro de Investigacion
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4 Spain European Commission, ‘Pub
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4 Spain INE, ‘Padrón municipal
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4 Spain paper presented at the 12th
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Contents Summary Introduction 1 Soc
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5 Poland Introduction - what happen
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5 Poland the Hungarian political sc
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5 Poland the Law and Justice party,
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5 Poland giving the winner an absol
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5 Poland and to tire out the domest
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5 Poland 1 Social cohesion and econ
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5 Poland and an inflow of European
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5 Poland The second factor is the p
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5 Poland seems economic indicators
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5 Poland occupational qualification
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5 Poland Table 2 Respondents’ ans
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5 Poland Table 3 Respondents’ vie
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5 Poland Despite the generally posi
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5 Poland not the Law and Justice pa
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5 Poland or immigrants from Arab co
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5 Poland Post-election developments
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5 Poland 3 Social conservatism and
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5 Poland women’s empowerment, LGB
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5 Poland women’s access to legal
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5 Poland commentators did not expec
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5 Poland Conclusions - resilience a
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5 Poland The rise of authoritarian
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5 Poland Notes 1 YouGov surveyed ad
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5 Poland Since then, the near absen
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5 Poland 24 World Bank, ‘GINI ind
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5 Poland European Union’, Standar
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5 Poland migrants-asylum-poland-kac
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5 Poland 67 In 1993 60 per cent sup
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5 Poland 82 Fomina and Kucharczyk,
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5 Poland Boguszewski R, ‘Nastroje
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5 Poland Faiola A, ‘In Poland, a
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5 Poland Kucharczyk J and Zbieranek
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5 Poland Public Opinion Research, 2
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6 Sweden - Sweden: the immigration
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375 Introduction In Swedish migrati
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377 migrants came mainly as family
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379 Citizens from outside the EU ar
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381 2018 elections. The Sweden Demo
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383 Figure 3 The proportion of Swed
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385 science: national identity is t
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387 During the refugee crisis of 20
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389 and immigrants even when suppos
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391 2 Analysis and results The main
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393 she suggested that the ‘migra
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395 emphasised, this crisis came ac
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397 directed towards Swedishness in
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399 which leads voters to connect S
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401 exclusively of people with a ci
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403 Table 3 confirms the findings i
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405 Summary and discussion During 2
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407 rhetoric of the Christian Democ
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409 6 Migrationsverket, ‘Asylsök
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411 22 H Oscarsson and A Bergström
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413 37 P Mouritsen and TV Olsen,
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415 References ‘Historiskt högt
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417 Jenkins R, Social Identity, Lon
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419 Regeringskansliet, ‘Regeringe
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7 Responding to the politics of fea
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423 Introduction This project has i
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425 In responding to the current fe
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427 in facilitated discussion to es
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429 2 Reconnect ‘political elites
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431 background is also central to r
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433 Boost the accountability of EU
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435 3 Make the case for openness an
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437 communities and country’s pla
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439 1.8 million signatures, predomi
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441 4 Counter post-truth narratives
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443 organisation’ 30 - including
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445 - whether through public policy
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447 8 C Malmström, ‘Shaping glob
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449 24 J Haidt, ‘The ethics of gl
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451 References Arthur J and Kristj
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453 European Ombudsman, ‘Ombudsma
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Demos - License to Publish The work
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This project is supported by The ca

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