DEMJ5104_nothing_to_fear_report_140217_WEBv1
Context and background positively to calls for more referendums. 16 In the 1970s, Europe averaged just three referendums a year – The Economist estimates that figure to now stand at eight. In 2016 alone, there were major referendums in the Netherlands (on the Ukraine– EU Association Agreement), the UK (on EU membership), Italy (on its constitution) and Hungary (on migrant quotas). The growth in the number of referendums can be seen to reflect politicians promoting a more inclusive form of politics, but they have been proven in many cases to encourage divisive public discourse built around binary narratives, and are largely considered unsuitable as a mechanism for most complex or constitutional matters – particularly if there is little chance that citizens can be sufficiently educated in the subjects at hand. 17 While encouraging political participation, referendums have the power to destabilise and disempower more deliberative and representative forms of democracy on which most European societies are founded. Social cohesion Freedom of movement within Europe, immigration from outside the EU and the ongoing migrant crisis have raised questions about how new arrivals should best be integrated into existing societies. Numerous populist politicians have argued that the pace of change has been too quick, that new arrivals have tended to separate themselves off from the rest of society, and that indigenous cultures are under threat. In December 2016, 45 per cent of respondents to a Eurobarometer survey named immigration as one of their most important concerns at EU level, with 20 per cent naming terrorism, the second most common response. 18 Whether this apparent lack of integration leads to cultural and social conflict is a matter of fierce debate – and nowhere is the fear of cultural threat felt and exploited more than with Islam. Jeffrey Alexander claims that a backlash against the ‘multiculturalist’ approach to integration began in the mid-1990s, and sped up following 9/11. In 2008 David Cameron called multiculturalism a ‘dangerous’ and
25 ‘wrong-headed doctrine’, and in recent years French commentators have spoken of ‘Balkanisation’, while the German discussion has used the term ‘parallel societies’. 19 Alexander argues: ‘One European nation after another has shifted… from entertaining a more multicultural to demanding a more assimilative mode of incorporation.’ 20 The Cologne assaults in early January 2016 and incidents of home-grown terrorism have raised the profile of problems of social integration, and linked immigration directly to feelings of physical insecurity. This has been seen in a hardening of attitudes to migrants, particularly in Germany; while only one-third of the population thought that their ‘country already has a large number of foreign nationals or people of foreign origin and it is not possible to host additional immigrants’ in September 2015, that proportion had increased to half by March 2016. EU citizens are far less likely to feel comfortable working alongside a Muslim (71 per cent) than a Christian (94 per cent), atheist (87 per cent), Jew (84 per cent) or Buddhist (81 per cent). The figure for Muslims is far lower in some countries, such as Czech Republic (just 27 per cent comfortable) and Slovakia (37 per cent comfortable). Similarly, just 50 per cent would feel comfortable with their son or daughter being in a relationship with a Muslim person, with 30 per cent saying they would be uncomfortable. In many countries the numbers are much lower: just 12 per cent of Czech respondents would be comfortable with their son or daughter being in a relationship with a Muslim, with less than half agreeing in many EU-15 countries too: Italy (41 per cent), Germany (43 per cent), Austria (44 per cent) and Belgium (47 per cent). The most recent Eurobarometer survey on discrimination in the EU gives us some insight into the scale of the problems experienced by minorities: 30 per cent of participants belonging to an ethnic minority group said they had experienced discrimination or harassment related to their ethnicity in the previous 12 months; 22 per cent of those from a religious minority said they had experienced discrimination or harassment on the grounds of their religion or beliefs. 21
75 As part of this project, we comm
77 Table 1 Predicted probability of
79 neighbourhood levels of deprivat
81 Social networks Most important f
83 Table 3 Predicted probability of
85 Over recent decades the world ha
87 significance of demographic vari
89 ·· relative employment depriva
91 Variable Scale Explanatory or re
93 regardless of the possible impor
95 Table 6 Brexit model with socdif
97 Table 8 Brexit model with attitu
99 Table 10 Brexit model with attit
101 Table 12 Brexit model with atti
103 Table 14 Brexit model with atti
105 Table 16 Brexit model with pref
107 Notes 1 D Runciman, ‘A win fo
109 org/2016/07/brexit-vote-boosts-
111 29 Jun 2016, http://bruegel.org
113 53 R Stubager, ‘Education eff
115 71 Ashcroft, ‘How the United
117 84 Goodwin and Heath, ‘Brexit
119 Bell T, ‘The referendum, livi
121 brexit-and-the-left-behind-thes
123 Katwala S, Rutter J and Balling
125 Stokes B, ‘Euroskepticism bey
Contents Summary Introduction 1 Fea
Introduction 2 France Fear exists i
2 France of reasons. It affects how
2 France impetus that originates in
2 France Another illustration of Fr
2 France Figure 2 Responses by surv
2 France Slightly more French peopl
2 France The situation in Poland, f
2 France Figure 6 Responses by surv
2 France Figure 8 Responses by surv
2 France 2 Elections at a time of p
2 France These results are particul
2 France Figure 11 Responses by sur
2 France One of the parties that is
2 France the idea of ‘plain speak
2 France The fact that these two is
2 France Figure 17 Responses by sur
2 France As in the YouGov survey, D
2 France Conclusion: the need to pu
2 France Notes 1 F Furedi, ‘The p
2 France 15 A de Montigny, ‘Selon
2 France 31 On this topic, see Y Be
2 France urgence-conduit-a-des-abus
Vie Publique, ‘Trente ans de lég
Contents Summary Introduction Metho
3 Germany politicians have difficul
3 Germany among the German public s
Methodology 3 Germany To further th
3 Germany Figure 1 Areas represente
3 Germany Taking a closer look at t
3 Germany When looking at all the c
3 Germany with different demographi
3 Germany Figure 7 Fears of respond
3 Germany feeling of insecurity ont
3 Germany Insight 3: Concerns about
3 Germany of the politicians interv
3 Germany Figure 11 Fears of respon
3 Germany I haven’t heard anyone
3 Germany Figure 13 Fears of respon
3 Germany issues that are the EU’
3 Germany are able to draw on compa
Conclusions 3 Germany Using the lat
3 Germany concerns and alleviating
3 Germany Provide avenues for knowl
3 Germany public-elite comparisons
3 Germany ·· €1,351-1,660 ··
3 Germany ·· Q5. Which of the fol
3 Germany a Angela Merkel b The Ger
3 Germany 6 T Lochocki, The Unstopp
3 Germany European Parliament, Stan
Contents Introduction 1 Migration,
4 Spain 1 Migration, economic crisi
4 Spain During the rapid economic e
4 Spain Figure 4 GDP (adjusted for
4 Spain Figure 8 Household expendit
4 Spain In short, high levels of mi
4 Spain of them also illiberal, wer
4 Spain Figure 9 The proportion of
4 Spain This Europeanism presents i
4 Spain Table 3 The views of respon
4 Spain The acceptance of globalisa
4 Spain Figure 13 The views of resp
4 Spain Increased acceptance of dif
4 Spain Table 7 The percentage of r
4 Spain Figure 15 Views of responde
4 Spain Table 9 The extent to which
4 Spain Table 10 Respondents’ vie
4 Spain are most inclined to vote f
4 Spain 3 Electoral and party polit
4 Spain The extreme right was disco
4 Spain towns, although none of the
4 Spain emphasising unity and the l
4 Spain cradles of successful natio
4 Spain of the population supportin
4 Spain Appendix 2: Results of the
4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
4 Spain Total (%) Partido Popular (
4 Spain Notes 1 Jose Pablo Martíne
4 Spain Material deprivation covers
4 Spain 23 European Commission, Sta
4 Spain See Centro de Investigacion
4 Spain European Commission, ‘Pub
4 Spain INE, ‘Padrón municipal
4 Spain paper presented at the 12th
Contents Summary Introduction 1 Soc
5 Poland Introduction - what happen
5 Poland the Hungarian political sc
5 Poland the Law and Justice party,
5 Poland giving the winner an absol
5 Poland and to tire out the domest
5 Poland 1 Social cohesion and econ
5 Poland and an inflow of European
5 Poland The second factor is the p
5 Poland seems economic indicators
5 Poland occupational qualification
5 Poland Table 2 Respondents’ ans
5 Poland Table 3 Respondents’ vie
5 Poland Despite the generally posi
5 Poland not the Law and Justice pa
5 Poland or immigrants from Arab co
5 Poland Post-election developments
5 Poland 3 Social conservatism and
5 Poland women’s empowerment, LGB
5 Poland women’s access to legal
5 Poland commentators did not expec
5 Poland Conclusions - resilience a
5 Poland The rise of authoritarian
5 Poland Notes 1 YouGov surveyed ad
5 Poland Since then, the near absen
5 Poland 24 World Bank, ‘GINI ind
5 Poland European Union’, Standar
5 Poland migrants-asylum-poland-kac
5 Poland 67 In 1993 60 per cent sup
5 Poland 82 Fomina and Kucharczyk,
5 Poland Boguszewski R, ‘Nastroje
5 Poland Faiola A, ‘In Poland, a
5 Poland Kucharczyk J and Zbieranek
5 Poland Public Opinion Research, 2
6 Sweden - Sweden: the immigration
375 Introduction In Swedish migrati
377 migrants came mainly as family
379 Citizens from outside the EU ar
381 2018 elections. The Sweden Demo
383 Figure 3 The proportion of Swed
385 science: national identity is t
387 During the refugee crisis of 20
389 and immigrants even when suppos
391 2 Analysis and results The main
393 she suggested that the ‘migra
395 emphasised, this crisis came ac
397 directed towards Swedishness in
399 which leads voters to connect S
401 exclusively of people with a ci
403 Table 3 confirms the findings i
405 Summary and discussion During 2
407 rhetoric of the Christian Democ
409 6 Migrationsverket, ‘Asylsök
411 22 H Oscarsson and A Bergström
413 37 P Mouritsen and TV Olsen,
415 References ‘Historiskt högt
417 Jenkins R, Social Identity, Lon
419 Regeringskansliet, ‘Regeringe
7 Responding to the politics of fea
423 Introduction This project has i
425 In responding to the current fe
427 in facilitated discussion to es
429 2 Reconnect ‘political elites
431 background is also central to r
433 Boost the accountability of EU
435 3 Make the case for openness an
437 communities and country’s pla
439 1.8 million signatures, predomi
441 4 Counter post-truth narratives
443 organisation’ 30 - including
445 - whether through public policy
447 8 C Malmström, ‘Shaping glob
449 24 J Haidt, ‘The ethics of gl
451 References Arthur J and Kristj
453 European Ombudsman, ‘Ombudsma
Demos - License to Publish The work
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