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AFRICAN PEACE
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Editor
Edify Yakusak
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Dayo Ogun
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Okibe Agbenu Erica
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Angela Mandara (Kenya )
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Joy Umekwe (United Kingdom)
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Segun Victor(France)
Johnny Mashigo (South Africa)
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Editorial Board
Prof. Lloyds Williams (U S A)
Prof. Muhamed Tawfiq Ladan (Nigeria)
Prof. Paul O. Idornigie (Nigeria)
Dr. Abiodun Odusote (Nigeria)
Graphics/ Photograph
Edbank Photography
John Okwo
Mattory digital print
CreativeReality
Contributors
Elvis Lyorngurm
Adam Alkali
Zoe Seeker
Zina Harvey
Ejodame Emmanuel
Uju Nnaji
AFRICAPEACE

TABLE OF
9
DONALD TRUMP’S
PRESIDENCY MEANS FOR AFRICA
11
ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN AFRICA
CONTENTSWHAT THE
13
18
22
SELF-EXPRESSION AS AN IMPERATIVE
FOR PEACE AND HARMONY
16
CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANICS
INVESTING IN AFRICA WHAT
TO LOOK OUT FOR
20
INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS
TECH IN AFRICA
THE CYCLE OF GENOCIDE IN AFRICA
DIPLOMATIC CHAT WITH THE LULU
MNGUNI HIGH COMMISSIONER
OF SOUTH AFRICA TO NIGERIA
25
DIPLOMATIC CHAT WITH
PATRICK FAY THE AMBASSADOR
OF IRELAND
29
INTERVIEW WITH SENATOR
MOHAMMED SANI SALEH
38
THE ENEMY CALLED
CERVICAL CANCER
46
TOURISM IN AFRICA
NEW PERSPECTIVE
37
41
AN EVALUATION OF THE NIGERIA
FEATURE INTERVIEW WITH GHANA’S
MALE FASHION ILLUSTRATOR
HAS HE SHARED HIS
PASSION WITH US
54 45
42
AFRICA OIL WEALTH
BLESSING OR CURSES
47
AFRICAN COSMETIC
AND MAKE-UP INDUSTRY
THE MANACE OF CHILD
RAPE IN SOUTH AFRICA

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Publisher's
NOTE
Let me start by welcoming you to a brand new
year 2017, obviously it promises to be a year of
surprises particularly with these current events
around the world. You will agree with me that Africa is
the best continent in the world, particularly
considering her history and antecedent. At some point
in history Africa was regarded as the Dark Continent.
While promoting African backwardness' and
'savagery', the general view was that Africa was a place
of suffering because the slave trade provoked war,
disease, famine and poverty and a host of
unimaginable things. But despite these the colonial
powers managed to convince themselves that they
were subjugating Africans (and others) for their own
good.
Africa has now become the new bride of the world in
what is called the Scramble for Africa" (also known as
the "Race for Africa" or the Partition of Africa) was the
invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of
African territory by European powers during the period
of New Imperialism between 1881 and 1914.
Historically, European explorers and missionaries
began mapping the interior of Africa in the nineteenthcentury.
Adventurers like Henry Stanley revealed that
Africa was full of raw materials that could be exploited
to fuel the industrial revolution. They saw it as a new
place to invest the money made in industry. European
powers were slow to realize the benefits of claiming
land in Africa but when one or two started the rest did
not want to miss out. In 1884–5 the Scramble for Africa
was at full speed. Thirteen European countries and the
United States met in Berlin to agree the rules of African
colonization.
After so much bloodshed and struggle most African
counties have been able to achieve cosmetic
independence while still relying heavily on their former
colonial masters for survival despite the abundance of
natural resources.
In this twenty first century, we have a renewed
scramble for Africa, majorly by the United States of
America, The Europeans and China.
African is a prime place for the world and that is why
we have referred to her as the world's baby.
There is no continent and or country in the world that
you won't a black man from Africa. Yet most part of
Africa remains undeveloped and plagued with
unimaginable challenges.
This edition focuses on Africa and how the world
views her, with particular emphasis on the
implication of Donald John Trump as the President of
the United States of America.
The entire world is currently in shock at the Trump
victory more particularly Africans, courtesy of Mr.
Trump's explosive use of words. What would the
Trump Presidency mean for Africa? Would he push
for closer ties and increased trade with Africa or
probably just create a new world order.
As Africans we all eagerly wait for how it would all
turn out but history is always a good teacher, An
African proverb says “If you close your eyes to facts,
you will learn through accidents”.
Africans are asking just what does Trump and the
world have for Africa and the attendant scramble
mean for their daily lives and political rights. And
most importantly what does this portray for the
future of Africa.
Let us not forget the popular adage "There aren't no
such thing as a free lunch" (alternatively, "There's no
such thing as a free lunch" ) communicates the idea
that it is impossible to get something for nothing.
Join us as we examine this thought provoking
questions , and see how together we can make Africa
a more peaceful continent for us and the generations
yet unborn.
NOAH AJARE
AFRICAPEACE

S TOPHU MAN
TRAFFICKING

ILLICIT TRAFFICKING
IN AFRICA
his is the illegal “trading, selling
or dealing” in specified goods.
The trade of small arms and light Tweapons also known as gunrunning
happens in all parts of the world,
especially in conflict affected areas like
Africa. These form of trafficking fuels
civil wars; regional conflicts stock the
arsenals of terrorists, drug cartels and
various armed groups and contribute
proliferation of sensitive technology.
Note that illicit trafficking does not only
deal with the trade of small arms but
also of drugs, other health hazard
substances and human trafficking
which is also known as the modern
equivalent of slavery. 'Ant trade' is the
numerous shipments of small numbers
of weapons which results in the
accumulation of large numbers illicit
weapons by unauthorized end-users.
Over the years, this trade has led to
the emergence of an industry; an
enterprise. This industry leaves little or
no traceable evidence. The illicit global
arms market is estimated at
approximately 4 billion USD a year and
the illicit trade are estimated 1 billion
USD.
GUN RUNNING
Over time, Africa has been accused of
supporting illegal activities of all forms,
but it is rather amazing that it's
unknown to many that these activities
are funded and supported by nations
outside Africa. Today, Africa is faced
with inadequate end-users control,
lack of due diligence, corruption and
poor enforcement which has allowed
people sell weapons in violation of
arms embargoes. There has been
difficult to be kept under check due to
the lack of standard procedures of
norms that will facilitate the
identification of where the onus lies.
However, in 2004, Nairobi protocol for
the prevention, control and reduction
of small Arms and light weapons was
put in place to control the whole range
of areas, including robust controls on
international arms transfers on the
countries in the Great Lakes region
and the Horn of Africa. Economic
Community of West Africa (ECOWAS)
convention on small Arms and light
weapons, their Ammunition, and other
related Materials was another structure
put in place to prohibit the possession,
use and sale of light weapons by
civilians encouraging license and
criteria like no criminal record,
minimum age and proof to safety
training.
The growth of this form of trade has
led to political, economic and social
insecurity, demographics, governance
problems, weak and corrupt law
enforcement, adequate opportunities
for education and economic
development, failure of states to
protect the vulnerable, social and
economic disparities, adequate post
conflict disarmament, embedded
cultures of violence.
Africa has made a reasonable amount
of effort towards eradicating this form
of trade in as much as it has a long
way to go, there remains hope that as
long as it stands a nation, it will
continue to collaborate with
organizations who choose to
contribute for each other's betterment,
there is indeed a bright future for
AFRICAPEACE

Africa.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Human trafficking is simply known as
the illegal trade of human beings for the
purpose reproductive slavery,
commercial sexual exploitation and
forced labour. It is also a low risk, high
profit enterprise which looks like 'just
prostitution' to the casual observer.
Human traffic is the second to drug
trafficking which is largest and most
profitable illegal industry in the world.
Women, men and children are been
trafficked all over the world into a fast
growing economic sector for various
purposes. Most of the trafficking of
females and sometimes males are for
sexual purposes, which is of a high
demand worldwide. This sector has
grown into a global enterprise which
involves legal and illegal activities. It is
fuelled by criminal networks or
sometimes individuals who are after
exploiting loopholes of national
migration and labour market regimes.
The Interna ?onal Labour Office (ILO)
estimated that about 32 billion USD is
generated from the sector annually.
In as much as some people join this
sector out of greed and laziness, a lot of
young people are forced into it by
poverty, ignorance, lack of employment
and inefficient labour migration system.
For example, Nigeria as the giant of Africa
has a population of over 150 million
according to the census conducted in
2006, 54.4% which is about 76 million
people living in poverty. Due to the number
of people especially those in the rural
areas, are a great target for trafficking.
The sector has led to the increase in life
threatening illnesses in Africa and the
world like HIV/AIDS and many sexually
transmitted diseases. This has also led to
unwanted pregnancies, cancer (cervical
cancer) caused by infection and abortion,
sterilization and infertility. It also causes
mental instability because they suffer
physical abuse, physical exhaustion and
starvation. Physical injuries are broken
bones, concussion, bruising or burns and
other injuries related to assault. Emotional
instability which can cause anyone in this
position to start using various kinds of
drugs and alcohol is also a huge risk.
DRUG TRAFFICKING
Drug trafficking is the most profitable and
most dangerous illicit trafficking in the
world and Africa has become a large
market to the sector over the years. A
large amount of cocaine that's on the way
from South America to Europe goes
through west Africa, especially countries
like, Cape Verde, Mail, Benin, Togo,
Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau and Ghana
because they are coastal areas.
AFRICAPEACE

SELF-EXPRESSION AS AN IMPERATIVE FOR
PEACE AND HARMONY
We have come to a point in
Nigeria, where there is a
general consensus that as a
nation, we need to sit down and talk.
Our various religious, ethnic, tribal and
sectional differences have interfered so
much in our aspiration for a true united
nationhood that sitting down to sort
them out has become inevitable. So
everyone is saying we need to talk. And
I ask do Nigerians really talk? I mean in
the sense of dialogue that people
engage one another to express their
feelings on issues affecting them ,
foster a better
understanding and avoid conflict,.
I have taken time to observe this
phenomenon among friends,
conversations among Nigerians on the
social media and between people I
meet on a bus, in a taxi or in some
other public places. One phenomenon I
have found glaring is that Nigerians are
quick to anger and when you follow the
exchange between people that
degenerates into trading of insults and
sometimes a fight, you will be amazed
that in many cases, the fights are
uncalled for. They are caused by
perception rather than mischief. And
one begins to wonder why a population
could be so volatile in their relation with
one another.
When one considers Nigeria's history of
long years of oppressive military rule,
the frustration of life in a country that is
ravaged by poverty, lack of social
security and the influence of cultures
that are intolerant to freedom of
expression, the trend becomes clear to
one's understanding. Nigerians have
suffered prolonged hardship that has
set their tempers on the high.
They are ever ready to throw verbal and
physical punches to defend their
prejudice as quite often the threat to
their dignity is a mere perception.
The factor in the scenario that I am
most concerned about is people's
inability to express their feelings in a
civil manner. The language of violence
is the last medium of expression for
someone who has a preconceived
notion that they are not worthy to be
heard and also who is in doubt of their
ability to express their feelings through
peaceful communication. This handicap
is caused by our culture of viewing
dissent as rebellion. We are so egoistical
that we consider a contrary opinion as a
challenge on our authority and wisdom.
At a very early age, a child is taught that
elders and people in authority are
infallible gods whose position on any
issue should never be challenged. The
suppression begins from the home and
that is where the anger begins to
accumulate and the handicap sets in.
Teachers are authoritarian and students
cannot question their actions no matter
how adverse they affect them. And it
happens that way all through to
university.
In the office, the story isn't different.
And the frustration at not being able to
express one's self builds into anger that
shows itself at the slightest
provocation.
It also creates prejudice, whereby one
believes that at every point, someone
wants to talk down at them, infringe on
their right or undermine their opinion.
Even when people have the
AFRICAPEACE

opportunity, they shy away from speaking
their mind simply because they cannot. They
are scared of the consequences
because they had always been
consequences for self-expression since their
childhood. Eventually when they can't bear
the hurt anymore, they burst in anger.
Someone who has never challenged a higher
authority will also be intolerant to any
challenge from a lower quarter, however
it appears. That is why Nigerian
politicians are averse to opposition and tend
to be brutal way beyond the confines of the
law to confront it.
They are trained to crush any opposition as
the norms of their society have taught them
and have not come to terms with the reality
that democracy is incomplete without an
opposition.
I am not exactly sure of what obtains in
other African societies but in Nigeria, this
link between self-expression, peace and the
democratic process is an obvious reality. But
I dare to posit based on indications that
in much of sub-Saharan Africa, the situation
isn't different. The lack of democracy
occasioned by the sight-tight tendencies of
African leaders and the volatile peace
situation is an indicator that self expression
is a big factor in the equation of peace.
Since President Goodluck Jonathan
announced his government's decision to
convene a national conference or dialogue
for various interest groups to come together
and iron out their differences to make way
for a more united Nigeria, the media has
been flooded with opinions from various
sections that are chanting war songs instead
of charting a course for a better
understanding between their own divide
and the rest. This is in the nature of the
average Nigerian who considers any interest
other than his' as enmity.
He cannot understand that it is legitimate
for groups to have individual interests and
workable for them to operate in harmony
with one another. It was the late Obafemi
Awolowo who said Nigerians should not
forget about their differences but should
rather try to understand them.
Differences must exist. Those spoiling for
war may go to the conference and fail to
understand for Nigerians to find harmony in
their relationship with one another, the
culture of tolerance and acceptance of the
inevitability of dissenting opinion and the
accommodation of it must be nurtured in
our hearts. This task must begin
from our homes. Parents and older
people in our homes must
accommodate the position of their
children and younger ones on issues
at least to the extent of always
giving them a chance to express it.
They must also be taught that their
opinion counts and deserves to be
heard and also encouraged to
always say their mind wherever
they find themselves and in all
situations.
The culture of democracy and
freedom of expression should also
be instituted in schools and the work
place to avoid the tensions that build up
from the frustration of people being
treated like nonentity because their
feelings and opinion are of no value to
others. Politicians and leaders must also
accept that in a democracy, it is
inevitable to have an opposition. The
laws guaranteeing the freedom of
expression and the right to one's
opinion must be strengthened and
implemented to protect the
opposition. This will be a big step
towards a more peaceful society and
cohesive population.
AFRICAPEACE

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CONFLICT
RESOLUTION
MECHANISMS
In the complex society we live in, conflicts are
inevitable occurrences in normal working
relationship. This is premised on the fact
that individuals or organizations differ in their
ideologies, needs, aims, motivation, wants and
values. Conflicts are generally speaking not a
problem, depending on how they are
managed.
Conflicts can be avoided. Where they cannot,
they can be resolved. Such resolution is usually
dependent on factors like the disposition of the
parties involved the nature of the dispute, etc
There are many ways people resolve
conflicts that arise in their day-to-day dealings.
NEGOTIATION
Negotiation is an attempt by two people or
groups in a conflict situation to reach mutually
acceptable solution. Negotiation offers the
best option for peaceful resolution of conflicts.
The basic rules of any negotiation process are
fair play, respect for each other, clarity of
objectives, listening attentively, focus on facts,
acceptance and tolerance of each other's
differences and compromise.
In order to achieve a desirable outcome, it may
.
be useful to follow a structured approach. The stages involved in the
process of negotiation include:
Preparation- when and where will the meeting take place? What will
be discussed? How many people will attend? Etc.
Discussion- At this stage, each party puts out the facts as they
understand it. Each side should be given the opportunity to present
their case. The key skills employed at the stage are questioning,
listening, and clarifying.
Bargaining- This is the stage where the parties exchange their terms
and try to come to a 'compromise' or 'deal'. Each side presents its
best case scenario, with the aim of meeting mutual needs and
desires, with complementary solutions.
Closing and commitment-After exploring and weighing all the
various options by each party, closing may occur.
In any negotiation, knowledge, attitude, and interpersonal skills are
important factors which always affect the outcome of the process.
AFRICAPEACE

MEDIATION
Mediation is an informal and
confidential way for people
to resolve heir conflicts with
the help of a neutral
,mediator, who is trained to
help people discuss their
differences, and reach
negotiated settlement of
their differences. Mediation
is basically a facilitated form
of negotiation. Practically
every case in which
negotiation is difficult, is
appropriate for mediation.
ARBITRATION.
Arbitration is a process in
which a dispute is submitted
by agreement of the
disputing parties, to one or
more arbitrators who make a
binding decision. Arbitration
is often used for the
resolution of commercial
disputes. It is also frequently
employed in consumer and
employment or contracts
that so provide in the
contract agreement.
There are three major stages
of an arbitration process.
Pre-trial hearings: At this
stage. The parties have the
chance to present their
views and describe their
evidence to the arbitrator.
This assists the arbitrators
and the parties to identify
the main issues to focus on
during the arbitration
process.
Arbitration hearing: This is
when the parties present
their case and evidence. The
proceedings here resemble
a regular court proceeding,
except it is more flexible.
Arbitrator's decision: The
arbitrator or arbitrators after
hearing each party's case
and weighing the evidence
adduced, make a decision on the
case. This decision is called an
award and it is binding.
LITIGATION.
This is the traditional form of
dispute resolution through the
courts. These days a lot of people
prefer to settle their disputes using
alternative dispute resolution
mechanisms like negotiation
mediation, and arbitration
discussed above to litigation.
Their preference stems from the
disadvantages associated with
this method of conflict resolution.
Some of the disadvantages often
cited are the adversarial nature
of the litigation, its expensive
nature and the long period it
takes to resolve conflicts.
AFRICAPEACE

INVESTING IN AFRICA
WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR
For several decades, international investors have been slow
to look at Africa. The word “Africa” invokes images of civil
wars, extremism, famine, corruption and poverty. This has
caused foreign investors to steer clear of this greatly endowed
continent, with few exceptions. Many business leaders in the west
have remained sceptical about Africa. This perception is evidently
lagging behind the continent's new realities.
A different view of Africa has emerged in recent times. Today, the
continent is home to some of the world fastest growing
economics and boasts of the highest risk-adjusted returns of
foreign direct investment among emerging economies in the
world.
Africa's economies are growing at break neck speed and the
region continues to provide opportunity beyond the Eurozone
volatility.
The continent is known for its abundant natural resources and
opportunities. These have accounted for the sudden increasing
interest from savvy international investors. Once over looked,
now Africa is the toast of international investors. For instance, the
United States and Europe who are the continent's traditional
business partners now face very stiff competition from emerging
market investors who have been quicker to seize new
opportunities, Chinese and Indian businesses are rapidly
expanding in Africa by the day.
AFRICAPEACE

The spotlight of the investment community is now Africa.
Any investor who wants a piece of the action should consider
some of these factors:
KNOW THE CONTINENT:
International investors talk about Africa as if it is one country,
not 53 different countries each with distinct political and
social and cultural orientations, different countries, different
resources, and different investment environments.
IDENTIFY WHERE TO INVEST:
Mining and oil remain big businesses, but infrastructure
investment and consumer market are major growth areas.
Telecommunications, mobile banking, retail, are sectors
showing great promise.
REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAME WORKS:
The regulatory and legal frame works guiding investment in
different countries of the continent may differ. A smart
investor will do well to familiarise himself with them and
abide by them.
BUSINESS PLAN STRATEGY:
It goes with saying, it is critical to have a concrete business
plan and strategy in terms of how to engage the market.
PARTNERSHIP:
Consider partnership. In some countries, partnership with
local investors is a prerequisite for international investments.
Local private investors in a country usually have a better
knowledge of business conditions in such countries.
BENEFITS AND RISKS:
· Natural Resource: Africa produces 13% at the world's
oil, 46% of the world's diamond, 21% gold, 57% cobalt, 50% of
platinum – group metals. A lot of the abundant natural
resources still remain untapped.
Large Population: There are about 1 billion people living on
the continent. This creates a huge opportunity for consumer
goods, like telecoms, banking, retail, etc.
Economic Diversity: There are 53 African countries at different
stages of development, political maturation and urbanization,
providing opportunity for great, dynamic and diversi?ed
avenues for investment.
Governmental Policies: some governments in Africa are
corrupt. Some lack structural policies guiding investments.
Regimes change. All these can have a negative effect on
investment.
Lack of Infrastructure: Infrastructure deficiencies, poor
transportation network, low levels of electrification in some
areas, can make investment a bit challenging.
There are no magic formulas for investing in Africa. Do your
home work. Take the step. Reap the benefits.
AFRICAPEACE

INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY IN AFRICA.
The advent of Information
Communications Technology
(ICT) in Africa has proved to be
hugely beneficial to the continent's
development efforts. Africa presently
has one of the fastest growing ICT
markets in the world. With an explosion
in the availability of phone lines and
broadband internet connection to
millions of people across the continent,
Africa is not left out in the globalization
party. The core of technological
advancement in the world, since the
advent of the 21st century has been the
ever-growing use of ICT. In every facet of
human life, ranging from the workplace
to sports fields, in schools, homes,
hospitals and at the individual level, ICT
is a tool that is today irresistible and
indispensable. The ease and efficiency
of information and knowledge transfer
that it ensures and the bridges it lays
across geographic, cultural and social
divides have made ICT man's greatest
partner in the task of enhancing his day
to day living.
In 2000, sub-Saharan Africa had less
telephone lines than the state of
Manhattan in the United States. Today,
the aggressive spread of mobile
telephony has ensured that 45% of rural
settlements on the continent have GSM
coverage. In countries like Kenya,
Malawi, Seychelles and South Africa, as
much as 90% of their territories are
covered by GSM.
With booming of mobile telephony,
Africa now contributes for about 7% of
the world's mobile market. There are
more than 650 million mobile telephone
subscribers on the continent and the
number is on a constant increase, at a
growth rate that is three times the world's
THE JOURNEY SO FAR! By Elvis Iyorngurum
average.
The wide mobile telephone service
availability has also led to an increasing
access to the internet. The GSM is the
major source of internet access to many
Africans.
The gains of this wide access to ICT are
already been felt on the continent in
areas like agriculture, education,
manufacturing and small and mediumscale
enterprises (SMEs).
The sector has created millions of jobs
for the skilled and unskilled workforce
on the continent and also helped small
and medium-scale entrepreneurs find
markets for their products. A lot of online
platforms provide advertisement
opportunities that are cheap and able to
reach millions with just a click. The
social media is one of such platforms
and young people are harnessing the
opportunities it presents to develop,
market and sell various products and
services to clients hundreds of
kilometers away from them.
ICT has also empowered farmers by
improving their marketing capabilities,
raising their efficiency and improving
their competitive dynamics which has
raised agricultural output and
consequently families' incomes and also
increased food security. Farmers are
able, with the use of mobile phones, to
get easy access to and also share
information on availability of farm
inputs, methods of farming and
available markets for their farm
produce.
A report on the use of ICT to enhance
learning in East African schools
published by the Centre for
Commonwealth Education and Aga
Khan University Institute for
Educational Development has
described the policies of the countries of
the region as focusing on expanding
and developing the teaching of ICT at
all levels of formal and informal
education, use of ICT to improve the
quality of education and training in all
areas including distance learning as
well as the learning process itself, and
deploying a nationwide e-education
system that supports schools and
training facilities across the country.
The result has been a greatly enhanced
learning, research and teaching. ICT
has made possible, virtual learning,
improved distance learning as well as
made e-learning accessible to millions.
In spite of these great successes Africa
has recorded in its use of ICT to develop
its economy, the continent is still faced
with lots of hurdles which it must
overcome in order to realize its full
potentials. The cost of access remains
high and the quality of services
provided by mobile communications
providers still leaves much to be
desired.
This is a complaint that is quite common
in places like Nigeria. The governments
must therefore, tighten their regulation
of the sector to ensure that subscribers
are offered services that are
commiserate with the amount they are
charged by their service providers.
The necessary infrastructure that
supports the sector must also be
developed, such as electricity and
access roads to rural communities. The
situation where GSM companies spend
huge budgetary allocations on
powering their facilities with diesel
plants due to lack of public electricity
supply raises their running cost which is
paid for by their subscribers through
high tariffs.
The present situation provides a lot of
hope for the continent as its embrace of
ICT has greatly enhanced the quality of
lives of its people. And the future holds
the promise that things will only get
better as the continent
continues to push hard on
the heels of societies like
Asia and North America
that have made great
advances in
I C T a n d
a l m o s t
equaled the
reach of
Europe and
America.
AFRICAPEACE

Afr can
CLIMATE CHANGE
SUMMIT
Nairobi Kenya
13TH - 14TH MAY, 2017
Villa Rosa Kempinski Hotel, Nairobi Kenya
FOR SPONSORSHIP & ENQUIRIES CONTACT:
+234705 923 9969 / E-mail: info@africanpeacemag.org / www.africanpeacemag.org

Genocide is the deliberate and
systematic extermination of a large
group of people, especially those of
the same race, beliefs and nation. This has
occurred all over the world but Africa is one
of the most affected continents with over 20
million people murdered in Biafra and Boko
haram (Nigeria), Sierra Leone, Liberia,
Rwanda, Darfur and southern Sudan, the
Congo and elsewhere on the continent
between 1966 and 2007.
THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE
This is one of the most ruthless and most
brutal genocide that ever happened in the
history of Africa.
This attracted producers to make a couple of
movies titled “Sometimes in April and Hotel
Rwanda” because over 937,000 Tutsi and
politically moderate Hutus were killed in
1994. It was confirmed that the former first
lady Agathe Kanziga Habyarimana along her
two brothers, Selaphe Rwabugumba and
Protais Zigiranyirazo, were "key
masterminds" of the genocide execution.
The government maintains that they must be
brought to justice either in Rwanda or at the
Tanzania-based UN International Criminal
Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). This crisis
brought about 'debt', 'poverty',
HIV/Aids/other diseases, the myriad of
socioeconomics indices, refugees and child
th
soldiers. This year marks the 20
anniversary
CONGO GENOCIDE
The Democratic Republic of the
Congo (DRC) is plagued by an
unending conflict in its eastern
provinces. The second Congolese war
came to an end in 2002.
However, in practice the conflict drags
on and is the deadliest since the
Second World War. Estimates of the
dead range from three to five million
persons. The victims are civilians, in
particular women and girls, and ethnic
groups such as the Banyamulenge,
the Hutu Banyarwanda, The Cycle of
Genocide in Africa the Hema and the
Lendu. Many of the killers and rapists
are former genocidists who escaped
from the Rwandan genocide. There is
an es ?mates of nearly two million
women who have been raped in the
DRC, that is nearly one every minute.
These atrocities, however, are not
limited to women and girls, men and
boys are often victims of rape.
Moreover, sexual violence cannot be
AFRICAPEACE

limited to rape. It includes crimes such as
abduction and sexual slavery, forced
maternity and sexual mutilation. Sexual
violence causes traumas , diseases , rejection
and stigmatization. These consequences are
aggravated by feelings of hopelessness,
shame and abandonment because of the
impunity of the perpetrators. DRC has been in
crisis since the 1960s till date. Millions of
peacekeepers have been sent to congo but
the massacre has remained unresolved.
Biafra in Nigeria, on 29 May 1966, this form of
state, supported fully by Britain, which
created it in 1900, turned on its Igbo
population in north Nigeria murdering,
raping, burning, pillaging.
By 1970, this genocide was said to have
claimed 3.1 million Igbo lives, which was the
worst in Africa for a century. Most were killed
in their houses, offices, businesses, schools,
colleges and hospitals, as well as those who
were attacked at railway stations and on
trains, bus stations and buses, airports and in
cars, lorries and on foot as they sought to
escape the genocide for their homeland in
east Nigeria. Thousands of others sustained
horrific injuries, several of whom were
maimed for life. There was no safe passage
for the Igbo for flight or escape to their
homeland from north Nigeria or elsewhere in
the country were planned by any of the
prosecuting forces involved in the genocide
throughout the course of this tragedy. Biafra
was tasked to provide security for its people
and prevent the Nigerian state, a genocide
state, from accomplishing its dreaded
mission. The Nigerian declaration of 'no
victor, no vanquished' on 12 January 1970,
clearly showed the Igbo's as victors in this
encounter because they survived. The
Nigerian genocide masterminds clearly
demonstrated that genocidist 'theorists' and
colonels and generals were often calm,
welleducated, cold-blooded practitioners,
who were more likely to be dressed in
agbada, babariga, 2-piece suits, dashing
military uniform, aso oke or lace, rather than
raggedly - atired , barely – educated
'miscreants'.
1990. In 1995 a peace agreement was signed, which led to the election of Mr
Taylor as president. The respite was brief, with anti-government fighting
breaking out in the north in 1999. Mr Taylor accused Guinea of supporting the
rebellion. Meanwhile Ghana, Nigeria and others accused Mr Taylor of backing
rebels in Sierra Leone. Matters came to a head in 2003 when Mr Taylor - under
international pressure to quit and hemmed in by rebels - stepped down and
went into exile in Nigeria. A transitional government steered the country
towards elections in 2005.Around 250,000 people were killed in Liberia's civil
war and many thousands more fled the fighting. The conflict left the country
in economic ruin and overrun with weapons. The capital remains without
mains electricity and running water. Corruption is rife and unemployment and
illiteracy are endemic.
DARFUR GENOCIDE
Sudan is the largest country in Africa. Located in Northeastern Africa, it
borders the Red Sea and falls between Egypt, Chad, Uganda, as well as six
other countries. The capitol, Khartoum, is in the Northeastern part of the
country. Darfur is in the Western part of the country with a population of
6,000,000 people. This conflict has increased tensions in neighboring
countries like Chad and the Central African.
This is a mass slaughtering and raping of Darfuri men, women and children in
Western Sudan. The killings began in 2003 and continue still today, as the first
genocide in the 21st century. The genocide is being carried out by a group of
government-armed and funded Arab militias known as the Janjaweed (which
loosely translates to 'devils on horseback'). The Janjaweed systematically
destroy Darfurians by burning villages, looting economic resources, polluting
water sources, and murdering, raping, and torturing civilians. These militias
are historic rivals of the main rebel groups, the Sudanese Liberation
Movement (SLM), and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). As of today,
over 480,000 people have been killed, and over 2.8 million people are
displaced. The crisis in Darfur is still on till Genocide in the Central African
LIBERIA GENOCIDE
In the late 1980s, arbitrary rule and economic
collapse culminated in civil war when Charles
Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia
(NPFL) militia overran much of the
countryside, entering Monrovia the capital in
AFRICAPEACE

apply the G-word (genocide) to what's
happening in the Central African
Republic, it may garber some more
international attention.
Members of the Christian militant group Revolution
of Justice patrolled the village
Nanga Boguila between Bossangoa and Bozoum, on
March 6, 2014. Because the U.N. launched an
investigation into “reports of genocide” in the Central
African Republic, with tens of thousands of Muslims
reportedly fleeing the country in fear of reprisal
attacks from Christian militias. This chaos began a
year ago when the Seleka a majority-Muslim rebel
group took over power and immediately started a
campaign of “looking, torture and killing in the
majority Christian country.” Seleka control over the
country crumbled, and the current an ?-Muslim
backlash began a tier Seleka President Michel
Djotodia resigned in January. Estimated 650,000
people have been displaced and about 300,000 fled
to neighboring countries. Fewer than 1,000 of the
original 100,000-strong Muslim population remain in
Bangui the Capital. There are already about 2,000
French and 6,000 African Union troops on the ground
in the country, though their effectiveness has been
limited and have also been accused of making the
violence worse. This is quite an unfortunate and very
complex situation in a country that doesn't get much
media coverage, and options for international
intervention are also limited. If the investigators do
BOKO HARAM
The Boko Haram was an indigenous
group, who turned into a Jihadist
group in 2009. It proposes that in
Western education is forbidden, and
also supports opposition to the
Muslim establishment and the
government of Nigeria. The members
of the group do not interact with the
local Muslim population and they
assassinate anyone who criticizes its
actions, including Muslim clerics. In
2009, Boko Haram crackdown on its
members and its subsequent
reemergence, the growing frequency and geographical range of
attacks attributed to Boko Haram have led some political and
religious leaders in the north to the conclusion that the group has
now expanded beyond its original religious composition to include
not only Islamic militants, but criminal elements and disgruntled
politicians as well. The Boka Haram funding sources are not certain
yet. In the past, Nigerian officials have been criticized for being
unable to trace much of the funding that Boko Haram has received
and government officials have been accused of funding the Boko
Haram. It has also been believed that the group is being funded by
some Islamic groups.
It is believed to be partially funded by bank robberies For instance,
Governor Kashim Shetima of Borno State said that: “[they have]
become a franchise that anyone can buy into. It's something like a
Bermuda Triangle.” The group has also forcibly converted non-
Muslims to Islam. The group carried out its operations peacefully
during the first seven years of its existence. That changed in 2009
when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the
group's activities following reports that its members were arming
themselves. Prior to that the government reportedly repeatedly
ignored warnings about the increasing militant character of the
AFRICAPEACE

HE LULU MNGUNI
HIGH COMMISSIONER OF
SOUTH AFRICA TO NIGERIA

INSIGHT :
HE Lulu Mnguni High Commissioner
of South Africa to Nigeria
outh Africa is a multi-cultural,
multilingual, and multi-religious
society. How do you as a nation Ssurvive and co-exists together amidst
these differences?
Well, from the time we began the struggle
against colonialism, we found ourselves being
divided by the colonial tribe aliens and as a
result of that we moved away from focus on the
common law of colonial power and reformed
ourselves but then, when South Africa
introduced the diamond and gold mining
around Johannesburg then people from
different tribes came to converge in one place
and then through their tribes, songs, dances and
sharing of common challenges they were faced
with, they came to realise that they were one
people. The awareness of being one people was
further consulted in 1910 after the Angelo war,
the colonial power decided to come up with a
union of South Africa where different provinces
of South Africa were made into one just like
yours(Nigeria's) in 1914 but then our leaders
came to problematise this unionisation of our
country then we came to realise that actually the
union animated the black people especially the
Africans from being the citizens of South Africa
and made the whites to be the citizens of South
Africa.
In 1912, when the NC was formed, it was
prompted by this union of South Africa then the
NC said you cannot exclude us. We are actually
one people, all of us both black and white. The
NC focused more on making South Africa one
nation, focusing more on those affected by
colonialism that were the Africans, which was
how we came to the question of engaging in
National Democratic Revolution, which was
supposed to be a Nation building revolution. In
1955, we came up with the freedom charter.
The freedom charter was a document which was
to engage the people on what type of future
South Africa they want, Mandela then was the
volunteer in chief. One of the clauses said South
Africa belongs to all who live in it both blacks
and whites, we said this when apartheid was still strong,
when our people were dying, we were not allowed to board
some trains because it was exclusively for the whites, when
apartheid education was still strong. The very first clause
said the people shall govern and then we asked the
questions who are the people? But the second clause which
South Africa belongs to both blacks and whites, indicates
it's all South Africans and then of course what Mandela
said while he was in prison that ''I have fought against the
domination of blacks by whites and I've also fought against
the domination of whites by blacks and if it be this is what I
am prepared to die for''.
People wonder (i for sure do), how South Africans
are able to cohabitate with each other, given the
fact that there are 11 official languages! Could you
shed more light on that?
Well, maybe I also forgot to mention that in 1913 there was a
land act, which gave the minority whites about 87% of our
lands, and the majority of blacks were given only about
AFRICAPEACE

INSIGHT :
country of two nations one the
majority which are the blacks and
two, the minority which are the
whites so I can say that we are still
struggling to create one nation.
Nigeria too must try to work
towards bridging the gap between
the rich and the poor, making sure
that the State consciously grows
together. I know there is the
transformation agenda but you
need a strong intervention.
South Africa is home to 5million
illegal immigrants (estimated
figure) and ranks high in refugee
and asylum seekers from all over
Africa (144,700 in 2007).
13% but the freedom charter also
talked about all of that the lands
will be shared among those who
own it which means that it will be
given back to the people and then
when we worked on the freedom
charter we involved the coloured,
the Indians, the democratic whites
they had their own organisation
also they formed part of the
struggle. So this nation building
was not something that was
developed by Mandela or the
other leaders, it developed from
the struggle. As we planned
together, as we incarcerated
together we came to realise that
we are a people, even the different
languages because we saw
diversity as strength not as a
weakness, in fact the more
languages of my country that I
know the more I become one.
According to the United Nations
Development Programme,
“people are the wealth of a
nation”. In line with this statement,
what is the South African
Government doing to
improve the Standard of
living of its people in all
ramifications?
Like any other country, what helped
us is that we problematise the
unionization of our country. When
they said they are making South
Africa a union.
We said what does it mean for
us the opposed?
Is it in line with the future of creating
one country? Then we realised that
it was actually animating the
majority, and then we created an
aliens and said no, we will create
one South Africa. I think Nigeria is
trying and has moved a lot,
especially because you got your
freedom before us. The most
important thing is bridging the gap
between the rich and the poor and
also strength in diversity. Like in
South Africa the colonialist wanted
to divide the North and South,
sometimes they will even try and
make sure that the future favours
one side over another but it is for us
to stand and work towards creating
one nation. One of the most
important issues in Nigeria now, is
the issue of development especially
with the kind of rich economy it has.
In South Africa two years after
democracy, our former leader wrote
in a paper that South Africa is a
What facilities are on ground
to cater for the needs of these
people and how is it taking a
toll on the South African
government?
Well, there are facilities in South
Africa but what I have come to
realize is that people who come to
our country, some of them are
economic refugees. They move
away from their countries because
they cannot make a living for
themselves. So if you come to our
country you will see that most of the
people working at hotels,
restaurants, etc are not South
Africans but obviously South Africa
has certain rules which they make
sure that people abide by them. So
most of them are very economic but
we have problems sometimes when
government says we are going to
give houses or health facilities, we
plan according to the number we
have but people who come from
outside over stretch the budget but
we have to make the basic
necessities available.
Illegal immigration into countries
'seemingly' wealthy is a global
phenomenon but most European
countries are now implementing
programmes that will help stem the
immigration so those countries.
AFRICAPEACE

INSIGHT :
What has been South African's
regard towards this if any?
Well, our foreign policy is interlinked
with our domestic policy. We believe
that we cannot implement our foreign
policy if our domestic policy is not right
and impacting on the outside world. So
we believe that for us to provide for our
people, we have to assist our
neighbours to be strong also. We say we
want to create a better South African in
a better Africa and a better World. We
assist countries like Zimbabwe to
promote peace that is why the country is
not completely disintegrated and when
it comes to them coming to South Africa
the Parliament had to make some
arrangements that they can come and
work but our main aim is to assist that
country to end conflict and in ending
conflict, the country becomes stabilized
and that assists us to implement our
domestic commitments to our people.
We cannot develop alone as an island
we have to develop each other. I don't
know how the countries in the North are
doing but we work with countries like
Central Africa and other countries.
On a regular basis, there are reports on
genocide attacks by South Africans
against other Africans.
Are we to believe to a certain
extent that most South Africans
are xenophobic?
We are trying our best. First, within our
country, we try to go to the
communities because these
problems are not everywhere.
We have people that go and
educate our people on our
foreign policies and our relations
with our neighbours including
Nigeria. People don't know how
much Nigeria has contributed in
our struggle for liberation and
our people need to know about
such things and they should also
know that attacking anyone is
not right.
Now in South Africa, when
anyone is attacked, it is our
people who speak up that it is
wrong. This is because of the fruit
of the education that we are
spreading. But we need to come
up with long term strategies that
will help countries which we are
having economic challenges to be
table to raise and provide for their
own people because we don't want
South African to be an island of
prosperity, we want to develop
simultaneously with our
neighbours. We try to assist
countries like Mozambique
which is rising, and Zimbabwe, we
are also trying to assist as much
as we can; we are also assisting
the DRC, Burundi, Sudan,
Somalia, Central African
Republic and Mail. We are also
concerned about the problem
here in Nigeria,
AFRICAPEACE

INSIGHT
sometimes we are tempted to talk to the government
and ask how we can help because Nigeria never kept
quiet, never became a spectator when we were faced
with our challenges. So we want to share whatever we
can, we believe that we are strong because Nigeria is
strong.
HIV is more prevalent in South Africa more than
any country in the world. Due to the nature of
the deadly virus what is South Africa as a
nation doing to stop the spread of the virus?
South Africa is more involved in education on how
people can use condoms and also try to restrain
having sex without protection and in as much as
condoms are made available to the people, we are
also trying to improve in terms of medication. A lot of
research is being done to assist. There are a lot of
things being done even in schools and everywhere
because believe that prevention is better the cure.
Crime is sadly inevitable in every society.
How does the South African government contain
this phenomenon?
You are right; we have a problem of crime and I'm sure
South Africa is not the only country with the problem of
crime. It's just that we have a history that most of our
police were never trained to contain crime, they were
more trained to fight those who were fighting for
freedom, we have moved on course and we are trying
to bridge the gap between the people and the police
because developing from apartheld there were
tensions between the people and the police. Now we
are trying to make the police work with the people and
we have trained our people to keep their eyes open
and report when they see that the police are not acting
in line with the constitution.
What advice do you have for Nigerians and
other Africans living in South Africa and vice
versa?
Observation of the laws of the country that applies to
everyone and then we will like to educate South
Africans on relations that have developed and I think
we are really succeeding on that. Our ministers make
sure our people know our relationship with the African
countries.
What do you that about the African Peace
Magazine Initiative?
Anything that is working towards promoting peace in
our continent is very good and I've just gone through
the magazine and it so good because it encourages
peace nd will help us in our relationship with one
another and also help us create a better Africa.
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AFRICAN PEACE MAGAZINE TEAM INTERVIEW
PATRICK FAY
- Ambassador of Ireland to Nigeria

INTERVIEW:
PATRICK FAY
- Ambassador of Ireland to Nigeria
AFRICAN PEACE MAGAZINE TEAM INTERVIEW
How has your stay here in Nigeria
been?
Well, I am coming to the end of my stay, and I am
retiring I have been here for 4 years now, we have
a tradition here that when a new ambassador
comes in the old one host a dinner and I still
remember the old Japanese ambassdor then, one
told me that you learn two things here in Nigeria,
first you learn patience and then you learn to
expect the unexpected, and he was right, it's an
exciting place to be and with big states. You have
no clue of what is going to happen tomorrow and
is not place to be bored because there is so
much happening, there are some countries that
you just sit and be bored, you certainly can't be
bored here in Nigeria they is so much happening
so interesting.
Every country has its peculiar challenges,
but peaceful coexistence between one
another should be a common denominator.
How has Ireland been able to achieve
relative peace with the United Kingdom?
You want me to talk about 700 hundred
years ago in a couple of minute, the big
problem was when we got our own
independent, there are 32 countries in
Ireland below local government areas we
got independent for 26 of them back in
1921, but they were 6 countries in the north
east that will remain part of United
Kingdom but with republic of Ireland there
was trouble then about 1969 it was resolve
through negotiation and the less
information is that there is no
AFRICAPEACE

INSIGHT :
military victory in each side there is
negotiation and as long as there is
a willingness on all sides to sit
down and negotiate in good faith
then we can achieve resolutions.
And the same apply here in Nigeria
there will always be extremist so
they are few extremist at home
there are one or two inter groups
that have never accepted the good
fight agreement but all others
have, so what we see in the
republic of Ireland would not be
thinkable 10 -15 years ago. Her
majesty queen Elizabeth the
second of United Kingdom visited
in May 2012 it was first visit by a
monarch, since her grand-father
came around and it went very well
it was a very good visit and she
purpose on how to honor our fallen
heroes, when she visited they were
fighting against her grand
father's government and that time it
was small gesture it was also big in
other respects. Tony Blair
apologize for the Farman and
Farman of Ireland back in 80s
1840s the British government had
to send it to Ireland, it was
something that was recorded and
Tony Blair officially apologies again
a small issue but also in the contest
of the relations between the two
states which is better now.
Peace architecture must be
redesigned in Africa for
sustainable growth and
development to be achieved.
What advice would you give to
African countries who
struggle with attacks from
militias, Rebel groups and
terrorists?
Tome in lesson negotiation is the
solution their is no problem that is
not intractable at the highest of
troubles as they were called in
northern Ireland, they were three
situation in world that was held up
as intractable the northern Ireland,
south Africa and the middle east,
the northern Ireland issue is
resolved and the south Africa is
resolved the middle east still has a
long way to go it has come a long
way, and through negotiations.
Negotiation is the only way to
resolve everything unfortunately I
don't know how long it will take for
us to realize that in Ireland it was
three thousand lives that I know is
small compare to that of Nigeria
and other Africa countries the
tragedy is, the end is resolve
through negotiation and it requires
give and take on all sides
everybody does not get what they
want, my yearly career I was energy
unclear artesment to the CEO one of
the things we earn from our
meetings with our working group
was how to compromise, I do not get
all I wanted and don't either. There
has to be the willingness to
compromise, it's amazing what can
happen.
Before I left northern Ireland I spend
two years in northern Ireland as
part of peace process with the north
ministry council and before I left if
they were on a platform on the
conference the dup sat on the front
row they did not sit on same table, a
few years later they are not along
with ungoverned together with the
dup leader as force minister and
deputy force minister but on a
personal level the two went on well
Given that Africa as a whole
has had and is still having
issues with electoral
processes and elections, what
advice does democratic
Ireland has to offer Africa to
help sustain democracy?
They is no one side of anything this
is you can just take an institution
from Europe or America and just
land it in Africa and expect it to
work for democracy, the most
important thing for democracy is
education, democracy is
government according to
Abraham Lincoln famous
statement government of the
people by the people and for the
people, people are voting and they
need to be educated and they need
to know what they are voting for.
So I will say education is one of
the key requirement for
democracy accountability of the
people elected to the electors,
given accountability to the whole
rule of law come on that includes
independence of judiciary but
education I think is crucial
because the people don't know
what they are voting for, or who
they are voting for.
The other thing is poverty if you
don't know where to get money
from to feed your family today, it is
easy to be bribed to have your vote
bought that can imply when you
come to the world, because if you
give somebody 100 naira to use it
can serve them
how about tomorrow and so
AFRICAPEACE

INSIGHT :
education is one thing, another is
social and economic progress so
people are not living in poverty. Is
very hard when you live in poverty
to resist bribe from anybody that
comes alone and again people can
do all over so the bribing of the
electorate is not only Africa but all
over the world but if your people are
educated and fed then you have
same scope for it.
Ireland today is amongst the
wealthiest countries in the
world in terms of GDP per
capital and ranks 7 in the
United Nations human
development index. How did
the Irish government achieve
this?
we did not achieve it over night, we
did mistakes along the way but
again back to education, education
was crucial, one of the biggest
development in Ireland was
education the introduction of free
secondary education at the end of
60s as the result of that practically
every major town has a secondary
school but during my youth days
they were only few secondary
school in the whole country, infarct I
and my family have to go to a
boarding school in my town and my
siblings at that time did not go to
boarding in fact they were few
boarding. Now because so many
schools available but the
government planned to have an
educated workforce practically in
the areas of computer, when started
working the beginning of late 70s
shortly I started as a result every
third level college bought in a
course in computers it can be a
conventional courses so if we do the
degree in ecology or commence,
you can do one year diploma in
computers.
This should be within a few years
we have the most computer illiterate
youth population in Europe, and as
a result of that we were able to tact
an ideal companies, we also have a
good tax system so it was a very
determine effort to tact inward
investment we had at that time the
indusial development authority (I D
L A) but that work very hard to get
inward investment but you know
educated youth was one of the
attraction so was our co operate tax.
Nigeria and Ireland have some
historical tie, right from the
day when Irish missionaries
came to establish churches,
hospitals, and schools in
Nigeria. How strong are such
relationships between Nigeria
and Ireland currently?
You are right the missionaries was
the first big links they are here for
more than 100years, my time here I
have attended I think three to four
celebration by missionaries orders
of 50years, a year the priest was 75,
the priest I know 20 in number due to
retirement since I came here 20 to 30
of them are retried and they are
some of them going next week, so
there is a priest going in may, they
are going all the time that was the
first link, the second is our prime
minister came here during your
independent celebration but before
he came the government have
decided that Nigeria become
independent to work on a mission
here in Lagos but five month we
decided instead of just having a full
embassy staff and our prime
minister came out for the
independency day celebration our
embassy here is the first in Africa so
it was like a leading port for
Africans.
But it was attached to Nigeria in a
couple of two to three years the
government produce an Africa
strategy we intended for long time
to look at Africa for a real program
and when I look at it from the point
of trade and business alike and we
have been working hard on that for
the last couple of years, so last
November our minister for
development and trade came to
Lagos he has been here previous
years on exporting mission but last
November he came to Lagos with
some delegations of 30 companies
in the financial section and
education the plan is he will come
over again this year this time he will
come to Abuja it has not been said
the time he will be here it may be
later, but we have also enterprise
which is the Irish government trade,
the Irish trade agent has been here
number of time and they have now
establish a presence in Lagos their
is a lady representative in Lagos
both bear our food agencies has
been here quit number of time most
recently last week she was here for
our saint Patrick celebration so we
are working hard to develop trade
links and last year in Ireland
enterprises Ireland organized
number of seminars that comes
from Africa trade one of serucfifited
was Nigeria and Ghana and it was
very well attended as the
government of Ireland and African
conference in October and we are
working closely with Nigeria
ambassador in Dorland and the
ministry at home in trying to
develop trade all the conference I
have spoken in all of them so we are
trying to develop strong trade links
apart from that we have a number
of Nigerians companies visiting
Ireland and Irish companies
visiting here, the trade is improving
and as it improves it also take more
time here in the embassies, when I
came first it was little of our time
devoted to it, now my deputy has
gone on holiday yesterday. So
trade has become very important

INSIGHT :
that is new link there are also 42
thousand of Nigeria in Ireland is the
biggest Africa constant in Ireland
and they have different association
they meet regularly and what we are
trying to do is to get them together,
there is Yoruba conference taking
place at the end of may. The Igbo's
also have a very active conference
some months ago about six months
ago; the senior officer goes home
regularly for this, so they are a lot of
activities going on in Ireland. Going
back to trade the Nigerian in
Diaspora the minister mention that a
number of them wants to be involve
in the development of trade with
their home country and in fact he is
hosting a meeting sometime in April,
they were a lot of things now that was
not there in the past.
The Irish embassy in Nigeria
has gone a long way in
providing aids to Nigeria,
funding projects pertaining to
education, primary health care,
water and sanitation, HIV/AIDS
and so no, through the “Irish
Aids in country micro project
scheme (ICMPS)”. How is this
task achieved?
I should say it’s a small fund we don't
have a programme here like some
embassies that are different from
America some of them have a
programme, we have small macro
projects people are applying to us for
grants. The other is I travel around a
lot so tomorrow I will be in Jos, Jos is
one of the place I go two to three
times in a year. I was in port Harcourt
back in November when we go to all
this places we meet with NGOs and
first of all they will tell us what is on
ground and we will see how we can
help them, so is a mixture of gram
application coming in and I travel
anytime I do not travel my assistant
will, but anytime I go around I meet
the Irish citizen and some NGO to
find out what is happing and see how
we can help on a small scale.
What should be expected
from this scheme in the next
five years?
Is a macro project to help
communities and whatever we do
with them is sustainable it could
be just a borehole or something, it
can be helping in building
classrooms whatever, it’s not a big
A PROGRAMME for example
before I came here I was the
ambassador of that was a big A
PROGRAMME looking at the
health care and education in the
country here is on a macro level so
is helping communities and
whatever we are doing with them
that should be sustainable
behind our programme.
Ireland and Africa: our
partnership with a changing
continent” is a project
organized by the Irish
government. How far has it
gone to help Africa and
Africans?
Well as I said until about three
years ago Ireland relationship
with Africans large of a real
programme and developing
programme and I will like to say
that has achieve a lot I know that
from my own center we have
achieve quite a bit and that I know
from the report of other counties
that they have achieve a lot. But
we are looking at developed
business and trade links, is still
early days but is still happening
here in Nigeria there has been a lot
of interest express in Nigeria by
Irish companies and is not just
talking a number of them have
already come out to see things for
themselves and some has
already setup, the Africa strategy
has begin to bear fruits.
The Irish government through the
enterprise owners which is the
Ireland promotion agent is a big
company, so they have to
convince the client to look at
Africa. The enterprise Ireland
now have office in Prato and that
is one of the big programme they
and Nigeria, the second one is
that they are working hard, and
one or two countries they are
working on starting this year or
next year.
The thing is you cannot deal with
Africa without dealing with
Nigeria and one of the things I did
when I came here I ask all the
Irish business people if you are
starting again and you know all
this things about Nigeria will you
come again? And all of them say
yes and none say no, their
challenges is not for the faint
hearted but the pretence is
already known they not the only
country, I know some other
AFRICAPEACE

INSIGHT :
countries that are looking closely at
Nigeria Canada is one the Irish
business people if you are starting
again and you know all this things
about Nigeria will you come again?
And all of them say yes and none
say no, they are challenges is not for
the faint hearted but the pretences is
already known they not the only
country, I know some other countries
that are looking closely at Nigeria
Canada is one of them also Spain,
the importance is what counts you
cannot do business in Africa without
doing with Nigeria, you
do have an image outside and the
Nigeria I know I remember talking to
a lawyer in Lagos who is part of
Nigeria team because I was trying
to attract business to Nigeria and I
ask him what was his biggest
problem and he said the image and
I told him the story, the image
outside does not reflect reality and
again I remember when I came at
first ……he made a comment twice
in a conference I was at he said the
biggest victim of Nigeria scam is the
orderly hard working Nigerians
and not every Nigerian is a
scammer but if you look at the
image outside you will never think is
true and that is one of the thing in
business you have to persuade
them to come and the lawyer from
Lagos this was what he faced but
the scope for business here is an
opportunity because is a
developing country and is growing.
Ireland is very famous for its
beautiful scenery and arts
particularly literature and she is
home to four Nobel laureates.
Is there a secret behind this that
we as Africans need to emulate?
Well you already have significant
number of writers and artist
everything else, two reason will be
in the areas I think you need to
develop, there is a lot you can sell
out and there is a lot you are not
selling, you have all this festivals
in different cities you need to work
out some kind of programmes so
you can sell out to tourist. I made
this known to numbers of officials
that I talk to yearly and it is a pity
you have enough to sell and you
have a massive country so you
should be out attracting tourist, we
did it I was a private secretary to
the minister of tourism years ago I
remember he was talking to a
hotelier he said to him get off your
back side sell do not wait for the
government to do it.
What you will do is look for what
the market are looking for so the
Japanese like gulf and we have
gulf courses the British likes
fishing and we have rivers their are
things here, they is a big tradition
of all this royal families I read a lot
of this from the wings on Arik air a
lot.
What advice do you have for
Nigerians living in Ireland
and vice versa?
To integrate in the culture you are
going to and to be part of it,
preserve your own culture but also
integrate. I think Nigerians have
done that because they are all over
the place, the biggest group is in
Dorland and also up to three
thousand are in water front they
are involve in different sectors and
the once here also get involve with
Nigeria life.
What does peace mean to
you?
Well in a very narrow sense it
means the absence of violence,
but in the proper sense I will say
that it has to mean progress and
development. It not just the absent
of violence because when there is
violence it brings stagnation, the
absence of violence there is
progress and development. When
there is violence it holds back
progress and development and
that happens a lot at the moment
example when you hear about the
Igbo's they are business people but
it will be very difficult to attract
investors to Maiduguri at the
moment and so it does not being
progress and it is the same in
northern Ireland most of the
economy was based on
government.
What do you think about
African peace magazine
initiative?
Well I like it especially the article on
Kaduna, I like it because the
perception outside is religious and
this the perception we have in
Ireland not just in Ireland for
example in Jos that the whole issue
of Christian and Muslim, is a land
issue that is overtaking by religion and
wehave the same in northern Ireland.
You have no
clue of what
is going to
happen tomorrow
and is not a place
to be bored
because there
is so much
happening,
AFRICAPEACE

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INSIGHT :
Interview of Distinguished
SEN. MOHAMMED
SANI SALEH
Vice Chairman Foreign Affairs Committee National Assembly.
APM: What have you done for your
constituency which is Kaduna central
since you came into office? As regards to
prolonging peace?
Senator Mohammed Sani Saleh, I was once
a Retired Major General, Former Chief
Security Officer before becoming a Senator
in Kaduna Central. I knew what the
problems were in Kaduna, Like the
Religious Intolerance and Ethnic
intolerance that has crept in our midst e.t.c.
So as a Senator the best way to contribute
peace and development is to unite the
people and eliminate the suspicion that we
have planted in our mind about different
Religions and Ethnicities.
I also visit my constituency regularly, more
especially visiting the Christians areas and
always make sure that every project I want
to execute I do it equitably and always start
from the Christian first before going to the
Muslim side.
One of the best ways to promote Peace is by
having social interaction and respecting
them irrespective of religion and ethnicity
and treating human being with dignity,
these are the ways I went about contributing
to peace in my constituency.
APM: How has the National Assembly
been able to promote peace in
Nigeria?
The National Assembly as one of the
Arms of Government has the
responsibilities of oversight, because
their primary responsibility is law
making, they can only contribute to
peace through there oversight
function, whereas the Executive are
tasked
for the implementation of laws, and
other Agencies that maintain law and
order, restoration of law and order and
maintenance of peace in the country
through our oversight function like the
Military, Police, S.S.S. e.t.c. We were
able to make them function better by
granting funds that they need and
make sure that they use the funds
appropriately for the interest of the
country in order to help maintain
peace. Also, if there is conflict in the
committees or even in the Senate, The
President will intervene between the
two parties involved like the ASSU
strike, the National Assembly
intervened and it was resolved.
APM: Abduction and kidnapping are
on a steady rise in Nigerian. How do
you think this can be solved?
Abduction and kidnapping is a social
ill in Nigeria that has to do with
greedy people.
The reason why abduction and
kidnapping is high is because the
punishment is low compared to
other country where it is high, so it
encourages it. Poverty is not the
reason; it is the handy work of some
group of greedy people with
criminal mind.
Though the people involved are not
many, but the effect it has on the
country is high thereby giving the
country a bad name.
The only way to stop it is to ensure
that the likelihood of being caught if
you do such a thing should be very
high, and also reforming our Police
force and make them effective.
APM: Where do you see Boko
Haram and Nigerian security in
the next couple of years?
Boko Haram is something that has
hit this country like a thunderbolt
and we have not recovered from the
initial shock it created. It is also
unbelievable that such a thing can
happen in Nigeria. If we look at it, it
started like a religious zealot and if
AFRICAPEACE

INSIGHT :
you look at that group closely you will
see the group has no capability of
what we are seeing today.
In international politics we are
fighting for resources and fear of
influence, people want to ensure that
certain critical commodities are
greatly available to them cheaply to
keep their factories in their countries
working and creating jobs for their
people, to them there is no morality in
destabilizing other people's countries
to achieve that.
Nigeria has so much oil and countries
are competing to have access to it and
so Nigerians are known for what we
are; so we should expect those that
will try to destabilize us with the sole
aim of getting to have access to what
we have, so I believe that it is at work
here in Nigeria.
If our Executives will look elsewhere
for the source of our problem and not
Religious zealot we will get an answer
to the questions.
APM: Conflicts in Africa have been
ongoing for decades, what do you
think is the best approach to
resolving these conflicts?
We already have the machinery for
solving these conflicts, because
conflict is between nations and best
resolved on the platform of
international organizations like
ECOWAS which is the sub-regional
grouping for West Africa that has the
mechanism for conflict Resolution
charter, the AU charter and the UN, if
we go into international politics, the
conflicts in Africa were proxy walls
that were been fought during the cold
war when communism was fighting
capitalism and were using proxy
countries to fight their war, so Africa
suffered for it. Again the fears of
influence which was purely for the
purpose of controlling the resources
that they need for their manufacturing
sectors at home.
Some of these conflicts we have in
Africa are been instigated due to some
of this international interests to
control these resources in Africa.
They want to have a leader that will
guarantee them access to these thing and
once that leader asserts himself, plans are
put together to remove him.
APM: Do you have any advice for
Africa people and leaders on the
imperativeness of peace and human
right protection in the continent?
If our leaders have it in mind to respect
the dignity of man irrespective of who
you are and where you're from when
formulating their policy, making their
economic programs have and also try to
understand international polities better it
will help a lot.
If leaders will always treat its citizens
with dignities and make policies that
promote the dignities of their own people
we will have peace.
APM: What does peace mean to you?
Ordinarily, peace mean absence of
conflict, but human existence is full of
conflict. If provisions are made to have
some kind of sufficiency, there will be no
conflict.
People having access to job and the basic
minimum requirement for existence, it
will promote peace, but the absence of
these things will make people to struggle
for one thing which will bring about
conflict.
APM: Peace promotion and the
strengthening of human rights are
two of the principal objective of
African peace Magazine. What do
you think about the African Peace
Magazine initiative?
Am happy and that is why I consent to
you. Not all people are talking about
peace in Nigeria and not many people
understand what peace mean and the
ingredients of peace. A magazine like
yours is trying to enlighten people on
means and ways of achieving peace.
We were able to make
them function better by
granting funds that they
need and make sure that
they use the funds
appropriately for the
interest of the country in
order to help maintain
peace.
AFRICAPEACE

THE ENEMY CALLED
CERVICAL CANCER
lthough a healthy cervix is an unlikely
addition to a woman's New Year's
Aresolutions list, it is one that shouldn't
be overlooked! The cervix may be a very small
part of the body, but is vital organ in the female
reproduc ?ve system. Resolving to maintain
and promote cervical health is one of the best
resolutions any woman can make! Check out
these simple ways to have a healthy cervix
Cervical cancer is a disease that affects the
cervix in the female reproductive system. The
cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that
connects the upper vagina to the uterus. It is
about two inches in length.
During childbirth, the cervix dilates, allowing
the baby to travel from the uterus to the vagina.
This dreaded cancer affects 10,000 American
women — and kills 4,000 — each year,
according to the Mayo Clinic and it is typically
diagnosed in women over thirty.
What are the Symptoms of Cervical
Cancer?
In the early stages of cervical cancer, there
usually are no symptoms. Cervical cancer
symptoms begin to appear as the disease
advances, invading deeper into the cervix and
surrounding tissue. As the disease
progresses, women may experience:
* Abnormal vaginal bleeding, including
postcoital bleeding
* Pain during sexual intercourse, however this
can be common and unrelated to cervical
cancer
* Pelvic pain
* Heavy vaginal discharge
Diagnosis & Tests
Traditionally, a Pap test has been the primary
method to test for cervical cancer. During this
test, cells from the cervix are collected and
sent to a lab for analysis. In women older than
30, a newer test, called the human
papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test, can
determine if infection by a "high-risk strain" is
present. In other words, it can alert the
physician to abnormal cells that are likely to
become cancerous.
If cancerous cells are present, additional
testing is required to confirm the diagnosis
and determine how far the cancer has
spread.
First, the physician may use a colposcope to
look for abnormal cells in the cervix.
A biopsy may be performed during which the
doctor may remove a small area of cervical
cells or, as in a so-called cone biopsy, a coneshaped
area comprising deeper layers of the
cervix. These cells are also sent to a lab for
analysis.
Computerized tomography (CT) scans and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) further
assist physicians in making a diagnosis by
showing whether the cancer is limited to the
cervix or if it has spread to other tissues and
organs.
Treatments & Medications
Three treatments methods are commonly
used to treat cervical cancer: surgery,
chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Sometimes they are used alone, and others
times they are used in conjunction with one
another. The treatment method(s) chosen
depend on several factors like type of cervical
cancer, stage of the disease, general health
of the patient, and if other treatments have
been utilized.
If caught early enough, treatment consists of
removing the cancer cells through a biopsy or
surgery. In some cases, women may undergo
a hysterectomy—removal of the entire
uterus.
If the cancer is present throughout the cervix,
or if it has metastasized or spread beyond the
point of origin, several different treatments
may be required. A hysterectomy is often
performed and some patients may even
require a radical hysterectomy in which part
of the vagina and nearby lymph nodes are
also taken out.
To destroy remaining cancer cells, radiation
and chemotherapy are used. For example, a
common chemotherapy agent is displatin. In
the process of killing cancer cells, these
treatments can be very damaging to normal
cells, which is why there are many debilitating
side effects associated with their use. Some
AFRICAPEACE

HEALTH :
of the side effects from chemotherapy include
nausea and hair loss.
Yoga, meditation, healthy diet and exercise
can help individuals cope with the disease.
Prevention
Most types of cervical cancer are caused by
HPV, a sexually transmitted disease.
Recently, two vaccines, called Gardasil and
Cervarix, were developed that protects against
the strains of HPV, which can cause cervical
cancer. Both are indicated for cervical cancer
prevention in 11- to 12-year-old girls, as well as
females between 13 and 26 who have never
had the vaccine (Gardasil may be used in boys
and men aged 9 to 26 for protection against
genital warts).
In addition to these vaccines, experts
recommend that all women over the age of 21,
and younger women who are sexually active,
should speak with a physician about
scheduling regular Pap tests.
Some scientists believe that in addition to the
Pap test, the HPV DNA test should become a
primary test for cervical cancer screening as
well, especially in older women.
In a study published in the March issue of the
journal Lancet Oncology, researchers from
Italy and the United Kingdom showed that HPV
testing was more effective at detecting precancerous
cells. Looking at almost 100,000
women between the ages of 25 and 60, the
scientists concluded that screening with the
HPV test was better at preventing invasive
cervical cancer.
* US Congress has desginated January as the
"Cervical Health Awareness Month". This
month we are called to raise awareness about
cervical cancer for friends, family and also
through media outlets like this. There are many
thing a single person can do to help raise
awareness about cervical cancer:
* Remind female friends and family members
to get a regular Pap smear.
A regular Pap smear is highly effective at
preventing cervical cancer!
* Get the HPV vaccine and don't be shy about
it. If eligible to receive the HPV vaccine, by all
means, get the vaccine! Let your friends know
about the vaccine and answer any questions
they may have about it .
Sometimes it takes only person to take the leap
to get others to start jumping.
* Write your local newspaper and news
stations.
Chances are that your local television news
programs and newspapers are not covering
Cervical Health Awareness Month. Why not?
Well, most people don't know about it! Cervical
Health Awareness Month is relatively new and
word hasn't spread - just yet. Writing your local
media about the month and requesting
coverage is a great way to raise awareness
and reach a large number of people.
New Guidelines Suggest:
* Women should have their first period at age
21. Old guidelines recommended women have
their first Pap when they become sexually
active or at age 21 - whichever came first.
* Women in their 20's should have a Pap smear
every two years, instead of annually.
Women in their 30's and have had three
consecutive normal Pap smears should have
undergo screening every three years.
* Women 65-70, who have three normal Pap
smear results consecutive and no abnormal
findings in 10 years, can discontinue
screenings altogether if they choose.
* Women who have undergone a total
hysterectomy due to a noncancerous condition
and have not had previously abnormal Pap
smears can also discontinue screenings.
Shouldn't We Be Screening More Often?
Unlike a lot of cancers, cervical cancer is very
slow growing. It can take up to 8-10 years for
cervical cancer to develop. New guidelines
give ample time to catch any cases of cervical
pre-cancer before it progresses into cancer.
Conspiracy theorists argue that these new
guidelines for cancer screenings are among a
grand plan by the Obama administration to cut
costs for healthcare reform. I completely
disagree. There have been talks of updating
guidelines for years now.
Medically, it makes perfect sense to increase
the time between Pap smears and there isn't a
huge debate among cancer organizations
about the new changes.
Now, the breast cancer screening debate is a
whole different ballgame A regular screening is
very important as the Human Papillomavirus
(HPV) which commonly lead to the dreaded
cervical cancer can be a deceiving virus
because it doesn't always produce symptoms.
This means that infected individuals can have
genital warts or another sign of the virus, but
presence of these symptoms isn't necessary to
indicate infection. A person can be infected with
a strain of HPV known to cause genital warts
and never actually have genital warts. He or
she can, however, still be infected and transmit
the virus to others.
STOP, Second Hand Smoke and Abnormal
Paps
A recent study shows that second hand smoke
increases the risk of abnormal pap smears.
While second hand smoke was not proven to
cause cervical cancer, it does prove to cause
abnormalities in cervical tissue. In the study,
the women who said they were exposed to
some second hand smoke were 70 more likely
to have an abnormal result.
Actively smoking has already been linked to
increasing damage in the cervix caused by
HPV. A concrete link between second hand
smoke exposure and the cancer may not be a
long way off. This study does not confirm a
direct connection, but why take a chance?
January is Cervical Health Awareness Month
2010.
New Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
Released Friday November 20, 2009
For those at average risk of breast and cervical
cancer, it has been a busy week!
Last week new, more lenient mammography
guidelines were recommended, stirring up
controversy among cancer organizations and
political cynics. Today, we see changes in
cervical cancer screening guidelines, issued
by The American College of Obstetrics and
Gynecology (ACOG). Like the updated
mammography guidelines, ACOG is
recommending less Pap smear tests for
AFRICAPEACE

HEALTH :
women of average risk of cervical cancer.
Women who have had abnormal cervical
screenings should continue to follow their
doctors recommendations as the new
guidelines only apply to women of average
risk.
* Check out About.com's Breast Cancer site's
heated discussion about the new changes.
The same Virus That Causes Cervical Cancer
is the Culprit of Anal Cancer Too Sunday
November 1, 2009
Anal cancer has been put in the spotlight with
Farrah Fawcetts's battle with the disease.
What many people are starting to learn is that a
common virus, HPV, is a major risk risk factor
for developing anal cancer.
HPV is a virus transmitted through sexual
contact and it is estimated that over 20 million
Americans are infected. There are over 100
different types of HPV, however only a few are
responsible for cancer development. HPV is
also the leading cause of cervical cancer, a
disease that plagues of 9,000 American
women each year. The good news is that most
cases of HPV clear up on their own before
progressing to cancer. However, a regular Pap
smear is needed to monitor any changes in the
cervix that may lead to cervical cancer. The
bottom line is that if you don't get a Pap smear,
you are more at risk of developing cervical
cancer.
How Common is Cervical Cancer?
While cervical cancer used to be a common
cause of cancer death among women in the
United States, it is now much less common. In
2007, it is estimated that over 11,000 women
will be diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer
in 2007 within the United States. Over 40,000
will be diagnosed with noninvasive cervical
cancer. Unfortunately, 3,670 women will die of
the disease in 2007.
In underdeveloped countries, cervical cancer
is the second leading cause of cancer related
death in women.
Read more about cervical cancer symptoms.
Genital Warts 101
What Are Genital Warts? How Do I Get Them?
What Do They Look Like?
Genital warts are the result of the human
papilloma virus (HPV). They are small growths
(condyloma) that appear on the genitalia of
infected HPV and Genital Wart Symptoms
HPV is transmi ?ed via skin-to-skin contact,
and sexual intercourse is not necessary to
contract it.
We know that there are several strains of HPV.
Each is independent and unique, causing
different effects on the body. Each strain of HPV
has been assigned a number, and we know that
HPV 6 and 11 are known to cause genital warts.
We also know that HPV 16, 18, and several
others are associated with cervical cancer.
What Do Genital Warts Look Like?
Genital warts are flesh-toned or gray, raised or
flat growths that appear on, in, and around the
genitals. They can grow in clusters that
resemble cauliflower, or they can appear
singularly.
In women, genital warts appear inside and
outside of the vagina and inner thighs.
They can also affect the anal region, growing in
and outside of the anus. In men, genital warts
can appear on the penis, scrotum, testicles,
anus, groin, and thighs.
Several pictures of genital warts circulate on the
Internet. These are often extreme cases that
are so severe that they block the vaginal and
anal openings.
Please note that cases such as these are not
common, and these photos should not be used
to compare your personal symptoms for selfdiagnosis.
If you suspect that you may have
genital warts, see your doctor. Self diagnosis of
any condition is never recommended.
Again, it's important to remember that lack of
visible genital warts does not mean that an
individual is not infected with HPV.
Diagnosing Genital Warts
Genital warts are diagnosed through visual
examination from a doctor or other healthcare
professional. If genital warts are suspected, the
doctor may apply an acetic solution to the
suspected areas, though this is not a routine
screening test. These areas will temporarily
whiten in reaction to the solution if you indeed
have genital warts.
Treating Genital Warts
While there is no cure for genital warts, there
are ways to manage them. Topical prescription
medication can be applied to affected areas,
either in office or at home. In some cases, the
warts are removed surgically or frozen.
The bad news is that the warts can and do
often return, making more treatments
necessary for removal.
effected men and women. Your First Pap
Smear - What to Expect Everything You Need
to Know About Having Your First Pap Smear
Women should begin having a regular Pap
smear about three years after having vaginal
intercourse, or by age 21. Women who have
never had a Pap smear may feel anxious about
having their first screening. Not knowing how a
Pap smear is done or what to expect is major
cause of the anxiety.
What is a Pap Smear?
A Pap smear is a screening test for cervical
cancer. It is not a diagnostic test, so having the
test done regularly is essential. A Pap smear
identifies women who may be at high risk for
having precancerous or cancerous cervical
changes.
If Pap smear results determine abnormal
cervical changes, then a colposcopy is
performed. A colposcopy is a diagnostic test
that allows the doctor to view the cervix more
closely.
Preparing for a Pap Smear
The first step in preparing for a Pap smear is to
make the appointment. Family practice
physicians, gynecologists, internal medicine
physicians, and low cost clinics like county
health departments and Planned Parenthood
all
AFRICAPEACE

AFRICAPEACE

HEALTH :
offer Pap smears. Be sure not to
schedule your appointment during your
period. Although a Pap smear may be
able to be done during a very light
period, it is best to schedule it around it.
There are several other things you can
do to prepare for your Pap smear.
Forty-eight hours prior to your Pap
smear, avoid:
· Sexual intercourse
· Douching or vaginal inserts
· Vaginal foams, jellies, or
Spermicides
· Tampons
All of these can interfere with the
accuracy of the exam.
What to Expect During the Pap
Smear
First, you will be asked to undress from
the waist down. You will be given a
sheet to place over your mid-sec ?on
and upper thighs, so you will not be
completely exposed.
Next, you will be asked to lay on the
exam table and place your feet in
stirrups, to hold your feet in place
during the examination. Stirrups are
usually cold, so you may want to bring a
pair of socks to wear.
A lubricated speculum will then be
inserted into the vagina. Remember to
take deep breaths and to relax. This will
also help the vaginal muscle to relax,
making the exam less uncomfortable.
Using a small mascara-like brush or
swab, a doctor will take sample cells
from the cervix. This is done by very
gently rubbing of the cervix with the
brush or swab. Some women have no
sensation when this is done, while
some experience mild discomfort.
The sample is then placed in a tube with
a special preservative or a slide and
then sent to a lab for processing.
After the sample is taken, the speculum
is removed gently from the vagina. You
are then able to sit up and begin
dressing. The Pap smear is now over!
After the Pap Smear
Before leaving your appointment, ask
your doctor or nurse how the office
notifies patients of their results and
when you should expect to get results
back. Some doctors prefer to send
results by mail and some do by phone.
It generally takes about two weeks for
results to come back.
Remember that while the Pap smear is
an effective screening tool for cervical
cancer, it is only effective when done
regularly. Be sure to ask your doctor
how often you should have a Pap
smear. Pap smear frequency varies
from woman to woman, based on age,
health, and previous
findings.
Pap smear
What is a Colposcopy?
What to Expect During a Colposcopy
If you have had an abnormal Pap
smear, chances are your doctor has
recommended that you have a
colposcopy. Not to be confused with
colonoscopy, a colpsocopy is a
common follow-up exam to abnormal
Pap smears.
What is a Colposcopy?
A colposcopy is an exam that allows
the doctor to examine the cervix more
closely. The doctor is aided by the use
of a colposcope, a lighted instrument
that rests ou ?de of the vagina during
the exam. The colposcope magnifies
the cervix and somewhat resembles a
microscope.
During the exam, the doctor will look
into the colposcope and look at the
cervix. What the doctor sees through
the colposcope may be projected onto
a monitor. You are welcome to watch,
but it is not required. A colposcopy
takes approximately ten minutes to
complete.
What Happens During a Colposcopy
During the colposcopy:
1. You will be asked to undress from
the waist down. You will be given a
sheet to cover your midsection and
thighs. You will then be asked to lay
down on the exam table and to
place your feet in the stirrups.
2. The doctor will then place a
lubricated speculum into the
vagina, just like in a Pap smear. He
or she will widen the speculum to
view the cervix.
3. The doctor will then place the
colposcope near the opening of the
vagina. It is important to note that
the colposcope remains outside of
the vagina during the exam.
4. The doctor will then view the cervix
and may take a co ?on swab to
view the outer edges of the cervix.
He or she is looking for visual
abnormalities.
5. Next, the doctor will place an
vinegar wash on the cervix. Some
women feel a slight burning
sensation while the solution is
being applied. The discomfort
disappears within seconds. The
vinegar solution will make
abnormal cells on the cervix
temporarily turn white.
6. Based on what the doctor finds
during the colposcopy, he or she
may want to do remove a small
amount of tissue from the cervix.
AFRICAPEACE

HEALTH :
This is called a cervical biopsy.
Most women report feeling
discomfort or mild pain while the
sample is being taken. A cervical
biopsy takes a few seconds to
obtain each sample.
7. The doctor may also want to
perform an endocervical
curetiage (ECC). This is similar to
a cervical biopsy, yet a sample is
taken from the endocervical canal
(passageway between the cervix
and uterus). Many women report
feeling moderate pain during the
ECC, yet it dissipates after it is
over.
8. The doctor may then apply a
solution to prevent bleeding from
the cervix.
9. The colposcope is then removed
away from the vagina and the
speculum is carefully removed.
You can sit up when you feel
comfortable and begin to dress.
Video: The Basics of a Colposcopy
Exam
After the Colposcopy
Before leaving the doctor's office, ask
the doctor or nurse when you can
expect biopsy results and how the
office will relay the results. Some
offices will automatically schedule
another appointment to get results
and some prefer to do it by phone,
depending on the doctor's policy.
You may experience spoting, vaginal
discharge and cramping after having
a colposcopy/biopsy.
Call your doctor if you experience:
· Bleeding through a sanitary
napkin in an hour
· Spoting for more than seven
days
· Cramping that is not relieved
by over-the counter pain
medications
· Fever of 100 F or more or
chills
· Bright red bleeding
· Foul smelling discharge
Symptoms
Unfortunately, most women with
cervical cancer are symptomless until
the cancer has advanced. At that
point, women may experience
bleeding after sex; it may even occur
after menopause or at unusual points
in the menstrual cycle. Excessive
vaginal discharge may also occur.
As the cancer progresses, women
may feel pain in the region of the
pelvis — the bones that cradle the
uterus. This pain may seem to occur
for no reason, or it may appear during
sex.
AFRICAPEACE

Beach attraction:
Sculptors created two
controversial works of Art
on a beach in Durban,
South Africa...
Country: MALAWI
What could be more beautiful?
The white sand, the deep blue
ocean or the magnificent skies.
The Malawian Nkwichi Lake is
simply as divine as it’s nature
friendly; a nice place to have
that disconnect from
unnecessary noise.
AFRICAPEACE

TOURISM :
TOURISM IN AFRICA-
NEW PERSPECTIVE
ERICA AGBENU OKIBE
ourism in Africa varies widely,
from viewing gorillas in the
Great Lakes Region to lemurs Tin Madagascar, from trekking in Ethiopia
to birdwatching in Botswana, from
looking at rock paintings in South Africa
to visiting rainforests in Ghana, from -
climbing in Eastern Africa (Mt
Kilimanjaro and Mt Kenya, for example)
to scuba-diving in the Seychelles and to
photographic safaris in Eastern and
Southern Africa.
In the Great Lakes Region, for example,
revenue from tourism based on gorilla
viewing and other activities brings in
about US$20 million to the region
annually. Tourism in the area is certain
to be boosted with the news in 2004
that the first census since 1989
revealed that the population of the apes
in the Virunga Mountains has grown by
17 percent, increasing from 324 in 1989
to 380 by the end of 2003.
Tourism not only generates revenue to
support conservation and management
of natural environments but also
generates many jobs.
For example, hundreds of people live
off the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in
Uganda, where foreign tourists trek to
view gorillas.
It has been argued that tourism has
larger multiplier effects, with revenue
spreading from hotel accommodation,
food and beverages, shopping,
entertainment and transport to
income of hotel staff, taxi operators,
shopkeepers and suppliers of goods
and services.
Tourism as an Economic Development
ToolManaged sustainably, tourism is an
effective development tool.
When tourism's environmental, social,
and economic and other constraints
are addressed, tourism energizes
economies. With the full knowledge
that tourism is a complex sector with
tentacles into a myriad of other
economic activities, all of which require
careful management, countries with
tourism assets are fully justified in
deciding to prioritize tourism as a
development tool.
Several entities are primarily
responsible for the success of the
sector. The government's political
support at the highest level for tourism
is essential. The government's role is to
initiate the formulation of a strategy for
the sector and then play the crucial
coordinating role among the different
public sector agencies involved, the
relevant private profit and non-profit
entities, and local communities.
The government must also address
market failures that affect the tourism
sector and should create an enabling
environment for private investment
and, above all, must provide political
and social stability.
The government will also have to
supply basic infrastructure and assist in
the promotion of the country for
marketing and investment. Without the
private sector's investment in
accommodation, attractions, and
tourism services and facilities, and its
knowledge transfer, there can be no
tourism sector. Local communities
must be receptive to the tourists that
intrude into their communities and, to
be so, they must participate in the
benefits of tourism. External donors
can provide the critical capital and
technical assistance to support the
sector and help raise it from one
development level to another. Without
any one of these active participants, the
sector cannot grow to its full
potential—or even, in the early stages,
begin to put together a tourism
AFRICAPEACE

Exotic Tourist Locations in Africa
Africa exotic beach holidays
Africa is a dream beach holiday destination. Laze on
exotic beaches of the Kenyan coast, relax on the tropical
island of Zanzibar, swim in the Red Sea on one of our
Egypt holidays and explore the coast of South Africa and
the cosmopolitan city of Cape Town.
This lively all inclusive resort makes a good base
for discovering Sharm el-Sheikh.
Perched above dazzling waters, the popular Hilton
Sharks Bay has its own private stretch of beach
and plenty of facilities. The resort is made up of
two parts – the original, older complex by the
beach and a newer two-storey complex, with a
main road diving the two.
Attractive Arabian-
Moroccan style All
Inclusive resort
An attractive resort
inspired by Arabian-
Moroccan architecture, set
around the palm-fringed
pool and boasting direct
access to Montazah Beach.
Jaz Belvedere offers an
impressive range of
facilities.
AFRICAPEACE

TOURISM :
KENYA
he African Safari the most popular tourist
attraction of all the things you can do in
Kenya. The most popular things to see on TSafari include The Big 5 and the great migration
of tens of thousands of wildebeest. The
wildebeest migrate between Serengeti National
Park in Tanzania to Masai Mara National
Reserve in Kenya. The best time to see the
migration is in July and August (best in mid July
or after). Make sure you don't end up spending
thousands of dollars for a safari. Check out the
safari section for tips on saving thousands of
dollars on your African Safari.
While the majority of Mount Kilimanjaro is in
Tanzania it also sits on the border between Kenya
and Tanzania. Towering at over 19,000 feet
th
Mount Kilimanjaro is the 4 largest free standing
mountain in the world and the highest mountain
in Africa. Its great for hiking and other outdoor
activities and many say that the best views of the
great mountain come from Kenya.
In order to get to the mountain you will have to
cross into Tanzania and pick a good tour guide.
Mount Kenya is the second highest mountain in
Africa and the highest in all of Kenya. Outdoor
lovers and hiking enthusiasts have two of the best
mountains at their fingertips in Kenya.
Calabar is the State Capital of Cross River State
NIGERIA
gbokim Waterfalls are
considered as one of the most
beautiful tourist attractions of ANigeria. You will find at a short
distance from the Nigeria-Cameroon
border, it is the very captivating sight
called Agbokim Waterfalls. The fall
located in Cross River State and an
ideal destination for picnics. The falls
are pleasantly surrounded by green
vegetation.
AFRICAPEACE

LIVING FOUNDATION
LIVING FOUNTAIN
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
Motto: LEADERSHIP & SERVICE
MOTTO: leadership & service
REGISTER
YOUR
CHILD
WITH
US
N OW!
VISIT US TODAY @
CITEC Mount Pleasant Estate,Along Jabi - Airport Bye Pass,
Mbora District. PMB 726 Abuja
Mobile: 0809 831 5819 . 0709 870 5699
Email: fountainschool@gmail.com
Website :www.lfis-edu.org

AN EVALUATION
O F THE
NIGERIAN
AUTHORTES I ' PERFORMANCE IN MANAG
ING
THE GROWTH O F BOK O HAR AM 'S NETWOR
KS
Colonel Mohammed Yerima, a one-time
Nigerian Director of Defence
Information, explained that Boko
Haram emerged as far as back as 1995 but
operated under the name, Ahlulsunna wal'
jama'ah hijra (Solomon, 2012). However, it was
not until 2009 did the group gain national
recognition as an insurgency group. At this
point, Mohammed Yusuf led the group to carry
out extremely violent activities in Jos and
declared war on the Nigerian state (Onuoha,
2012; The Nation, 2013). Retrospectively,
Adesoji (2010) stated that Mohammed Yusuf
originally founded the organisation in 2002 with
the main aim of building a Sharia government
under Senator Ali Modu Sheriff's past regime. To
accomplish this, he [Mohammed Yusuf]
acknowledged the grave importance of
practicing orthodox Islam, wherein he
condemned Western education as well as civil
service employment because he believed that
these were contrary to the Islam belief (Boyle,
2009; Thurston, 2011). To classify Boko Haram's
ideology in accordance with Rapoport's Four
Waves of Modern Terrorism would categorise
it as the fourth wave of terrorism, the religious
wave (Rapoport, 2003). This is because the
organisation's activities are in line with the
ideologies of the new wave of religious
terrorism, such that religion acts as an
ideological force, legitimizer and unifier for the
group (Johnson, 2011). To this effect, they aim to
achieve either of the three main religious goals;
establishment of a religiously pure state,
establish religious governments or destruction
of Earth.
Under Yusuf's leadership, Boko Haram started
off as a gathering of the less privileged Muslim
families, who all shared similar religious views
and socioeconomic burdens. Wherein these
regular meetings were hosted in religious
complexes such as mosques and Islamic
schools in the North-Eastern part of Nigeria. In
fact, Kukah (2012) states that a majority of the
people that were drawn towards Boko Haram
or that showed some form of support or
sympathy are heavily motivated by the deeprooted
socioeconomic inequalities and political
grievances that exist in Nigeria. This further
explains the evolving nature of the
organization's network as the ongoing support
from impoverished and alienated Northern
population continues to expand at an
exponential rate (Campbell, 2011). The
consistent economic deprivation in Nigeria
which is mostly rampant in the North-Eastern
region has advanced into both a struggle of
political power between desperate politicians
and the increase in the ambivalence of some
Islamic leaders. According to Boko Haram, they
emerged as a check-mating force to curb this
evolution in the political power circle as it was
contrary to their ideological beliefs (Ekanem et
al. 2012). To effect this, the group embarked
upon executing various terrorist activities as
they believed this to be the most effective
response mechanism (Abimbola and Adesote,
2012). To further achieve this, Yusuf would
openly condemn Northern Muslims that
participated in this illegitimate state and by
encouraging his followers to fight against the
Nigerian government, he would urge them to
withdraw from politics and the society (Ejue
2012). Hence, the group's network spans across
all spectrums of the society, from university
lecturers and students, to bankers,
commissioners and other officers of Borno
state, not forgetting the recruits that were
deemed lawless by the Nigerian Security
Services (Adesoji, 2010). Agbiboa (2013c)
suggests that Yusuf exploited this avenue as a
means to pursue new recruits and potential
members for the future jihadists. Umar (2011)
explains that this strategic pathway had
contributed to the continuous growth and
expansion of the Boko Haram network, as it
was able to attract over 280,000 members
across northern Nigeria and other neighboring
countries.
AFRICAPEACE

CRIME:
Shortly after the sectarian violent conflict between
Boko Haram and the Nigerian Security forces in
2009, several members of the group were captured
and Mohammed Yusuf was killed in police custody
(McConnell, 2009). The murder was seen to have
triggered a change in the group's tactics and
escalated its operational ground to a larger scale.
For example, an official statement that was released
shortly after this incident stated:
“We promise the West and Southern
Nigeria, a horrible pastime. We shall focus
on these areas which is the devil empire
and has been the one encouraging and
sponsoring Western Civilisation into the
shores of Nigeria” (Bartolotta, 2011).
Following this, the group soon re-emerged under
the leadership of Abubakar Shekau in 2010, wherein
the group shifted focus to carry out more violently
unselective attacks on an even wider scale in the
north eastern region of the country. From 2010, the
organisation's modus operandi became more
aggressive and violent as they directly attacked the
society's most important sectors such as the
security forces, government officials, prominent
politicians, schools, civilians, churches, and
traditional leadership. By virtue of this, Shekau
ensured that, under his leadership, Boko Haram
became the most terrifying terrorist organisation in
the history of Nigeria (Fawole, 2013). One of the
group's most significant attacks that received a
wide-scale national and international attention was
the August 2011 attack on the United Nations (UN)
headquarters building in Abuja. This demonstration
was in fact a way of proving their claim in the above
statement that was released shortly after Yusuf's
death (Forest, 2012). Since this incident, the group's
network and attacks have continued to spread and
cause havoc in Nigeria and other neighbouring
countries. In addition, Solomon (2012) emphasised
that, due to their ideological belief, there is a high
probability that the faction will continue to commit
these acts of terrorism. Owing to this, it will come
as no surprise that the group might possess the
capability of infiltrating other regions in Nigeria. This
is because their growth rate continues to increase
at a much faster pace in comparison to that of the
Nigerian authorities' response in eradicating these
terrorists completely (Roti, 2012b).
THE GROWTH OF TERRORISTS' NETWORKS
AND GAIN OF IMPORTANCE
Recently, various studies have evaluated the
relationship between globalisation and
terrorism. This section further explores this
relationship and identifies the key factors
that facilitate the growth of terrorist
networks, thus eventually allowing them gain
importance.
The relationship between globalisation and
terrorism construes an intertwined
phenomena that is characterized by the
contribution of recent technological
innovation to advance the aims of terrorism.
Robertson (1992) describes globalisation as
the growing interconnectedness between
nation states and cultures, which aims to
propagate singularity of historical processes
through which the world has become more
compressed like a single place. In the
contemporary world, the increase in
supranational networks, the rapid spread of
global communication technology and the
increased flow of material and people
continues to enable the diversification of the
various pathways, through which terrorists
can operate, thereby weakening states (Kalb,
2001). Thus, this escalation has reduced the
operational cost for the terrorists'
networks. For example, Cronin (2002)
st
explained that the 21 century technological
expansion and the heightened mass-media
awareness has transformed terrorism into a
great global impact today. In agreement, Krug
and Reinmoeller (2004) stated that
globalisation is an important factor for
terrorism as it increases the risks associated
with transnational terrorism. In addition, this
overwhelming growth in the global
interconnectedness has also brought about
an increase in the difficulty of combating the
growth of terrorist operations. This is
because the terrorists now enjoy an
increase in access to information to improve
their capabilities, security, mobility and
coordination (Baylis, Smith, and Owens,
2008, pp. 378-80). Therefore, to control this
expansion of the terrorist network, it is
imperative that the effects of globalisation
on terrorism be thoroughly investigated and
addressed.
Another factor that has been deemed a
strong contributor to the growth of
terrorism is socioeconomic inequality. Shaw
and McKay (1942) drew upon the social
disorganization theory, which suggests that
there is a causal relationship between
societal inequality and criminal behaviour.
This is line with the premise that poor
socioeconomic conditions can develop
antisocial iconoclastic criminal and
delinquent traditions, which are
transferable from one generation to
another (Akers, 2000). Merton (1938) also
supported this theory by reaffirming that
crime is a symptom of social
disorganization, which is the unequal
distribution of the necessary means to
survive in the society. On the contrary,
Krueger and Maleckova (2002) illustrated
that there is no relationship between
poverty, economic levels, education and
participation in political violence or
terrorist activities.
To succinctly define terrorism, Weimann
(2006) stressed the difficulty in ascribing a
'one size fits all' definition to this
phenomenon as terrorist actors engage in
terrorism for a variety of purposes,
motivations and ideologies. For instance,
Crenshaw (2001) stated that a terrorist to
one person could be a freedom fighter for
another, which simply explains the dilemma
involved in finding a single definition for
terrorism. Nonetheless, several scholars
and researchers have attempted to describe
terrorism in a broader sense, one of which
was Merari (1993) who defined terrorism
as the use of violence to propagate fear in a
population and to eventually achieve a
political objective. In addition, the terrorist
exploit the fear and intimidation of the
people as a means to provoke the
government to overreact in response to
their violent (Bergen, 2010). In relation to
this exploitation, Lafree (2007) explained
that modern terrorism focuses on the
importance of psychological effects of
creating anxiety within the population.
AFRICAPEACE

CRIME:
Furthermore, Wilkinson (2006) suggested that
terrorism can be viewed as an amalgamation of
four entities – (a) a premeditated design to create a
climate of extreme fear, (b) an action targeted to a
wider population, (c) deemed to be perceived as
'extra-normal', i.e. it violates the norms regulating
disputes, protest and dissent (d) used primarily,
though not exclusively, to influence the political
behavior of governments, communities or specific
social groups. Francis (1982) explained that
terrorist organisations exploit the benefits of the
media as a platform to bring about a psychological
impact on a population much wider than the actual
victims. Bail (2012) added that, since the 9/11
attack on the Twin Towers, the media has been seen
to play a role in the social construction of
terrorism because as it propagates fear and anxiety,
thus threaten the natural order in the region. The
following section will now evaluate the ways in
which terrorists exploit the media as a platform to
develop their networks and gain importance.
1. MEDIA COMMUNICATION
As the media continues to serve as an influencing
platform for the propagation of fear and terror in
the society, McLuhan's (1964) illustrated that –
contrary to popular belief – it is the mode of
communication that influences the society and not
necessarily the story. For instance, Ravalut (2003)
elucidated that the media and other global
communication platforms used exaggerated
images to depict the consequences of the 9/11
terrorist attack. However, this act showed signs of
deliberate media manipulations, which
unfortunately backfired dramatically on the United
States, thus assisting the terrorist achieve their
goals. The manipulation of such a sensitive topic
possesses the capability of promoting a sense of
the inevitability of death amongst the people
(Solomon, Greenberg and Pyszczynski, 1997). The
continued spread of fear and existence provides
the terrorist with an invaluable ammunition to
publicize their political objectives, thus bringing
about a chaotic ripple effect in the society (Nacos,
2006). Additionally, Coombs (2011) utilized the
arousal hypotheses to explain that the media's
portrayal of terrorism can potentially heighten the
viewers' readiness to involve in aggressive
behaviour. Hawthorne (2012) explained that such
overreaction can result in an increase in political
pressure on the leaders to fulfil the terrorists'
demands, which further enhances the legitimacy of
the terrorist organisation.
In addition, this political pressure and fear can
cause the government to react irrationally. For
example, the government might incorporate
preventative measures that can consume more
costs than the initial terrorist attack. To support
this example, Horgan's (2005) theory states that a
high portion of a nation's budget are allocated to
the tackling of terrorist activities. Sputnik News
(2015) explained that such misallocation of budget
funds can cause the government to neglect key
sectors such as employment and education, which
can both contribute to curbing of the growth of
terrorists' networks. For instance, shortly after
9/11 attack, the US invested heavily in super
technologically enhanced security measures that
turned out to be eventually more costly than the
real economic loss from the attack (Friedman,
2004). This overreaction by the government was
recognized as one of Bin Laden's central strategy,
where he disclosed that part of his master scheme
was to bring the US into a state of bankruptcy
(Castellano, 2003). To put this into perspective, Bin
Laden claimed that the attack only cost them [Al
Qaeda] US$500 thousand, whilst the recovery
process set the United States back by US$500
billion (Aljazeera, 2004). However, some
researchers have expressed their doubts to this
claim due to the lack of supporting evidence.
Nonetheless, such claims pave the way for the
citizenry to discredit the government's
ability to strategically respond to
terrorist attacks. Furthermore, Daum
(2001) stressed that the government's
overreaction can potentially bring about
more collateral damage. For example, a
report on Boko Haram by Louw-
Vaudran (2015) of Africa Check
Organisation illustrated that, especially
after the Mohammed Yusuf's murder, the
extra-judicial killing of Boko Haram
members by the Nigerian security forces
was one of the main factors that
increased the rate of radicalization in
2009.
Coining from this increased
radicalization rate, Hoffman (2006)
demonstrated that the media's
terrorism coverage can also indirectly
enable terrorists to gain more
sympathizers and supporters. To further
stress this, Chenoweth (2010) stated
terrorist groups are able to improve
their recruitment by convincing
potential sympathizers that their cause
and belief system justifies their actions.
Boko Haram exemplified this when they
incorporated the core elements of the
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) to
induce terror through shocking public
videos and photographs (Bagshaw, 2014).
These kind of videos, which receive a
large amount of mainstream media
attention, further enables the terrorist
organizations to perform its
recruitment-oriented theatrics.
However, Becker (2004) argued that the
media can assist in reducing and curbing
various by-products of terrorism such as
fear, losing the public's trust and even
reducing casualty rates from an indirect
angle. Therefore, to ensure that these
positives are exploited effectively, the
government and policymakers must
focus on executing plans to eliminate the
uncontrolled spread of rumors and
unreliable information via the media, as it
will assist in taking the wind out the sails
that allow terrorist networks to
continue to grow (De Graff and De Graff,
2010).
2. INFORMATION
OPERATION
Another effect of globalisation that
contributes to the growth of terrorists'
networks is the increasing access to
information via internet. The internet
provides a communicatory pathway for
terrorist groups to spread information
more effectively and efficiently to the
general public. Three characteristics of
the internet that can affect transnational
terrorism are anonymity, the abundance
of information and the low cost of
communication. Anonymity enables the
terrorist to work remotely with low
operational costs and risk to themselves
(Zeller, 2004). This supports Hoffman's
view on the internet as an ideal channel
AFRICAPEACE

CRIME:
for present day terrorism. Meanwhile, the made to establish an array of transnationally
abundance of information on the internet interknitted. In alignment with this statement,
serves as a virtual library and encyclopedia of Solomon (2012) expressed that Boko Haram
knowledge and information that are readily has external linkages with Al Qaeda and its
available to the terrorists. Retrospectively, affiliates such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic
Huntington (1957) explained that, in previous Maghreb (AQIM), the Somali militant group Altimes,
the military would have sole access to Shabaab, and Movement for Unity and Jihad in
such sensitive information, and such access West Africa (MUJIWA). These links can provide
must have been granted by the state. On the the group with more sophisticated training and
third characteristics of the internet, it's financial support. More recently, several news
relatively low cost of access has meant that reporters on Boko Haram stated that the
terrorists can now expand their network at group also allegedly pledged allegiance with
even lower costs than previous times. For ISIS, in order to further develop their network
instance, in a Homeland Security Hearing in and gain more legitimacy (RT News, 2015).
2007, Bruce Hoffman explained that this Nonetheless, this remains to be an inconclusive
inexpensive means of enables the terrorists to subject area as little research has been
communicate in real time, as it is a major divisor conducted to understanding the extent to
of the technological advantage between which these external linkages can be effective
national and transnational organisations.
for Boko Haram in their region of operation.
Coupling the earlier point on recruitment with
that of aforementioned ease of communication, 3. CORRUPTION
the world-wide web also serves as a platform Through illegitimate funding, porous national
upon which terrorist can recruit and radicalise borders, to mention but a few, corruption has
more people on an exponential rate. As this has
also become a strong contributory effect of
become widespread, Weimann (2004)
globalisation on the growth and development
suggested that this could be a result of terrorist
recruiters using different interactive internet
of terrorist networks in this present day. In this
mediums to browse online chat forums to current globalized era that is characterized by
identify vulnerable members of the public; uneven development, some countries find
especially the younger demographic. To support themselves to be deeply connected as they
this, studies confirm that there have been wrestle with rampant corruption with their
several cases of normal, unreligious citizens
becoming radicalized through jihadist websites,
thus leaving them vulnerable to terrorist
societal structures. This heightened level of
corruption have often instigated widespread
grievances. Coupling these grievances with lack
recruitment (Hoffman, 2010; Goodman and of basic social amenities have paved the way for
Greenberg (1997). Nonetheless, the internet terrorism to become the order of the day. Cox
can also serve as a double edged sword for (2008) proffered a theory explaining that
terrorists, wherein their activities can be corruption, being the abuse of public office for
monitored by government and combated
private gains, can have grave effects on a
directly.
nation's development prospect, whereby
Furthermore, due to the speed and level of
creating an uncertain and unpredictable
connectedness provided by the internet, it
serves as a key facilitator for terrorist groups to
environment (Teet and Chenoweth, 2009).
gain sponsorships and financial support, which Comparatively, Farouk (2012) associated
are the engine of their armed struggle terrorism to corruption, stating that both
(Napoleoni, 2004). Several ways in which the result in similar damage to the people and the
group can extort money from the internet wider society in general, but that the former
includes (1) publically broadcasting their
account details to receive donations (Bunt,
kills instantly whilst the latter destroys by
promulgating poverty. In line with this, studies
2003), (2) the exploitation of the have inferred that there is reason to believe
crowdsourcing technique to also attract that corruption consequentially promotes the
donation from a wider audience (Maher and growth of terrorist networks (Oakes, 2013).
Carter, 2014). Thus, it is evident that increase in For example, Harik (2004) demonstrated that
internet access has directly contributed to the government corruption played an influential
growth of various terrorists' networks.
role in the emergence of
Furthermore, the internet also plays a role in
grassroot movements such
optimizing the operations of these terrorists'
as Hezbollah and its secular
network. Nowadays, terrorist groups aim to
flatten their organizational structures to
rival Amal. From a financial
become more decentralized, as it would enable operating standpoint,
the dispersed actors coordinate and corruption cripples the
communicate with each other more effectively. government's ability to
Today, the emergence of the new forms of combat terrorist activities,
terrorist organizations that are attuned to the
information age contend that terrorists will
thus enabling the terrorists
to achieve their operational
continue to move from their previous goals at inexpensive
traditional hierarchical structure to a more operational costs (Teets
dispersed design (Arquilla, Ronfeldt and Zanini and Chenoweth, 2007). For
1999). As a result, Arquilla et al (1991) suggested example, due to the
that, in the stead of forming stand-alone groups, penetration of corruption
we will begin to witness more efforts being
into most – if not all – structural levels in Iraq,
various important political positions have been
compromised heavily, which further contributes
to the increase in terrorists' activities in the
country (Human Rights Report, 2013). To
further support this, Rotberg (2007) illustrated
that there is a strong correlation between the
increase in money laundering activities and that
of terrorist attacks.
In addition, corruption has been seen to play an
influential role in the radicalization and
recruitment of vulnerable youths. As corruption
continues to deprive communities of the basic
social amenities and infrastructures required
for survival, the vulnerable populace are left
with no choice but violent activities. To
substantiate this, the World Bank (2013)
explained that Indonesia, one of the largest
Southeast Asia economies, has been unable to
achieve its full potential because of the rampant
corruption in the country. This hindrance
promoted the emergence of economic
stagnation and political inability in Indonesia,
thus encouraging an increase in the rate of
radicalization. Post-9/11 attack studies show a
correlation between poverty, economic
stagnation and the increase of youth
participation in terrorism (Abadie, 2004).
Contrariwise, Krueger (2007) argued that these
post 9/11 literature are still found to be wanting
in relation to providing an explicit explanation
for the role of poverty in influencing terrorism.
From a counter-terrorism perspective,
Burgoon (2006) explained that the government
can achieve a decline in terrorism and other
allied violent activities by employing beneficial
social welfare policies. Dr. Kumar Ramakrishna's
(2003) suggestion supports this, wherein it
stated that Indonesian Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)
terrorist organisation have enjoyed a continued
growth rate because of the increase in
corruption in the Asia-Pacific region (National
Defense University, 2003).
Coining from Burgoon's (2006) proposition,
for a country to experience an increase in the
rate of development, it is imperative that the
authorities employ certain measures to
manage the crises that result from the growth
of terrorist networks.
AFRICAPEACE

Feature Interview with Ghana's
Male Fashion illustrator has
he shares his PASSION with Us
- By Priscilla Philips – IG @priscillaphilips
Ghana is my home country and I hail precisely from
the BrongAhafoRegion.i schooled in KNUST and
WINNEBA Secondary School where I studied textiles
and visual art respectively.
I'm a freelancer and I have worked with House Of
Eccentric (H.O.E), Hall Of Peters (H.O.P), AVD,
upcoming designers such as SENYO Amuzu and Dfg,
lecturers, friends and family. Sketching is a language I
speak more often. Its something I never get tired of
doing. Basically my life in summary is fashion.
my mentors in fashion illustration is David Dowton and
Hayden Williams, in life, my mentor is Nelson Mandela.
My philosophy of life is no pain no gain. Sometimes we
go through pain when persevering to be able to
appreciate the results after achieving what we
persevered for.
I don't just sketch but I sketch with passion and I want
my illustrations to tell the world that creativity cannot
be exhausted and also once you put your mind to
something you can achieve it, all it takes is prayer,
determination and sacrifice. Haute Couture, Color
Blogs, Animations, my Environment, in fact everything
have always being my source of inspiration.
A friend used to do fashion illustration way back in SHS
and I was so fascinated by them and I decided to
learn it. I went online and saw more sketches from
other professional fashion illustrators and that
heightened my interest for illustration. David and
William's works motivated me to learn more, I want to
be more than them and that's one of my goals.
The industry is growing in a positive way and that's
good, but, to me only few designers are being
creative, the rest are just copying styles.
My clients always smile after every work and they keep
coming back for more.
Challenges have been getting to work with designers
,also getting clients to purchase your stuff, not being
acknowledged by designers on their shows and lastly,
some people don't pay after working for them.
Nope. In Africa there are a lot of things we see to be
irrelevant and illustration is part of it. Taking up illustration
as a career in Africa will be a difficult one as compared
to outside Africa.
The next big thing on my list is to work with Dior. I have
admired their haute couture ever since I became a
fashion lover, even though I love other couturiers Dior
will always be on top of my list.
AFRICAPEACE

AFRICA OIL WEALTH-BLESSING OR CURSE
frica, once commonly referred
to, for different reasons, it
seems, as the ''Dark AContinent'', is definitely a
beleaguered land mass – it is
undoubtedly heavily laden and
bursting at the seams with all manner of
treasures! And that, when you consider
this in historical and contemporary
perspectives, is putting it very mildly.
These days, we have found ourselves in
the era of a steady rise in the price of
Crude Oil, and what with the recent and
increasingly new discoveries of Oil
fields made on different parts of Africa
soil, there seems to be a new scramble,
as it were, by major global oil industry
players for the ''new frontiers''. The oil
fields of Africa is being seen – and
correctly, too – as the new irresistible
bride to be wooed and courted, and that
as quickly as possible! And why not?
Most of these oil fields are in Thirdworld
countries anyway, whose legal
and regulative frame-works are still
weak, the Government apparatuses and
institutions are largely susceptible to
compromise and corruption and the
crude oil is of undeniably high quality!
A ''perfect'' scenario for plunder,
wouldn't you say? The foregoing is
corroborated by Ghazvinian, a fellow of
the University of Pennsylvania,
who asserted that. ''Since 1990
alone, the petroleum
industry has invested more
than $20 billion in
exploration and production
activity in Africa…a further
$50 billion will be spent
between now and the end of
the decade, the largest
investment in the continent's
history''
With regards to the
aforementioned recent crude oil
discoveries in Africa, countries
such as Sudan, Kenya, Ghana,
Uganda and Tanzania seem to be
some of the more preferred
destinations of Oil majors.
Substantial oil reserves were
discovered, and have been
exploited, several decades ago,
predominantly, in the west coast of
Africa, but the examples set by the
countries in that part of the
continent leaves a lot to be desired
and paints a very discouraging
picture; which makes the writer,
and several other commentators,
ponder whether the natural
resource that is Crude Oil is a
Curse, rather than a Blessing, for
Africa. This is because Africa's
history, with regard to crude oil, is
replete with negative and unsavoury
testimonies that lead irresistibly to
the conclusion that the presence,
discovery and exploitation of the
natural resource in question have
not favoured the Continent. In most
of the African countries that have
and are exploiting crude oil, a
common thread is the prevalence of
Insecurity, Wars, and governments
plagued with unabashed greed and
official corruption – problems that
were practically non-existent or at
minimal and manageable levels
before the discovery of oil.
What is the implication of the
discovery of Oil for East Africa, for
instance, which has the newest
discovered oil reserves, and the
African continent as a whole? With
oil discovery in, say, Uganda, the
country could become a key global
producer with about 3.5 billion
barrels reported to be discovered
close to the border with the
Democratic Republic of Congo. The
oil resources if very well exploited is
crucial to the region, as it would go a
AFRICAPEACE

NEWS
long way in providing fuel and energy
at lower costs, for instance. However,
and unfortunately, we already have
discrepancies coming up in the region
about the oil resources. Another
regional oil dispute is the situation in
South Sudan and Sudan – which were
one country before a recent conflictinduced
split. As a result of the split,
South Sudan is now home to about 75
% of the oil reserves that once
belonged to Sudan. The conflicts that
have all taken place since then are
believed to be a result of the new
''status quo''. What is even more
interesting to note, is that while South
Sudan owns the oil, it must pay Sudan
“transit fees'' when transporting the
oil through Sudan. As it turns out,
both depend heavily
on the oil. Obviously
– and this tends to
apply to most, if not
all, Oil producing
African countries to
one degree or the
other - there is a
general need for
diversity in the
sources of GDP for
countries; and this
seems to be the case
with Sudan and
South Sudan as well.
South Sudan relies
on oil for 98% of
government revenue
a n d h a s n o
alternative, for now,
to this current arrangement. Sudan,
on the other hand, has become reliant
on the transit fees paid by South
Sudan for using its (Sudan) pipelines,
refineries and export terminal at Port
Sudan. And the conflict-ridden past of
these two countries have not helped
matters at all!
Consider Gabon, which produces
about 300,000 barrels of crude oil per
day. It was once famously said of
Gabon that “It's covered with
tropical rainforest, but it's hard
to find bananas that are grown
there. They are mostly imported
from Cameroon. At one point,
Gabon was the world's largest
per-capita importer of
champagne.” The bitter truth is that
the oil — and the champagne — will
eventually run dry, so what happens
next? Gabon, with relatively small oil
reserves, is already coming to terms
with that grim possibility. By then,
much of the rest of the country's
economy may have atrophied,
Ghazvinian (supra) says. Economists
have also serially called this
phenomenon “the Dutch Disease”
because it was observed in the
Netherlands after natural gas was
discovered in the 1960s in that
country's portion of the North Sea.
The Dutch manufacturing sector
withered as the gas industry grew.
Coincidence? I think not.
Even Nigeria, where the oil industry
has operated for decades, sadly,
hasn't fared much better. While its oil
wealth is vast — it is reputed to be the
th
world's 10 largest reserves — so are
the attendant problems. It is both an
enormous country, with about 170
million people, and an ethnically
diverse and fragmented one, with
hundreds of distinct ethnic groups.
And its reserves lie in the Southern
poor, rural Niger Delta region.
“People in the Niger Delta live
almost as if it's the Stone Age,”
Ghazvinian (supra) says. “They live
in stick huts on little islands in
the mangrove swamps. Many of
the villages are accessible only
by boat. Nearby, you will have
these multibillion oil facilities,
with executives being dropped
in by helicopter.” The Niger Delta
has been a source of long standing
conflict. According to the BBC, very
few people have benefited from the oil
wealth in the country. It still has 45%
of its population living below the
poverty line and is in public debt.
Little of the oil wealth gets invested
back into the delta and few of the
companies employ local people. This
AFRICAPEACE

NEWS
has contributed to civil unrest and
lawlessness.
In addition, oil money tends to corrupt
politicians. They end up vying to pocket
a share of the finite petroleum riches,
rather than looking for ways to invest in
their country's long-term prosperity.
This is usually due to the fact that the
governments of these countries –
mostly sub-Saharan – are not
dependent on income taxes and
therefore do not believe that they are
entirely accountable to the citizens.
Some Westerners, however, tend to
attribute all of Africa's problems to
corruption, thus absolving the West of
any responsibility. The West are not
entirely without blame in this
conundrum, I dare say; while it is true
that leaders of governments in oil-rich
African countries do abscond with
stolen funds, these are stashed away in
Western/foreign banks where the
bankers and the governments of those
countries conveniently look the other
way. Therefore, it would seem that
Western governments, too, overlook
bad and, often, criminal behavior, as
long as the oil flows reliably through the
pipelines. According to Ghazvinian
(supra), “There are incentives on
both ends. At the moment, there
are no incentives for the
resource-rich governments to do
the right thing”.
However, the 'resource curse' and
'Dutch disease' are not the inevitable
consequences of natural resource
wealth – Crude Oil, in this case - even if
these resources are located in less
developed or ''third world''
countries. The South African country of
Botswana is a case in point.
When Botswana attained
independence in 1966, it ranked as one
of the world's poorest countries. A year
later, Diamonds were discovered in
Botswana's Kalahari Desert, and since
1969, Debswana, a joint venture
between the Government of Botswana
and De Beers, the South African
diamond company, has carried out
diamond-mining operations in the
country. This is a multi-billion dollar
business, extracting around 25 million
carats a year – a quarter of global
production. In 2006, the Government
of Botswana and De Beers established
the Diamond Trading Company
Botswana (DTCB) as a 50:50 joint
venture responsible for sorting,
valuing, sales and marketing. More
than 50% of the profits go to the state
– and the government of Botswana
not only has the political will to
redistribute these profits equitably; it
also has well-functioning institutions,
democratic structures and –
according to Transparency
International – the lowest level of
corruption in sub-Saharan Africa!
What has been responsible for the
phenomenal success that is postindependence
Botswana, is the type of
framework and strong institutions
that were put in place and adequately
empowered to function – without
which a real possibility that the
natural resource, Diamond in this
case, would not have brought about
the prevailing economic and social
development but could have been
used to finance weapons acquisition
and/or civil war. Sierra Leone, Angola
and the Democratic Republic of the
Congo are examples of how countries
are blighted by the trade in 'conflict
diamonds'. Diamonds are precious
stones that are in great demand all
over the world and, being so small, are
easy to traffic and difficult to trace. So
in 2003, the international diamond
industry and non-governmental
organisations launched the
Kimberley Process, which enables
governments to certify shipments of
rough diamonds as 'conflict-free'.
This innovative approach has yielded
some success in breaking the link
between diamonds and conflict.
Resource-rich countries should not,
as a matter of course or inevitability,
slide into corruption, rent-seeking
economies and armed conflict, but
should pursue a development
pathway. At the same time, the oilproducing
countries concerned
should become efficient suppliers for
the international markets. Promoting
good governance in the resourceproducing
countries might help to
attain these twin goals. This is the
approach now being pursued by
Ghana, for example, as it embarks on
the development of an industry
which, in the Southern Nigeria Niger
Delta region, only a few hundred
kilometres further east, has caused so
much poverty and suffering. Ghana's
goals are to distribute the revenues
from its fledgling oil industry in an
equitable manner, protect the
environment and ensure that the
public can share in the benefits of a
booming economy – thus breaking
the resource curse.
- Abimbola Famro
AFRICAPEACE

AFRICAN COSMETIC
AND MAKEUP INDUSTRY
eauty is one of the most craved for
assets of any individual. We all
desire to be acknowledged for Bhow we look, what we wear, our style, and
a lot more. A lot of times we do things in
the name of makeup to enhance our
facial appearance.
“A woman without paint is like food
without salt”- Roman philosopher,
Plautus
Civilizations have used forms of
cosmetics—though not always
recognizable to cosmetic users today, for
centuries in religious rituals, to enhance
beauty, and to promote good health.
Cosmetics usage throughout history can
be indicative of civilization's practical
concern, such as protection from the sun;
class system; or of its conventions of
beauty.
With Africa, it could pose a very difficult
riddle as from country to country, tribe to
tribe, region to region, women could differ in hair
and skin (generally speaking West African
women tend to have thicker and coarser hair
than Northern African women- Yoruba women
tend to be darker skinned than Igbo women)
In the midst of the complex battle among giant
beauty brands, a unique fresh face has emerged
with other African owned cosmetic and personal
brands such as House of Tara and Shea
Radiance amongst others. Africa's fast-growing
personal care and beauty markets are
prompting ambitious innovation plans from
designers such as L'Oreal and Unilever, both
looking to capture the expanding middle class.
But you can't just take all your products and sell
them in Africa – new tailored ranges are needed.
According to research, Africa is an exciting
proposition for the beauty market especially in
the growing economies such as Nigeria, as well
as major markets such as South Africa and
Egypt.
AFRICAPEACE

BEAUTY
Profitability in the Makeup and
Cosmetic Industry in Africa
The modern African have a basic need
for beauty and personal care products
is only one part of the equation. Africa's
current population of roughly one billion
people is expected to rise to 2.3 billion
by 2050. This can only mean one thing
more demand for beauty and personal
care products.
Africa is home to the youngest
population in the world with more than
half of its one billion people below the
age of 20.
What is more interesting is the presence
of a large and growing 'middle class'
The African Development Bank
describes middle class “ as those who
spend between $2 to $20 a day. At the
moment, there are more than 300 million
people on the continent who fit into this
category.
A significant majority of Africans in the
middle class are young and educated
city people who are very aware of (and
heavily influenced by) modern trends in
grooming, fashion and western
cultures.
Because most of them are the young
and upwardly mobile holding salaried
jobs or own small businesses, these
guys and ladies have more spending
money at their disposal. Due to their
taste and desire for 'feel good, look
good factor' they are driving the
demand for consumer products like
beauty and skin care products across
Africa.
Major cosmetics, beauty and personal
care product categories making waves
in Africa
The cosmetic industry (also known as
the beauty industry or personal care
industry) can be categorized into five
major types as follows:
1. Hair care
This category includes all products
used to make human hair clean and
attractive- shampoos, pomade, hair
gels, conditioners, coloring and dyes,
relaxers and hair styling products. The
biggest spender being the beauty
saloons and barbershops and women
who use a wide range of these products.
2. Skin care
The skin care products category is the
largest and most assorted segmentof
the cosmetic market with several
competing formulas, products and
brands. The use of body lotions, skin
moisturizers, cleansers, toners, antiacne
and facial products are commonly
used.
The growing trend of using skin lightening
or 'bleaching' products among young
African women and men is also feeding the
frenzy of demand that has made the skin
care products category a multi-billion
dollar business.
3. Makeup
Makeup, which is also known as decorative
cosmetics or color cosmetics, includes a
wide range of products used especially by
women on the face, eyes, lips, nails.
The common products in this category are
lipsticks, concealers, foundation, face
powder, blushes, mascara, eyeliners, nail
polish and makeup removers.
4. Personal care and Toiletries
The products in this category are primarily
used to clean the body and maintain
personal hygiene, and not necessarily for
beautification.
They include products such as, bathing
soaps (liquid and bars), toothpaste,
shaving cream, hair removal preparations
(depilatories) deodorants, antiperspirants,
sunscreens, toilet paper and several other
items used in the bathroom.
5. Fragrances
Fragrances includes all mixtures of
essential oils, aromatic compounds that
give the human body a pleasant scent.
Common fragrances includes; Perfumes,
Eau de Toilette, Eau de Parfum, Cologne
and aftershave.
This category id majorly dominated by
major designer, and celebrity brands.
TIPS ON HOW TO AVOID THE WORST
KIND OF MAKEUP MISTAKES
Mistake 1
The most common mistake women make is
the use of too much foundation, When you
put excessive amount of foundation when
making grimaces like laughing, frowning,
cracks appear and looks ugly. In this way
women look unattractive and they must
keep in mind that hiding the little
deformities or pimples with too much
foundation never make them beautiful.
Mistake 2
Most of the time girls who know little about
makeup use eye shadows in bright, funky
colors and they apply them from the start of
the eyelids all the way to the eyebrows.
Eye shadows put without highlights and
contour line look tasteless. Such eye
makeup is not attractive at all. It is much
better to use two or three shades, merge
them and use contour lines and
highlighters.
Mistake 3
Another big mistake is made while hiding
pimples and dark circles. Hiding pimples
with a lighter shade of concealer makes
them even more prominent. Instead, try a
similar shade of concealer as your skin has
for hiding pimples and dark spots and to
smoothen your skin.
Mistake 4
It is also common mistake observed that in
using such color of foundation that does
not match the color of your skin.
Suppose you have a dark complexion and
you start using a light and whitish
foundation, you would like a mime or a
clown. One must apply foundation that is
at most similar to the color of your face or
try one thatblends with your skin color.
Mistake 5
The choice of the best lipstick color to use,
differ from individual to individual, and the
occasion for which it is worn. Consider the
type of event or party you are going to
attend. Parties in open air have different
request for makeup than those conducted
in dim lights.
The same shade of lipstick never works for
every occasion. The too dark lipsticks for
parties during the day are not suitable
because they ruin your natural look. Avoid
using just one color shade for your lips for
all events.
Article written by:
Erica Agbenu Okibe
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The Menace of Child
Rape In South Africa
hild rape and other forms of the sexual abuse
of children is indeed one of the very worst
Csocietal scourges we have in South Africa,
among many other social scourges. It is in fact the
most damning social malaise our society suffers from,
especially in a supposedly post-apartheid South
Africa. What is particularly ironical is that this scourge
is far worse today than it ever was under apartheid.
Why this is so research still has to pronounce on.
However, though the menace of child rape and other
instances of child sexual abuse in South Africa are
reportedly rife it is difficult to get reliable and accurate
statistics. In fact it has been reported that such
incidences are far more prevalent than statistics
indicate. For example in 2014 it was reported that a
child was raped every three minutes but that the data
was questionable, unreliable and often outright
flawed, especially in South Africa, where reports of
police incompetence and corruption in dealing with
child rape charges are widespread, as it is in other
areas of its work. The police crime statistics is also
generally flawed it has been reported.
Many child rape charges are not properly investigated
and perpetrators are not brought to book and
prosecuted. In a particular 2014 report it was stated
that 60 cases of child rape is reported in South Africa
daily and that more than 88% of child rape cases were
never reported in the first place. The Medical
Research Council, the Centre for Justice and Crime
Prevention, Sonke Gender Justice Network and other
relevant NGO' have their hands full with sexual
crimes against children and girls in particular.
But reports also indicate that the government is not
doing enough to stem the tide of child rapes in South
Africa, partly due to the problems in the police force.
But there might be wider problems too. Before the
present Chief Justice, Mogoeng Mogoeng, was
appointed in 2011, there were many media reports
which strongly suggested that in his rulings as a judge
in rape cases that came before him he was far too
lenient towards the perpetrators.
So serious were these concerns that the
South African Litigation Centre in 2011 put
together a research document listing a
number of cases in which Mogoeng found
surprising mitigating factors in cases of
rape and attempted rape of children. For
him to thereafter be appointed as Chief
Justice of South Africa was seen by many in
the media as a sad indictment of the
selection process and of the criminal justice
system itself.
One example in particular should suffice to
indicate how insensitive and many might
argue how ill-equipped Mogoeng was to
adjudicated child rape cases before he was
appointed as Chief Justice. In a particular
case he reduced a five-year sentence to
three years for the perpetrator who was
found guilty of attempted rape, on the
spurious grounds that “The complainant is
seven years old and the injury sustained is
not serious.” This finding was condemned
by the SA Litigation Centre: “It is hard to
see how an injury to a seven year old which
results from sexual abuse – can be classified
as “not serious”.
But upon further reflection it becomes very
evident that sexual violence generally and
the brutal rape of children in particular is
just one manifestation of a country which is
probably the most violent in the world. To
what extent this is a consequential legacy of
our apartheid past is debatable but it would
appear that in this matter, as in many other
matters, it is convenient for the ruling ANC
to blame everything that is fundamentally
wrong about post-apartheid South African
society on the apartheid past. But this
approach will not wash because it is a far too
convenient response to the worsening
scourge of child rapes and other sexual
crimes.
Another very serious indication of the
magnitude of child rape scourge is the fact
that almost all the rapes or attempted rapes,
like it is of adult women rapes, take place in
black informal shack settlements and in poor
black townships on the periphery of big cities
like Johannesburg, which is partly why
official rape statistics in general and of
children in particular is both unreliable and
where many cases go unreported.
In conclusion, this scenario shows
undoubtedly that child rapes in particular and
sexual crimes in general are partly the grim
consequences of the apartheid past – much of
which spatially and socially continued after
apartheid legislation was dismantled in 1994
– and the consequence of specifically postapartheid
challenges and weaknesses, such as
the serious lack of experience, skills and
resources in various government
departments, including particularly in the
police services.
Worsening poverty, lack of housing,
overcrowding and many other social ills are
clearly related to child rape and sexual crimes
in general. But I am confident that many or
even most sociologists and psychologists will
argue that the brutal rape of little children in
particular cannot feasibly and in all cases be
causally linked to these factors simply
because only some men under such
conditions and not all commit such
horrendous crimes.
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Foodie
Tour

Foodie Tour
Foodie tour brings you a tasty list of where to din,
drink and have the entire food hangout in Nigeria
and across the continent of Africa; bringing you
features on must know chefs and restaurants
Deity on Muffins
There are a list of healthy snacks you should store
for your napping appetite.
Apple bran muffins
Flakes bran muffins
Carrot bran muffins
I usually like to have a mix of muffins and
cookies especially oatmeal cookies that
comes in varieties
Honey oatmeal
Peanut butter
Also making your own special recipe like soya
bean, nuts and corn grand into your mixtures
of cookies to give you more protein and fiber
mix.
Served with cold ice tea or smoothie depends
on your drink choice.
AFRICAPEACE

Foodie Tour
Foodie tour brings you a tasty list of where to din, drink
and have the entire food hangout in Nigeria and across
the continent of Africa; bringing you features on must
know chefs and restaurants – By Priscilla Philips
If you will be interested to have us review your
restaurant send us a message on our instagram page
@thefoodietour or you can simply tweet at us
@thefoodietour
th
One of my best restaurants in the city of Lagos is the 7
Heaven Bristol located at 273B KofoAbayomi Street |
Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.
I had the assistance of the manager Sadeep Josh take me
round their Bristol kitchen and gave me a fast learn on
their signature coffee while I waited patiently for the
arrival of the meal by the chef extraordinaire who started
off my day with a steaming hot mushroom soup.
The adventure of the day for me was the bloody-Marydrink
that done with a very simple method, a mix of
tomatoes juice and some tongue twisted alcoholic
cocktail and few other fruity mix.
My eat list will be the 4 pancake variety platter that came
with chocolate, banana and one that tasted like vanilla;
the only reason I have found to love vanilla.
Oh! And I also love! Love!!...The Irish potatoes mash
and sour sauce and fish.
th
The experience has the name goes was on the 7 heaven,
and I look forward to it again. Lol!
th
Bristol 7 Heaven Resturant Breakfast
· Breakfast Sampler (2 egg, bacon, sausage, hash
browns, pancake, grilled tomato, toast)
· Gourmet pancake platter (2 eggs, fluffy
American pancake, chocolate chip pancake,
banana pancake, bacon)
· S p i c y
Chicken with
Eggs (2 eggs,
s p i c y
chicken,
garlic fried
ric
e, grilled
tomato)
· E g g
Benedict
Royale
(top
ped with house special hollandaise and bac
on)
· Breakfast Cocktails (bloody marry and
mimosa)
Lunch
Appetizer
· Mushroom Cappuccino
Entrees
· Bistro Salad ( Balsamic Dressing)
· Garden Pizza
· Chicken Parmesan
· Chicken Cordon Bleu or chicken Curry w/
steamed rice
Desert
· Brownie with vanilla ice cream
Dulce de deche
AFRICAPEACE

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YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT!!!
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ITS OUR PROJECT
LETS TAKE PRIDE IN PARTICIPATING
The Most notable current global project of Rotary International,
Polio Plus is contributing to the global eradication of polio. Since
Beginning the project in 1985 and up till June 2012 Rotary had
committed more than $1.2 Billion to global polio eradication and
hundreds of thousands of volunteer - hours, leading to the inoculation
of more than two billion of the world’s children. . It this close,
be part of the final lap
Courtesy : Rotary Club of Apo Abuja,Nigeria