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acting on her behalf or at least being present <strong>to</strong> show that he consents<br />
<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> wedding. There must be two male Muslim witnesses, or one<br />
male and two females, of good character and standing. There must be<br />
a previously agreed Mahr, given <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> bride and not <strong>to</strong> her parents,<br />
which reflects <strong>the</strong> groom's financial capacity and <strong>the</strong> bride's social<br />
standing 1 .There should be a public celebration open <strong>to</strong> all, usually<br />
after marital relations between husband and wife, known as Wal|mah.<br />
It is reported on <strong>the</strong> authority of Ab[ Hurayrah t, that <strong>the</strong> Prophet r<br />
said, "The worst food is <strong>the</strong> food of <strong>the</strong> wedding feast (Wal|mah) <strong>to</strong><br />
which <strong>the</strong> rich are invited and <strong>the</strong> poor are left out. If anyone rejects an<br />
invitation, he has rebelled against All\h and His Messenger"<br />
Bukh\r| & Muslim<br />
It is against <strong>the</strong> <strong>Sunnah</strong> <strong>to</strong> refuse an invitation <strong>to</strong> a Wal|mah, which is<br />
conducted according <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Shar|`ah, without a valid excuse.<br />
Innovations come under several headings in <strong>the</strong> Shar|`ah: obliga<strong>to</strong>ry,<br />
recommended, permitted, frowned upon and *ar\m. However,<br />
Muslims are not allowed <strong>to</strong> introduce new matters; that is only<br />
permitted <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> leader of <strong>the</strong> Muslims, <strong>the</strong> Khal|fah or an Am|r <strong>to</strong><br />
whom <strong>the</strong> Muslims have pledged allegiance in consultation with <strong>the</strong><br />
men of knowledge. They alone can judge if a matter is permitted or<br />
not.<br />
A simple definition of innovation is where one adds something new <strong>to</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> D|n as a necessary part of it. It may be noted that <strong>the</strong> invention and<br />
introduction of something new o<strong>the</strong>r than D|n is not innovation 2.<br />
The most serious innovations in a wedding are those which enter in<strong>to</strong><br />
any of <strong>the</strong> above key elements. Thus, if <strong>the</strong> bride's guardian is not<br />
present or does not agree 3, if <strong>the</strong> dowry is miserably little and <strong>the</strong><br />
groom can easily afford better; or it is so extravagant that <strong>the</strong> groom is<br />
6