Digital Urban Simulation: Documentation of the teaching results from the fall semester 2016

Documentation of the teaching results from the fall semester 2016 

Digital Urban Simulation 

Peter Buš, Estefania Tapias, and Gerhard Schmitt 

Chair of 

Information 

iAArchitecture

Chair of Information Architecture 


Documentation of teaching results 


iA 


Teaching 


Syllabi 

http://www.ia.arch.ethz.ch/category/teaching/hs2016-digital-urban-simulation/ 

Seminar 

New Methods in Urban Analysis and Simulation 

Students 

Nima Morkoç, Diem Basile, Gianluca Genova, Patrick Zeller, Michael Fehr, Tian Zhou, 

Difei Yang, Laura Cowie, Carlos Pacheco, Roberta Murad Lima 

Published by 

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ) 

Department of Architecture 


Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT H 31.6 

8093 Zurich 

Switzerland 

Zurich, March 2017 

Layout Editor 

Brigitte M. Clements 

Contact 

bus@arch.ethz.ch | http://www.ia.arch.ethz.ch/bus/ 

Cover picture: 

Front side: Carlos Pacheco, Sunpath Curves, Zürich

Course Description and Program 


Mondays 14:00 - 18:00 

063-1357-16G | 4 ECTS* 


In this course students analyze architectural and urban design 

using current computational methods. Based on these analyses 

the effects of planning can be simulated and understood. An 

important focus of this course is the interpretation of the analysis 

and simulation results and the application of these corresponding 

methods in early planning phases. 

The students learn how the design and planning of cities can be 

evidence based by using scientific methods. The teaching unit 

conveys knowledge in state-of-the-art and emerging spatial 

analysis and simulation methods and equip students with skills 

in modern software systems. The course consists of lectures, 

associated exercises, workshops as well as of one integral 

project work. 

Where 

HIT H 31.4 (Video wall) 

26.09.2016 












Introduction into Analysis and Simulation 

Ex> Tool: Rhino Grasshopper 

Connectivity, Accessibility, Spatiality (shortest or other 

Path Distance Detection), Urban Networks. Ex> Tool: Rhino 

Grasshopper + Cheetah ConfigUrbanist addon 

Visibility: Space Syntax, Isovist Analysis, Urban Attractors 

Ex> Tool: Rhino Grasshopper + SmartSpaceAnalyzer addon 

(or DecodingSpaces) 

Urban Pattern Formation: Behavioural Patterns, Bottom-up 

Patterns, Urban Graininess 

Ex> Tool: Rhino Grasshopper + Elk | Heron + Processing 

examples (Agents, EmCity tool) 

Seminar Week 

Urban Climate I 

Ex>Tool: Rhino Grasshopper + LadyBug 

Urban Climate II 

Ex>Tool: Rhino Grasshopper + HoneyBee 

Energy Simulation 

Ex>Tool: Rhino Grasshopper + HoneyBee + LadyBug 

Digital Parametrics Workshop 

Optimization processes | Evolutionary Algorithms 

Ex>Tool: Rhino Grasshopper + Galapagos | Octopus 

Guest Lecture 

Final consultation 

Project Presentations, Final Critiques 

Supervision 

Dr. Peter Bus 

Estefania Tapias 

bus@arch.ethz.ch 

tapias.arch.ethz.ch 

*Total 120 h = 4 ECTS 

6 Exercises 25% (documentations) 

Presentation 25% (project at the end) 

Written documentation 50% 

The most recent outline will be found on www.ia.arch.ethz.ch 

Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schmitt 


Information Science Lab 

Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich 

www.ia.arch.ethz.ch

Content 

Didactic Public Sequences 

Student:Nima Morkoç 

Grand Ensemble 2.0 

Student: Diem Basile 

Plattenstrasse 10 

Student: Gianluca Genova 

Planning the Periphery 

Student: Patrick Zeller 

Settlement Growth Analysis 

Student: Michael Fehr 

p.9 

p.19 

p.31 

p.43 

p.59

Analysis of a New Sub-Centre in Shanghai 

Student: Tian Zhou 

Huangguang East Town Planning 

Student: Difei Yang 

Comparison of Grid Patterns 

Student: Laura Cowie 

Summer Urban Thermal Comfort Design 

Student: Carlos Pacheco 

Kilchberg 

Student: Roberta Murad Lima 

p.67 

p.73 

p.83 

p.91 

p.101

Didactic Public Sequences 

Student:Nima Morkoç

Summary: 

This semester I am in the design studio of guest professor Xaveer de Geyter where we are dealing with 

the topic ‘High-rise and public space’. The site of this project is at the Sihlquai bus station near the 

central station of Zürich. The point of this project is to understand a high-rise project and its impact on 

the city and near surrounding. In short: the project has the working title ‘didactic public sequences’ 

because I have explored the literal repeating of existing streets on top of each other in order to fulfil the 

‘public needs’ of people instead of ‘cramming’ them into a high-rise building. 

IDACTIC PUBLIC SEQUENCES 

ITAL URBAN SIMULATION: FINAL EXAMINATION 

The Digital Urban Simulation course offered a new set of tools to analyse the existing and planned 

interventions, but also interpret them in order to make design decisions. With ELK and CONFIGURBANIST 

I have analysed the existing surrounding of the site, with Ladybug and Honeybee I could analyse 

the^planned interventions in a complex urban setting and understand the microclimates. As the design 

project is about the placing of a high-rise in an complex urban setting, I found most of the tools 

offered in this course useful, but only in combination with the knowledge to export lines and visuals 

from Rhinoceros to other programs such as Illustrator to make the information more ‘readable’ and 

presentable. In this report I will present the tools that were most useful for me and had the most impact 

on my design-process. In another document I will have my complete documentation with all the used 

tools. 

Motivation: 

By understanding a high-rise project as an ‘high-impact’ project we can divide this into subtopics that 

can be measured. For example, this high-rise object has a high impact on the surrounding buildings 

and their sun exposure and with that comes the question of whether it is feasible or considerable to 

place the highrise object on a certain place. It is mostly the question of how this new building can make 

itself comfortable inside the city without making other buildings uncomfortable. Without analysing this 

and considering the surrounding built environment our cities would be lost and in some cases they 

are. A good design is timeconsuming. Doing a precise shadow analysis difficult to do by hand and is 

therefore almost never done, only roughly. Therefore it is exciting that these tools are now available to 

us and that they are fast to work with. 

e: 

Nima Morkoc 

ervision: 

Dr. Peter Buš 


Information 

10 

New Methods Estefania in Tapias Urban Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation iA Architecture

the shortest path would be starting from the Sihlquai bus terminal. It did not give me any design input, but 

it did help me to realise that making a residential building on the site creates a certain amount of actors 

that become part of a network on a daily basis, starting from the site and then going back. 

buildings and location 

overal map 

network and buildings 

public transport 

shops, offices, etc. 

green public spaces and trees 

cycling 

walking 

shortest distance to offices 

Digital Urban Simulation | Final Examination | Nima Morkoc 

Using Openstreet maps together with the tools in ELK and Congifurbanist I created a number of maps 

that I could use for the analysis. After obtaining lines and points in Rhinoceros, I made more appealing 

visualizations with Illustrator. I find it most interesting that all offices, shops, etc. are clearly organized 

in the data and are easy to use, normally making these maps takes forever. I choose five of them and 

looked at what the shortest path would be starting from the Sihlquai bus terminal. It did not give me any 

design input, but it did help me to realise that making a residential building on the site creates a certain 

amount of actors that become part of a network on a daily basis, starting from the site and then going 

back. 

New Methods in Urban Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation 

11

as ‘obstacles’. The pictures A below design are decision site photos made of from my design this was project to place at Sihlquai the roof and of looking the bus at terminal it from the on HB the and edge from of 

the the site, streets making that it accessible connect to by the stairs bus terminal. to have an The overview view towards of the the city. water Of course is mostly this open, was except obvious, for but obvious 

gave obstacles ´proof´ and like a trees diagram and busses, to show but this for openness. this exercise I will only take the existing buildings into account 

the 

tool 

as ‘obstacles’. A design decision made from this was to place the roof of the bus terminal on the edge of 

the site, making it accessible by stairs to have an overview of the city. Of course this was obvious, but the 

tool gave ´proof´ and a diagram to show this openness. 



The pictures below are site photos of my design project at Sihlquai and looking at it from the HB and 

from the streets that connect to the bus terminal. The view towards the water is mostly open, except for 

obvious obstacles like trees and busses, but for this exercise I will only take the existing buildings into 

account as ‘obstacles’. A design decision made from this was to place the roof of the bus terminal on 

the edge of the site, making it accessible by stairs to have an overview of the city. Of course this was 

obvious, but the tool gave ´proof´ and a diagram to show this openness. 

12 



Information 

iA Architecture

uildings in a constant state of darkness. 

21st July 

21st December 

Prior to analysis 


Location after Analysis 

First one must let the ladybug fly. I did the shadow analysis on my skyscraper project in Zurich and that 

was quite useful. For this exercise I tried to put as many towers as possible on my site and see whether 

the square in between the busstop and the towers would still be a pleasant square. What is a shame is 

that one cannot see how the shadow of one mesh ‘crawls’ on the other meshes. But in the end it was 

still enough information for me to decide on chaning the location of my towers as they were putting the 

existing buildings in a constant state of darkness. 


13

place my transportation centres (elevators and stairs) on the places with the least exposure, so on the 

inside. Also this analysis made me think of treating every facade differently in terms of glass-use and openness. 

The design is not finished yet, but in the images below one can see the work in progress. 

Radation analysis of latest option 

inside 

inside 

inside 

inside 

park 

outside outside square inside 

park 

outside 

square 

Consequence for the facades (work in progress) 


In this second exercise of using ladybug and measuring urban microclimates we looked at a way to 

measure radiation analysis. Now this is extremely interesting, but I did not have plans of using solar 

panels or robotic elements in my design, so I just followed the tutorial using the surfaces of my updated 

building. I checked where in my building the radiation exposure is the most and had the conclusion that 

I should place my transportation centres (elevators and stairs) on the places with the least exposure, so 

on the inside. Also this analysis made me think of treating every facade differently in terms of glass-use 

and openness.The design is not finished yet, but in the images below one can see the work in progress. 

14 



Information 

iA Architecture

have to choose another option. 

Wind analysis 

Wind analysis 

Consequence for the masses (work in progress) 

Consequence Digital Urban Simulation for the masses | Final (work Examination progress) | Nima Morkoc 


The one thing that I was missing in my analysis and also wondering was the wind. As I am sort of 

creating tunnel-like moments in my building I can imagine that there are some problems. I could not find 

a ‘‘wind analysis on the internet, but I did find that Ladybug and Honeybee have a tool to understand 

the wind by means of wind roses. I took the Munich weather-file that I was also using for the other 

microclimate analysis. As the wind was indeed a problem I tried different directions for the streets to 

face towards and still have to choose another option. 


15

Conclusion: 

In the end there are parts of the design process still cannot be quantified with only analytical tools as a 

design also deals with things such as atmosphere and ‘feelings’. Nevertheless, the tools that were 

presented to us have been very useful, as a lot of factors in the built environment were considered 

(which always should be considered). Some of the analysis that I normally do were much quicker 

with the new tools, such as the tools provided by ELK and configurbanist that have categorized the 

information very well. 

Other tools were also useful such as the shadow analysis, but were not that accurate as the shadows 

were only shown on a flat surface and did not show how the shadows ‘fall’ on other buildings. The 

radiation tool on the other hand gave me a few break-troughs and made me decide to design every 

facade separately.In the end I found that the tools give me a lot of information, but found it difficult to 

find the right way to visualize it. Sometimes I could bake the information and make a quick visualization, 

but with the example of the ‘shortest path’, it could not be baked and them I am forced to redraw the 

lines in another program. The design project is going to last another two weeks, but I am positive that 

I will at least still do the shadow and radiation analysis again and update my design to it accordingly. 

16 



Information 

iA Architecture


17

Grand Ensemble 2.0 

Student: Diem Basile

The site, situated in the south east of the 

belgian capital, in Anderlecht. The brief of the 

project is pretty open, with a difficult point, 

generate on the site the energy needed for 

1km2 of the city, that represent 130 GWh. 

100’000 visitors from all over Belgium and 

further horizons reunite at this place every 

weekend. 

Towards a new waste incineration plan - bring the energy production where it is needed. The actual 

system of energy production with waste in Brussels follow a standard scheme, with the a single power 

plant situated on the outskirt of the city. The old power plant, built in 1996, will need a serious revision in 

10 years. I propose to replace the actual one with a network of smaller one, closer to the enery demand 

and to the combustible. 

20 



Information 

iA Architecture

Using Openstreet maps together with the tools in ELK and Congifurbanist I created a number of maps 

that I could use for the analysis. After obtaining lines and points in Rhinoceros, I made more appealing 

visualizations with Illustrator. I find it most interesting that all offices, shops, etc. are clearly organized 

in the data and are easy to use, normally making these maps takes forever. I choose five of them and 

looked at what the shortest path would be starting from the Sihlquai bus terminal. It did not give me any 

design input, but it did help me to realise that making a residential building on the site creates a certain 

amount of actors that become part of a network on a daily basis, starting from the site and then going 

back. 


21

Basile 

.2016 

find the best kind of design at 

cale, I first analysed the range 

nd what you can see when 

the site, by the main entrance. 

art of the site is occupied by 

f asile history, the market roof of the 

house. 016 But beyond that, as 

e, the vision is blocked by the 

houses and other wharehouses. 

nd the best kind of design at 

le, I first analysed the range 

what you can see when 

e site, by the main entrance. 

t of the site is occupied by 

istory, the market roof of the 

use. used But the beyond isovist component that, as 

ding the vision space. is blocked by the 

uses and other wharehouses. 

In order to find the best kind of design at a urban scale, 

I first analysed the range of vision and what you can 

see when you enter the site, by the main entrance. 

The first part of the site is occupied by a piece of 

history, the market roof of the slaughterhouse. But 

beyond that, as we can see, the vision is blocked by 

the slaughterhouses and other wharehouses. 

y the new design need more 

from the entrance of the side. 

e ed achieved the isovist by opening component a cenoing 

space. through till the road in the 

we can see, this already let you 

tter look to the different buildg 

the site, in contrary to the old 

ion. 

For that, I used the isovist component from decoding 

space. 

he new design need more 

m the entrance of the side. 

achieved by opening a ceng 

through till the road in the 

can see, this already let you 

r look to the different buildthe 

site, in contrary to the old 

. 

22 



Information 

iA Architecture

t, I used the isovist component 

coding space. 

hy the new design need more 

s from the entrance of the side. 

ll be achieved by opening a cendgoing 

through till the road in the 

s we can see, this already let you 

better look to the different building 

the site, in contrary to the old 

ation. 

That’s why the new design need more openess from 

the entrance of the side. This will be achieved by 

opening a central roadgoing through till the road in 

the north. As we can see, this already let you have a 

better look to the different building forming the site, 

in contrary to the old organisation. 


23

f of the studio is 

ssels with renewathe 

potential of the 

ucing this energy 

f of the studio is 

osition. 

ssels with renewathe 

potential of the 

tential of solar 

ucing this energy 

the actual roofs 

osition. 

this purpose, with 

wh. 

tential of solar 

the actual roofs 

an rapidly see that 

this purpose, with 

ave this kind of 

wh. 

an rapidly see that 

ave this kind of 

urning system 

energy needed, 

sustainable enhe 

solar panels, 

urning system 

with the project 


tential for that, as 

sustainable enhe 

solar panels, 

.3 GWh if all the 

are covered with 



.3 GWh if all the 


As one of the main brief of the studio is to power 1 

km2 of Brussels with renewable energy, I analysed 

the potential of the actual building in producing this 

energy with the surface at disposition. As we can 

see, the potential of solar energy on the site with the 

actual roofs isn’t satisfying at all for this purpose, with 

a potential of just 1.2 Gwh. If we extrapolate, we can 

rapidly see that the site itself doesn’t have this kind 

of potential. 

24 



Information 

iA Architecture

n rapidly see that 

ve this kind of 

urning system 

e energy needed, 

sustainable enthe 

solar panels, 

rning system 




sustainable 

.3 GWh if all 

ene 

are solar covered panels, with 


n 


ntial for that, as 

3 GWh if all the 


In order to power the burning systemchosen to 

generate the energy needed, the research towards a 

sustainable energy could tend to be the solar panels, 

as we can see, the site with the project could have 

enough potential for that, as it could be producing 

2.3 GWh if all the roofs of the new design are covered 

with solar panels. 


25

ize the design of 

of the design proto 

energy power 

an open market 

ld one to shelter 

hadows could give 

the maximal height 

his case, is to avoid 

n the residential 

ing this building. 

I used the ladybug 

wing to calculate 

gth of the shadf 

hours in a day. 

n the first proposal, 

rowing shadow on 

ilding next to it. 

In order to optimize the design of the centre piece of the design 

proposal, the waste to energy power plant surmonting an 

open market roof helping the old one to shelter the market, the 

shadows could give us a direction for the maximal height of the 

building. The purpose in this case, is to avoid to much shade on 

the residential building surrounding this building. 

t, the right part 

the plan), was 

ze its impact on the 

nately, it’s not posr 

down because of 

helters. 

nalysis, some 

nd potential were 

oice of energy 

uced but we now 

e could 26be autonopanels. 



Information 

iA Architecture

ize the design of 

of the design proto 

energy power 

an open market 

ld one to shelter 

hadows could give 

the maximal height 

his case, is to avoid 

n the residential 

ing this building. 

I used the ladybug 








the plan), was 




helters. 

nalysis, some 




e could be autonopanels. 

of the central street 

ell as the height of 

rding to the other. 

for a lot of them 

e were informat 

have though of. 

To analyse that, I used the ladybug components allowing to 

calculate the place and length of the shadows in a range of 

hours in a day. As we can see, in the first proposal, the building is 

throwing shadow on the residential building next to it. In order to 

fix that, the right part of the buildng (on the plan), was lowered to 

minimize its impact on the dwelling. Unfortunately, it’s not possible 

to go further down because of the functions it shelters. 


27








n the plan), was 




helters. 

nalysis, some 




e could be autonopanels. 

of the central street 

ell as the height of 

rding to the other. 

for a lot of them 

e were informat 

have though of. 

Thank to these analyses, some important point and potential were 

revealed. The choice of energy possible was reduced but we now 

know that the site could be autonomous with solar panels. The 

importance of the central street was shown, as well as the height 

of the building according to the other. The results were for a lot 

of them awaited, but some were informations we couldn’t have 

though of. 

28 



Information 

iA Architecture


29


Student: Gianluca Genova

Summary: 


Residential Tower, UZH Zürich 

The project building is located at hochschulquartier in Zurich. Analysis in this project has two focus 

points which some of them is concentrating on urban scale whereas others on building scale. Plattenstrasse 

10 is recognized as one of the most significant modern constructions of Zürich, built in 1959 

by Swiss architect Jakob Zweifel. The building was originally designed to provide dormitories for the 

Name: hospital Gianluca staff. Genova The building has 18 above ground floors, and still today with exclusion of the ground floor, 

Date: is 05/12/2016 entirely used for residential purposes. 

People who are accommodating in this building are mainly working in the UZH Hospital campus. Where 

urban scale analysis like accessibility, path detection and isovist could be useful. There some renovation 

plans for the building in the future itself. For building scale analysis like shadow calculation and solar 

power 

1. Summary: 

potential can be also useful for taking further decision in this renovations. 

The project building is located at hochschulquartier in Zurich. Analysis in this project has two 

focus points which some of them is concentrating on urban scale whereas others on building 

scale. 

Plattenstrasse 10 is recognized as one of the most significant modern constructions of Zürich, 

built in 1959 by Swiss architect Jakob Zweifel. The building was originally designed to provide 

dormitories for the hospital staff. The building has 18 above ground floors, and still today with 

Motivation: exclusion of the ground floor, is entirely used for residential purposes. 

This 

People 

particular 

who are 

building 

accommodating 

is my study case 

in this 

for 

building 

my integrated 

are mainly 

design 

working 

studio. 

in 

In 


this 

UZH 

studio 

Hospital 

we are integrating 

campus. 

architectural and engineering aspects together to find future strategies in terms of space quality and 

Where urban scale analysis like accessibility, path detection and isovist could be useful. There 

energy efficiency not only for the Plattenstrasse 10 but also for the whole hochschulquartier. Digital 

some renovation plans for the building in the future itself. For building scale analysis like shadow 

Urban simulation course provide very useful tools where analysis both in urban scale and building 

calculation and solar power potential can be also useful for taking further decision in this 

scale can be done which can be very useful for complex task that I have in my studio. Analysis like 

accessibility renovations. and path detection can help me to define the future functions of the building as well as the 

connectivity in the master plan of the Hochschulquartier. Shadow analysis and solar power potential will 

give a very initial inside about the solar radiation distribution in the building and its surrounding cluster. 

32 


iA 1 


Information 

Architecture

2. Motivation: 


3. Analyses and Interpretation: 

A) Urban Scale Analysis 

Accessibility: 

3. Analyses This and analysis Interpretation: 

shows the accessible buildings in curtain range by walking and with bike. The 

This 

A) 

particular 

Urban result Scale show building 

Analysis that is my all the study 

:Accessibility 

hospital case for buildings my integrated are in design range studio. between In this 150m studio – 900m we are and the respective 

integrating time architectural varies from and 3 min engineering to 6min aspects walking. together This can to find help future to distribute strategies the in terms workers of to the closest 

space This quality analysis accommodation and This 

shows energy particular 

the facility efficiency accessible 

building to not increase only buildings 

is my for the study the accessibility. in Plattenstrasse curtain 

case for 

range Also my 10 it integrated 

by but helps walking also to for define design 

and the whole the with 

studio. distances bike. 

In 

The 

this to results 

studio most we 

show 

are 

hochschulquartier. that all important the hospital integrating Digital services buildings Urban like architectural simulation stores, are public in range course and transportation, engineering provide between very 150m aspects useful post, – tools bank 900m together where etc. and to analysis the find respective future both strategies time varies in terms from of 

in 3 urban min scale to 6min and building 

space walking. scale 

quality This can 

and can be done 

energy help which to efficiency distribute can be very 

not the useful 

only workers for complex 

for the to Plattenstrasse the task closest that I have accommodation 10 but also for the facility whole to 

in increase my studio. the Analysis 

hochschulquartier. accessibility. like accessibility Also Digital it helps and path 

Urban to define detection 

simulation the can distances help me to 

course provide to define most the 

very important future 

useful tools services where analysis like stores, both 

functions public transportation, of the building as 

in urban scale post, well as 

and bank the 

building etc. connectivity in the master plan of hochschulquartier. 

Shadow analysis and solar power potential will scale give a can very be initial done inside which about can be the very solar useful radiation for complex task that I have 

distribution in the in building my studio. and its surrounding Analysis like cluster. accessibility and path detection can help me to define the future 

functions of the building as well as the connectivity in the master plan of hochschulquartier. 

Shadow analysis and solar power potential will give a very initial inside about the solar radiation 

distribution in the building and its surrounding cluster. 

2 

2 


33

Path Detection 

This analysis helps to define the distance and required time to reach curtain buildings. 





4 

34 



Information 

iA Architecture

This analysis shows a nice compression between the walking time and cycling time. From the 

This results analysis it easily shows can be a nice said compression that for short between distances the walking walking and time for and far distances cycling time. cycling From could the be 

results more efficient it easily and can respective be said that paths for short can be distances considered walking for this and uses. for far distances cycling could be 

more efficient and respective paths can be considered for this uses. 

This analysis shows a nice compression between the walking time and cycling time. From 

the results it easily can be said that for short distances walking and for far distances cycling 

This could analysis be more shows efficient a nice and compression respective between paths can the walking be considered time and for cycling this uses. time. From the 

results it easily can be said that for short distances walking and for far distances cycling could be 

more efficient and respective paths can be considered for this uses. 

5 

5 


35

Isovist: 

Isovist: 

A single isovist is the volume of space visible 

from a given point in space, together with a 

A single isovist is the volume of space visible from a 

specification of the location of that point. Isovist 

Analysis helps to see the visible range from 

given Isovist: point in space, together with a specification 

of the location of that point. Isovist Analysis help to 

one point. Introducing this analysis through the 

see the visible range from one point. Introducing 

path will give a numerical data about the visible 

this A single analysis isovist through is the volume the path of will space give visible a numerical from a 

objects during the journey which can help to 

data given about point in the space, visible together objects with during a specification 

the journey 

design the visual experience through the path. 

which of the location can help of to that design point. Isovist the visual Analysis experience help to 

through see the the visible path. range from one point. Introducing 

this analysis through the path will give a numerical 

data about the visible objects during the journey 

which can help to design the visual experience 

through the path. 

6 

36 


6 


Information 

iA Architecture

The result of isovit analysis 

shows that the visible range 

varies during the path. Just 

outside of the tower because of 

the plan there is a large visible 

he result of isovit analysis 

range whereas getting closer to 

s that the visible range 

the Nord hospital buildings the 

es during the path. Just 

visible range decreases between 

ide of the tower because of 

plan there 


is a 

buildings. 

large visible 

e whereas getting closer to 

Nord hospital buildings the 

le range decreases between 

buildings. 

The result of isovit analysis 

shows that the visible range 

varies during the path. Just 

outside of the tower because of 

The result of isovit analysis shows that the visible range varies during the path. Just outside 

the plan there is a large visible 

of the tower because of the plan there is a large visible range whereas getting closer to the 

range whereas getting closer to 

Nord hospital buildings the visible range decreases between the buildings. 

the Nord hospital buildings the 

visible range decreases between 

the buildings. 

7 


37

B) Building Scale Analysis 

B) Building Scale Analysis 

Shadows 

B) Building Shadows Scale Analysis 

Shadow analysis is important to gather data for the building cluster to understand which building 

is shadowing which building during specific time and date. This kind of analysis can give us 

Shadows Shadow analysis is important to gather data for the building cluster to understand 

an idea if another building will shadow our PV modules during the most efficient time which will 

which building is shadowing which building during specific time and date. This kind of 

change all the energy calculations. 

analysis can Shadow give us analysis idea is if important another building to gather will data shadow for the our building PV modules cluster during to understand the most 

efficient which building time which is shadowing will change which all the building energy calculations. 

during specific time and date. This kind of 

analysis can give us an idea if another building will shadow our PV modules during the most 

efficient time which will change all the energy calculations. 

8 

38 



Information 

iA Architecture 

8

Solar Power Potential: 

Solar radiation analysis helps us to be able to see incoming solar radiation to all surfaces to the 

building Solar to the Power define Potential: time period. In the project case the time period was one whole year to be 

able to understand possible solar gains to the walls. This energy can be captured to produce 

ower Potential: 

Solar thermal radiation heat or analysis electricity. helps us to be able to see incoming 

solar 

analysis helps radiation 

us to to Solar 

be all able surfaces Power Potential: 

to see to incoming the building to the define time 

solar 

surfaces to period. the building In the project to the define case the time time period was one whole 

year 

roject case to the be 

Solar 

time able 

radiation 

to period understand 

analysis 

was one possible 

helps us to 

whole solar 

be able 

gains 

to 

to 

see 


incoming 

walls. 

solar 

year 

This 

radiation to all surfaces to the building to the define time 

nderstand energy possible can solar be gains captured to the to walls. produce thermal heat or 

period. In the project case the time period was one whole 

This 

year 

captured to electricity. produce to be able thermal to understand heat or possible solar gains to the walls. 

This 

energy can be captured to produce thermal heat or 

electricity. 

9 

New Methods in Urban Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation9 

9 

39

The total possible generated electricity is compared with the whole electricity demand of the 

The building total through possible the generated year. If electricity whole potential is is compared facades with would the be whole covered electricity with 0.21 demand efficient of of the 

PV 

building modules through the generated the the year. electricity If If all whole potential would potential façades be able facades to would cover would be 46% covered be of the covered with whole 0.21 with electricity efficient 0.21 efficient demand PV mod- 

PV of 

modules the building. then the generated If it would electricity be covered would the same be able façade to to cover with 46% solar of of thermal whole collectors electricity in this demand case of it 

of the would the building. cover 38% If If it the of would the same thermal be façade covered heating would the demand same be covered façade of the with building. solar thermal collectors then in this 38% case of it 

the would thermal cover heating 38% of the demand thermal of the heating building demand would of the be covered. building. 

4. Conclusion: 

All the analysis which was done by these grasshopper tools helped me to integrate architectural 

and engineering aspects together to find future strategies in terms of space quality and 

energy efficiency not only for the Plattenstrasse 10 but also for the whole hochschulquartier. 

These tools allowed me to do analysis both in urban scale and building scale can which was 

very useful for complex tasks. Analysis like accessibility and path detection can help me to 

define the future functions of the building as well as the connectivity in the master plan of the 

Hochschulquartier. Shadow analysis and solar power potential will give a very initial inside 

about the solar radiation distribution in the building and its surrounding cluster. 

10 

10 

40 



Information 

iA Architecture


41

Planning the Periphery 

Student: Patrick Zeller

Summary: 

The subject of the semester was the city of Turin. We tried to adopt the palazzo-typology, which is 

very typical for Turin, in a way that it would be applicable for a large site in the periphery. In a first 

step, a masterplan had to be developed. In a second step one building within the masterplan was 

designed in more detail. 

Name: 

Date: 

Patrick Zeller 

autumn semester 2016 

planning the periphery 

44 



Information 

iA Architecture

Motivation: 

On a project of this scale, it was clear from the beginning that I would need a systematic approach. 

If I would have to invent a new set of rules for every square or street, there would have been too 

many variables to be able to create a cohesive solution. This systematic approach had to be as 

objective and basic as possible, so that the masterplan would be appropriate for the entire site. 

Satellite Image of the Turins Centre 

satellite image of turins center 

Summary: 

The subject of the semester New Methods was the in city Urban of Analysis turin. We and tried Simulation to adopt | the Final palazzo-typology, project documentation which is 

very typical for turin, in a way that it would be applicable for a large site in the periphery. In a first 

45

Isovist field (occlusivity) 

isovist field (occlusivity) 

Challenges 

Some of the tools that I encountered during this class would have been useful to examine the 

masterplan, and also the building that I designed in more detail. The aim of the masterplan was 

to find a balance between the domestic character of the periphery and the urban density that 

Some 

comes 

of 

with 

the tools 

the use 

that 


I 


encountered 

palazzo-typology. 

during this 

For 

class 

the final 

would 

examination 

have been useful 

of this 

to 

course, 

examine 

I tried 


to 

masterplan, 

verify the 

and 

decisions 

also the 

I made, 

building 

using 

that 


I designed 

isovist fields 

in more 

and 

detail. 

some 

The 

of the 

aim 

tools 


used 

masterplan 

to measure 

was 

urban 

to find a 

balance 

microclimate. 

between the domestic character of the periphery and the urban density that comes with the 

use of the palazzo-typology. 

For 

Analyses 

the final 

and 

examination 

Interpretation 

of this course, I tried to verify the decisions I made, using the isovist 

fields 

The results 

and some 

of this 


verification 

the tools used 

are presented 

to measure 

on 

urban 

the following 

microclimate. 

pages. The aim was not to change 

the design of the masterplan or the building, but to verify the design deciscions. 

Analyses and Interpretation 

The results of this veryfication are presented on the following pages. The aim was not to change 

the design of the masterplan or the building, but to verify the design deciscions. 

46 Digital Urban New Simulation Methods | in Final Urban examination Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation 


Information 

iA Architecture

The Site 

The site is located in the periphery. It contains mostly industrial buildings. A graveyard boarders 

on its edge. Since the site is located far away from the city center, it seemed inapropriate to have 

extensive commercial use on the ground floor level. Instead, ground floor living should be made 

possible the site by the design of the masterplan. 

The site is located in the periphery. It contains mostly 

industrial buildings. A graveyard boarders on its egde. 

the periphery. Since It contains the site mostly is located far away from the city center, 

A graveyard boarders it seemed on inapropriate its egde. to have extensive commercial use 

ted far away on from the the ground city center, floor level. Instead, ground floor living 

te to have extensive should be commercial made possible use by the design of the masterplan. 

level. Instead, ground floor living 

ible by the design of the masterplan. 

Digital Urban Simulation | 


Final examination 

47

Masterplan 

The masterplan for the site tries to find a balance between the domestic character of the periphery 

and the urban density that is inherent to the palazzo typology. The street grid is therefore divided 

into masterplan accesing streets and domestic streets. The accesing streets are usable by car and connect the 

two main streets that follow the site on the exterior. The few shops and communal spaces would 

The masterplan for the site tries to find a balance between 

be located 

the domestic 

along 

character 

these streets. 

of the periphery 

The domestic 

and the 

streets are intended to create a calm, backyard-like 

atmosphere. urban density that They is inherent are pedestrian to the palazzo streets typology. 

The street grid is therefore divided into accesing 

streets and domestic streets. The accesing streets are 

usable by car and connect the two main streets that 

follow the site on the exterior. The few shops and communal 

spaces would be located along these streets. The 

the periphery. It contains mostly 

domestic streets are intended to create a calm, backyard-like 

atmosphere. on its egde. They are pedestrian streets with 

A graveyard boarders 

ted far away ground from the floor city living center, and few commercial use. 

te to have extensive commercial use 

level. Instead, Digital ground Urban floor Simulation living | Final examination 

ible by the design of the masterplan. 

48 



Information 

iA Architecture

Masterplan Analysis 

Here I test the steps that the masterplan went through during the semester, regarding the 

occlusivity values. Areas with high occlusivity (green) have a more domestic character than areas 

with low occlusivity (red). 

step 1 

step 2 

step 3 

A grid of typical pallazzi In the middle of the blocks, Next, I shift the fassades 

masterplan analysis 

Here is applied I test the within steps that a regular I introduce small squares. on the inside of the block 

the masterplan went through during the semester,regarding the occlusivity values. 

Areas street with grid. high occlusivity Measuring They are enclosed by all slightly, trying to further 

(green) have a more domestic character than areas with low occlusivity (red). 

the occlusivity of the the surrounding buildings, increase the enclosure of 

step 1 

step 2 

step 3 

A street grid of grid, typical one pallazzi can is applyied see thus they achieve higher the spaces. The results of 

In the middle of the blocks, I introduce 

small squares. They are en- 

inside of the block slightly, trying 

Next, I shift the fassades the 

within that a the regular resulting street grid. values occlusivity-values. 

the occlusivity confirm the 

Measuring 

are relatively 

the occlusivity 

low. These 

of the closed by the surrounding buildings, to intention. further increase the enclosure 

street grid, one can see that the achieving higher occlusivity-values. of the spaces. The results of the 

resulting spaces values are very are relatively open and low. 

occlusivity confirm the intention. 

These therefore spaces not are domestic. 

very open and 

therefore not domestic. 


Digital Urban Simulation | Final examination 

49

Here I test an extract of my masterplan applying further measurments provided by the isovist field 

tool. Interpreting these results, one can see that the design of the masterplan is able to provide a wide 

range of spatial characteristics. 

occlusivity 

compactness 

perimeter 

The compactness measures the ratio of area The perimeter measures the length of the 

to perimeter in relation to an ideal circle. The perimeter of the view field. Similar as the 

courtyards Here I I test an an of extract the blocks of of my my masterplan result in high applying values. 

further measurments occlusivity, provided it gives by by the the information isovist field tool. about Interpreting the level 

I these interpret results, these one one can results can see see that as the confirmation the design of of the the of masterplan the is is of able able enclosement. to to provide a a wide The range results of of spatial are therefor characteristics. similar, 

plan 

demonstrating how the squares and the streets 

compactness 

with 

perimeter 

shifted facades are more enclosed. 

the the compactness measures the the ratio of of area to to perimeter the the perimeter measures the the length of of the the perimeter 

of of the the view field. Similar as as the the occlusivity, it it 

result in in high high values. I I interpret these results as as confor- 

gives information about the the level of of enclosement. 

in in relation to to an an ideal circle. The The courtyards of of the the blocks 


Information 

50 

New Methods in Urban Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation iA Architecture 

mation of of the the plan plan 

The The results are are therefor similar, evidencing how how 

the the squares and and the the streets with with shifted fassades

Floorplan 

A defining quality of the pallazzo typology are the balconies on the inner courtyard. They often 

serve as an access to the appartments. For my building, I tried do use the potential of these 

access ways to create a neighbourly atmosphere. Important issues to consider were the light and 

the privacy of the appartments that can be affected by these balconies. To test the effectivnes of 

my design regarding these two aspects I compared my building with a typical palazzo of the city 

center, measuring the isovist field and the ladybug tool. 

floorplan 

the pallazzo A defining typology quality are the of the bal-pallazzourtyardconies They often on the serve inner as courtyard. an They often serve as an 

typology are the bal- 

ments. For access my building, to the I appartments. tried do use For my building, I tried do use 

e access the ways potential to create of a these neighbouronsider 

were Important the light issues and to the consider pri- 

were the light and the pri- 

access ways to create a neighbourly 

atmosphere. 

nts that vacy can be of affected the appartments by these that can be affected by these 

e effectivnes balconies. of my To design test regarding the effectivnes of my design regarding 

compared these my building two aspects with a typical I compared my building with a typical 

enter, measuring palazzo the of the isovist city field center, and measuring the isovist field and 

the ladybug tool. 

ation | 

Digital Final examination 

Urban Simulation | 



51

my My floorplan Floorplan 

typical palazzo 

Typical Palazzo 

The Isovist Field 

The inner The fassade inner of fassade my floorplan of my is shifted, floorplan so that is shifted, the entrances so that of the appartments entrances of are the enclosed appartments within a small 

space. The functionality of this design is evidenced by the results of the isovist field measurment: Compared with the 

are enclosed within a small space. The functionality of this design is evidenced by the 

typical floor plan of a palazzo (see next page), the isovist field has a considerably smaller overlap with the interior of 

the appartments. results of Also the the isovist area of field the measurment: courtyard results Compared less covered with by the the typical view field. floor plan of a palazzo 

(see next page), the isovist field has a considerably smaller overlap with the interior of 

the appartments. Also the area of the courtyard results less covered by the view field. 

52 



Information 

iA Architecture

The Apartment 

In front of the living room that faces the interior courtyard, the floor slab of the balcony is opened. 

These funnels provide more light to the appartments. The effect of this is measured by the urban 

microclimate tool, also known as ladybug. 

appartment 

In front of the living room that faces the interior courtyard, 

the floor interior slab court- 

of the balcony is opened. These fun- 

room that faces 

of the balcony nels is provide opened. more These light funht 

to the appartments. of this is measured The effect by the urban microclimate tool, also 

to the appartments. The effect 

by the urban known microclimate as ladybug. tool, also 

lation | 





53

june, 09:00 AM 



Illumination 

The funnel in the floor slab provides additional light to the livingroom. On the traditional floorplan of the palazzo type, 

the illumination is worse, as evidenced by this comparison of traditional appartments (on the right) and my appartments 

The funnel in the floor slab provides additional light to the livingroom. On the traditional floorplan of the 

(on the left). The impact of these seemingly small differences can be further understood on the next page,where the 

palazzo sun-radiation type, is the measured. illumination is worse, as evidenced by this comparison of traditional appartments (on 

the right) and my appartments (on the left). The impact of these seemingly small differences can be 

further understood on the next page, where the sun-radiation is measured. 

54 




Information 

iA Architecture

shadow on june, 16pm 

sun-radiation, time set: january - december 




55

grasshopper definition for the isovist fields 

Grasshopper grasshopper definition for the isovist fields 

fields 

grasshopper definition for the isovist view area 

Grasshopper grasshopper definition for the the isovist isovist view view area 

area 

Conclusion 

Grasshopper grasshopper definition for the the urban urban microclimate 

grasshopper definition for the urban microclimate 

Conclusion 

Conclusion 

To conclude one can say that these tools can be a very usefool instrument not only to test but also 

to illustrate design To choices. conclude I one found can the say tools that to these be very tools interesting can be a as very a method usefool to instrument measure, not verify only to tes 

and visualize qualities to To illustrate conclude that we one design as can architects choices. say that I often found these find the tools difficult tools can be to a describe. very usefool interesting The word instrument as "density" a method not for 

only to measu 

to tes 

example can mean and to illustrate visualize so many design qualities things, choices. and that often we I found as during architects the discussions tools often to be it find very is not difficult interesting clear to what describe. as one a method means The word to measu "de 

exactly. The isovist for and example field visualize tool can provides qualities mean so a that number many we things, as of architects ways and to often examine often during find the discussions difficult density to of describe. it a is place not clear using 

The word what "de one 

traceable measurments. exactly. for example The On can isovist the mean other field so hand many tool I provides things, am not and sure a number often wether during of ways I can discussions to use examine these it the tools is not density for clear the of what a place 

one 

design process. traceable exactly. The time The that measurments. 

isovist needed field by tool my provides (moderatly a number fast) computer of ways to to calculate examine these density models 

of a place 

(especially the isovist On traceable the fields) other measurments. 

is hand hard I to am integrate not sure in wether a smooth I can work use flow. these But tools I'm sure for the that design these process. tools The 

will become more is On needed efficient the other by in my the hand (moderatly future. 

I am not sure fast) wether computer I can to use calculate these tools these for models the design (especially process. the isovis 

The 

hard is needed to integrate by my (moderatly in a smooth fast) work computer flow. But to I'm calculate sure that these these models tools (especially will become the more isovis ef 

the hard future. 

to integrate in a smooth work flow. But I'm sure that these tools will become more ef 

Digital the future. Urban Simulation | Final examination 

56 

New Digital Methods Urban in Urban Simulation Analysis | and Final Simulation examination | Final project documentation 


Information 

iA Architecture


57

Settlement Growth Analysis 

Student: Michael Fehr

Summary & Motivation 

To get as much insight into not just the Rhinoceros/ Grasshopper combination itself, but also 

the different plugins and their offer of tools and analyses, the rest being the translation of a 

GeoTIFF image file into elevated topography. Then, different exclusion criteria for building 

positions were set up. After the creation of (cylindrical) buildings of varying height and 

diameter, an analyses of annual solar gains was conducted to evaluate the design. 

Even if there is probably not a lot of scientic value in this project, it can show how many 

factors infuence the growth of settlements and present some of the possiblities of the 

software environment used. 

1 https://geodata4edu.ethz.ch 

Topography 

After downloading relief and elevation pictures from the net (1), these were transformed into 

grayscale JPEG to be used by Grasshopper image sample. The real extensions and height 

extremes were then used by a grid to get the real profile. It shows an area of St. Gallen: 

60 



Information 

iA Architecture

Tessellation & Street Network Analysis 

Because of a better use of space and manageable computation effort, the tessellation for 

the building plot creating and network analysis was done with a hexagonal grid. Feeding 

this grid and the topography to the streetNetwork tool (Configururbanist plugin) result in a 

coloured grid showing the distances to a set point. The chosen point (black spot) in this case 

is located around the historical centre of the village, close to school and church. 

Exclusion Factors 

For the development of a settlement with centre, not all places are suitable. The behavoiur 

of the settlers in this project was set to “ecological” - in different ways: 

River 

 

The settlers want to leave the river its original path and bed. This is beneficial for plants and 

animals living in and around the river. It also helps reducing the risk and damage of floods. 

No building should be closer to the river (black line) than 20 meters. 

Slopes 

 

Buildings should not be standing in very steep terrain, which decreases the potential damage 

from landslides and the building costs. The threshold values were set from knowledge of 

the site and applied on a (slightly blurred) gradient image which holds the information of 

steepness. 


61

Distance to Centre 

The maximum distance to the point set as centre should not exceed a certain distance 

(800m in this case). The distance also determines the building heights so as to have 

 

more people close to the centre. 

Sun 

To reduce heating loads in winter, buildings should not be built on north facing hillsides. 

 

Instead of a large solar potential analysis, a vector based (and much faster) approach 

was chosen: at each plot, the vector normal to the topography (without east-west 

component) was compared to the sun ray vector of equinox (spring). Plots with an 

angle of more than 90˚ between these vectors are dismissed. 

Forest 

 

Areas covered by forest and ponds are not taking into consideration for building sites. 

An aerial view of the site was used to find the outlines of these. 

Top left: Elevation image where brighter pixels are higher. Top right: Areas covered by forests etc. 

Bottom left: Relief image. Bottom right: Gradient image showing slopes as brighter pixels. 

Top left: Elevation image where brighter pixels are higher. Top right: Areas covered by 

forests etc. Bottom left: Relief image. Bottom right: Gradient image showing sloped 

as brighter pixels 

62 



Information 

iA Architecture

Circle Offset & Extrusion 

All plots that were not eliminated by one of the exclusion criteria have their seed circle offset. 

Plots with smaller angles in the sun criterion get enlarged circles, buildings with ^high angles 

get a size reduction. This measure should reduce the shading effect on other buildings. 

The extrusion is the last step. Buildings are given heights between 3.5 m (one story) and 21 

m (6 stories) 


63

Solar Analysis 

To see whether the energy measures make sense, a solar analysis was conducted using 

Ladybug features. The extruded buildings were analysed using the weather file of Zurich. 

Not surprisingly is that the roofs of all have the same intensive red. The facades are more 

interesting. Lower parts in dense areas get significantly lower solar gains than higher floors. 

This problem could be solved by reducing building heights or diameters in dense areas or 

change the shape. Different shapes could also help to distribute solar gains away from the 

roof. But this again would be wanted when using photovoltaics. 

64 



Information 

iA Architecture

Conclusion 

After spending some time fixing mistakes, finding errors and struggling with computer crashes, 

the result is comprehensible and seems to make sense. The combination of geological data 

and images with Grasshopper programming (and also Matlab and Photoshop) offers many 

possibilities! 


65

Analysis of a New Sub-Centre in Shanghai 

Student: Tian Zhou

Summary: 

As the new city sub-center of northeast Shanghai, Wujiaochang is not merely a 

shopping center but also an active hub of high-tech innovative companies and an 

essential connection of the four universities (TJU, FDU, SMMU, SUFE) near it. 

Source: ctps.cn Source: landscape.cn 

Tian Zhou 

In order to analysis the rationality of the new city sub-center and to give some 

reasonable suggestions on the development of this sub-center, the following analysis 

are carried out and interpreted in this report: Choice analysis, Integration analysis, 

Accessibility analysis, Path detection, Isovist analysis, Isovist field analysis, and Solar 

irradiation analysis. 

Analysis of a New City Sub-Center in Shanghai 

Name: Tian Zhou 

Date: 04.12.2016 

1. Summary: 

As the new city sub-center of northeast Shanghai, Wujiaochang is not merely a 

shopping center but also an active hub of high-tech innovative companies and an 

essential connection of the four universities (TJU, FDU, SMMU, SUFE) near it. 

Source: ctps.cn 

Source: landscape.cn 

SUFE 

SMMU 

FDU 

TJU 

68 

In order to analysis the rationality of the new city sub-center and to give some 

reasonable suggestions on the development of this sub-center, the following analysis 


are carried out and interpreted in this report: Choice analysis, Integration analysis, 

Accessibility analysis, Path detection, Isovist analysis, Isovist field analysis, and Solar 


Information 

iA Architecture


Tian Zhou 

2. I had Motivation: lived in this area for 4 years before I came to Zurich. It was interesting seeing the fast 

development I had lived of in this integrated area for 4 new years city before sub-center, I came to so Zurich. I believe It was it is interesting also valuable seeing to check 

the mechanism the fast development behind the of prosperity this integrated and derive new city some sub-center, possible strategies so I believe for it this also urban area. 

Therefore, valuable choice to check analysis the mechanism and integration behind analysis the prosperity are implemented and derive to some assess possible the rationality 

of the strategies spatial location; for this accessibility urban area. Therefore, analysis and choice path analysis detection and are integration implemented analysis to check are the 

convenience implemented of the to spatial assess location; the rationality isovist of analysis the spatial is carried location; out accessibility to assess the analysis visual results; and 

and path solar detection irradiation are analysis implemented is applied to check to look the for convenience an environmental-friendly of the spatial location; energy-saving 

solution. isovist analysis is carried out to assess the visual results; and solar irradiation analysis 

is applied to look for an environmental-friendly energy-saving solution. 

3. 3. Analyses Analyses and and Interpretation: 

Choice (1) analysis Choice analysis (Segment (Segment analysis): analysis): 

As shown As shown in the in right the figure, right figure, for this for urban this urban area, the area, 

roads the around roads Wujiaochang around Wujiaochang are mostly are chosen mostly by 

people, chosen which by means people, it which is reasonable means it to is consider 

Wujiaochang reasonable to the consider local center. Wujiaochang as the 

local center. 

Integration analysis: 

(2) Integration analysis: 

Single point situation (right) 

shows 

Single 


point 

distance 

situation 

network 

to 

(right) 

Wujiaochang. 

shows the 

Multiple 

distance 

points 

network 

situation 

to Wujiaochang. 

(right) shows 

the integration using various 

positions of point of interest 

with various weigh values. 

Points 0 (Wujiaochang) and 1 

(Hongkou Football Stadium) 

are two big shopping 

centers, which share a weigh 

Multiple points situation (right) shows the 

value of 10/10; while points 2 

integration using various positions of 

(Jiangpu Road) and 3 (Daxue 

point of interest with various weigh 

Road) are two relatively small 

values. Points 0 (Wujiaochang) and 1 

shopping centers, which 

(Hongkou Football Stadium) are two big 

have a weigh value of 5/10. 

shopping centers, which share a weigh 

value of 10/10; while points 2 (Jiangpu 

The result shows that the 

Road) and 3 (Daxue Road) are two 

urban area is well covered 

relatively small shopping centers, which 

by the services from the four 

have a weigh value of 5/10. The result 

shopping centers, which 

shows that the urban area is well 

indicates a convenient life 

covered by the services from the four 

within this urban area. 

shopping centers, which indicates a 

convenient life within this urban area. 

1 

3 

0 

2 

Digital Urban New Simulation Methods | in Final Urban examination 

Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation 

69

Accessibility analysis: 

(3) Accessibility analysis: 

(3) - Spatial Accessibility 

Spatial accessibility accessibility 

analysis: of 500 of 500 meters, meters, 1 kilometer kilometer and and 2 kilometers. 

(3) kilometers. 

Accessibility 

Spatial accessibility 

analysis: 

of 500 meters, kilometer and kilometers. 

- Spatial accessibility of 500 meters, 1 kilometer and 2 kilometers. 

Tian Zhou 

Tian Zhou 

Tian Zhou 

Temporal walking accessibility of 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. 

- Temporal walking walking accessibility of 10 of 10 minutes, 20 20 minutes and and 30 30 minutes. 

- Temporal walking accessibility of 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. 

Tian Zhou 

(3) Accessibility analysis: 

- Spatial accessibility of 500 meters, 1 kilometer and 2 kilometers. 

Temporal cycling accessibility of minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes. 

Temporal cycling accessibility of minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes. 

- - Temporal cycling cycling accessibility of 5 of 5 minutes, 10 10 minutes and and 15 15 minutes. 

- Temporal walking accessibility of 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. 

- Temporal cycling accessibility of 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes. 

70 

From the results, we could see that this urban area, with diameter of more than km, 

From 

is 


quite 

results, 

big and 

we 

Wujiaochang 

could see that 

could 

this urban 

be considered 

area, with 

as the 

diameter 

center 



more 

this area. 

than With 

km, 

From 

is 


30-minute 

quite 

results, 

big and 

we 

walking 

Wujiaochang 

could see that 

or 15-minute 

could 

this urban 

cycling 

be considered 

area, with 

from Wujiaochang, 

as 

a 


diameter 

center 


most 


more 

buildings 

this area. 

than 2 

could 

With 

km, From is the 

30-minute 

quite results, big and we 

be approached. 

walking 

Wujiaochang could see that 

or 15-minute 

could this urban 

cycling 

be considered area, with 


as a the diameter center of 

most 

of more 

buildings 

this area. than 2 

could 

With 

km, is 

30-minute 

quite big 


walking 

and Wujiaochang 

or 15-minute 

could 

cycling 

be considered 


as the center 

most buildings 

of this area. 

could 

With 30-minute 


walking or 15-minute cycling from Wujiaochang, most buildings 

could be approached. 

From the results, we could see that this urban area, with a diameter of more than 2 

(4) Path detection: 

km, is quite big and Wujiaochang could be considered as the center of this area. 

(4) Path detection: 

With 30-minute walking or 15-minute cycling from Wujiaochang, most buildings 

could be approached. 

(4) Path 4. Path detection: detection: 

The paths from Wujiaochang to the nearby 

universities 

The paths from 

are detected. 

(4) Wujiaochang Path detection: 

As to 

result, 

the we 

nearby 

could 

see 

universities 

The The paths paths from 

that Wujiaochang 

are from detected. 

Wujiaochang Wujiaochang 

The paths is from well 

As to 

Wujiaochang connected 

result, 

the to 4 the we 

nearby 

to the 4 nearby with 

could 4 

are detected. As a result, we could 


see 

universities nearby 

universities 

that Wujiaochang universities are detected. 

and 

see that 

could 

is are well 

As detected. a 

Wujiaochang 

be 

connected 

result, we As 

considered 

with 

could a 

is well as the 

bond 


see 

universities result, that Wujiaochang we could 

or the bridge 

and the universities between 

could see is well that 

and be 

connected 

could the 

considered Wujiaochang with 

be different 

as as the the 

bond or the bridge between the universities. 

bond 

the universities is or well the connected bridge 

and 

between 

could with be the the 

considered universities different 

as the 

universities. 

universities. 

bond and or could the bridge be considered between the as different the bond 

universities. or the bridge 

Digital Urban 

between 

Simulation | 



different 

Digital Urban universities. Simulation Final examination 

Digital Urban Simulation Final examination 

Digital 

New 

Urban 

Methods 

Simulation 

in Urban 

| 

Analysis 


and Simulation | Final project documentation 


Information 

iA Architecture

Tian Zhou 

5. Isovist point analysis: Isovist areas at different positions (east, south, west, north 

to (5) the Isovist elliptical point plaza analysis: of Wujiaochang) Isovist areas at are different visualized positions below. (east, south, west, north 

Tian Zhou 

to the elliptical plaza of Wujiaochang) are visualized below. 

(5) Isovist point analysis: Isovist areas at different positions (east, south, west, north 

to the elliptical plaza of Wujiaochang) are visualized below. 

(6) Isovist field analysis: This analysis is implemented for the shopping center zone 

of Wujiaochang. From the results shown below, we can easily notice that isovist 

6. Isovist field analysis: This analysis is implemented for the shopping center zone of 

area of some parts are small due to the visual block effect by the high-rise buildings. 

Wujiaochang. From the results shown below, we can easily notice that isovist area of some 

parts (6) are Isovist small field due analysis: to the visual This block analysis effect is implemented by the high-rise for the buildings. shopping center zone 

of Wujiaochang. From the results shown below, we can easily notice that isovist 

area of some parts are small due to the visual block effect by the high-rise buildings. 

Isovist area Perimeter Occlusivity 

(7) Solar irradiation analysis: This analysis is also implemented for the shopping 

center zone of Wujiaochang, and the results are shown below. As a result, we can 

see Isovist that area most part of the roofs has high Perimeter solar potentials (>1000kWh/m 2 ). Therefore, Occlusivity I 

7. Solar 

(7) would Solar 

irradiation suggest irradiation 

analysis: that analysis: PV or This PVT analysis 

This panels analysis 

is could also 

is also 

implemented be integrated implemented on for the 

for high the 

shopping 

shopping solar potential center zone 

of Wujiaochang, 

center part of zone the roofs and 

of Wujiaochang, 

the of the results relatively are 

and 

shown low the buildings, results 

below. 

are since As 

shown 

a result, it’s below. easier we can to As implement. a 

see 

result, 

that 

we 

most 

can 

part of 

the roofs see that has most high solar part of potentials the roofs (>1000kWh/m2). has high solar potentials Therefore, (>1000kWh/m I would suggest 2 ). Therefore, that PV I or 

PVT panels would suggest could be that integrated PV or PVT on panels the high could solar be potential integrated part on of the the high roofs solar of the potential relatively 

low buildings, part of the since roofs it’s of easier the relatively to implement. low buildings, since it’s easier to implement. 


As a new city sub-center of Shanghai, Wujiaochang has a perfect location and works 

well as a bond of different elements nearby. Together with other local centers, a 

Conclusion: 


convenient urban life could be provided to the citizens. However, the high solar 

As potential a new of city this sub-center area should of Shanghai, be taken advantage Wujiaochang of, in has order a perfect to involve location the city and in works a 

As a new well more as city 

ecological a sub-center bond of and different of 

energy-saving 

Shanghai, elements Wujiaochang 

way. nearby. Together has a with perfect other location local centers, and works a well 

as a bond convenient of different urban life elements could be nearby. provided Together to citizens. with other However, local centers, the high a solar convenient 

urban Digital 

potential life Urban could of 

Simulation be this provided area should 

| Final to the be 

examination citizens. taken advantage However, of, the in order high to solar involve potential the city of in this a area 

should more be taken ecological advantage and energy-saving of, order to way. involve the city in a more ecological and energysaving 

way. 



71

Huangguang East Town Planning 

Student: Difei Yang

Huangguang East Town – Planning Analysis and Service 

Design Summary: 

Name: With Difei the Yang growth of economy, Huanggang is planning a new town near Baitan 

Date: 01.12.2016 Lake to meet the increasing demand for office and residential buildings. 

Huangguang East Town – Planning Analysis and Service 

Design 

1. Summary: 

Name: 

With 

Difei 


Yang 

growth of economy, Huanggang is planning a new town near Baitan Lake to meet 

Date: 01.12.2016 

the increasing demand for office and residential buildings. 

1. Summary: 

With the growth of economy, Huanggang is planning a new town near Baitan Lake to meet 

the increasing demand for office and residential buildings. 

Figure 1. Masterplan of Huanggang East Town 

Figure 1. Masterplan of Huanggang East Town 

Figure 2. Functional Design 


Figure 2. Functional Design 

74 




Information 

iA Architecture

Figure 3. Development Guide 

This project aims to analyze connectivity, accessibility, visibility of the master plan, also 

the solar potential that could be used in buildings’ operation. 

This project aims to analyze connectivity, accessibility, visibility of the master plan, 

2. Motivation: also the solar potential that could be used in buildings’ operation. 

I was working on this project three years ago, as a sustainability consultant and cooperated 

with planners. It was anguishing for us that we could hardly find a way to show the 

connectivity 2. Motivation: of the road network, also to find locations for services and bus stops to build a 

friendly neighborhood of everything within walking distance. Such issues could be analyzed 

and 

Figure 3. Development Guide 

This I project was 

also 

working 

clear images 

aims to on analyze this 

could 

project 

be developed 

connectivity, three years 

with 

accessibility, ago, 

Grasshopper. 

as visibility a sustainability of the master consultant plan, also and 

the solar cooperated potential with that planners. could be used It was in anguishing buildings’ operation. for us that we could hardly find a way 

3. Analyses and Interpretation: 

to show the connectivity of the road network, also to find locations for services and 

3.1 Connectivity 

2. Motivation: bus stops to build a friendly neighborhood of everything within walking distance. 

I was Such working issues on could this project be analyzed three years and ago, also as clear a sustainability images could consultant be developed and cooperated with 

with Grasshopper. 

planners. It was anguishing for us that we could hardly find a way to show the 

connectivity of the road network, also to find locations for services and bus stops to build a 

friendly neighborhood of everything within walking distance. Such issues could be analyzed 

and 3. also Analyses clear images and Interpretation: 

could be developed with Grasshopper. 

3. Analyses 3.1 Connectivity and Interpretation: 

3.1 Connectivity 

Figure 4. Locations that to be analyzed 

Figure 4. Locations that to be analyzed 



75

Figure 5. Connectivity 

Connectivity is analyzed based on four major functional area of the project: 

residential buildings, Connectivity main government is analyzed building, based cultural on four plot, major 

connected functional with area each of other. 

project: residential 

and CBD. The result 

shows they are well 

3.2 Segment buildings, main government building, cultural 

plot, and CBD. The result shows they are 

well connected Figure with 5. Connectivity each other. 

Connectivity is analyzed based on four major functional area of the project: 

residential buildings, main government building, cultural plot, and CBD. The result 

shows they are well connected with each other. 

3.2 Segment 

Figure 6. Segment 

The roads around the middle area of CBD performs a higher choice level, which 

indicates that it’s better not manage to run bus lines get in or across this area. 

3.3 Accessibility 

As to accessibility, the first analysis would be conducted that how far people could get 

to from the selected locations, within 15 minutes of walking or cycling. 

Figure 6. Segment 

The roads around the middle area of CBD performs a higher choice level, which 

indicates that it’s better The not roads manage around to run the bus middle lines get area in of or CBD across this area. 

3.3 Accessibility performs a higher choice level, which 

As to accessibility, the indicates first analysis that it’s would better not conducted manage that to how run far people could get 

to from the selected bus locations, lines get within in or 15 across minutes this of area. walking or cycling. 

3.3 Accessibility As to accessibility, the 

first analysis would be conducted that how 

far people could get to from the selected 

locations, within 15 minutes of walking or 

cycling. 


76 



Information 

iA Architecture

Figure 7. Walking 15 min from Residential Area (Point 0) 

For the residential area, occupants could get to the center part within walking of 15 

mins. Thus, basic services like supermarket, day-care, post-office, etc. could be places 

near the center. 

For the residential area, occupants 

could get to the center part within 

walking of 15 mins. Thus, basic 

services like supermarket, day-care, 

post-office, etc. could be places near 

Figure 7. Walking 15 min from Residential Area (Point 0) 

the center. 

For the residential area, occupants could get to the center part within walking of 15 

mins. Thus, basic Figure services 7. Walking like supermarket, 15 min from day-care, Residential post-office, Area (Point etc. 0) could be places 

For near the the residential center. area, occupants could get to the center part within walking of 15 

mins. Thus, basic services like supermarket, day-care, post-office, etc. could be places 

near the center. 

Figure 8. Walking 15 min from Cultural Plot (Point 1) 



Figure 9. Walking 15 min from Government Building (Point 2) 





77

Figure 10. Walking 15 min from CBD (Point 3) 

Figure 10. Walking 15 min from CBD (Point 3) 

Figure 11. Cycling 10 min from Each Location 

None of each location could cover the whole area with 15 mins’ walking, while 

cycling with around 10 mins could reach every building. So it’s a must to provide a 

shuttle None of bus each for the location people Figure could who 11. prefer cover Cycling public the 10 min whole transportation from area Each with Location than 15 cycling mins’ walking, to get round while 

this None cycling area. of with each around location 10 could mins cover could the reach whole every area with building. 15 mins’ So it’s walking, a must while to provide 

cycling a shuttle with bus around for the 10 people mins could who reach prefer every public building. transportation So it’s a must than to cycling provide to a get 

shuttle round this bus for area. the people who prefer public transportation than cycling to get round 

this area. 

Figure 12. Route and Stops of the Shuttle Bus 

Figure 12. Route and Stops of the Shuttle Bus 


78 



Information 

iA Architecture

On account of analysis above, the route and stops of the shuttle bus are shown as 

On account of analysis above, the route and stops of the shuttle bus are shown as the 

the image. 

image. 

1 2 3 4 

On account of analysis above, the route and stops of the shuttle bus are shown as the 

image. 

1 2 3 4 

5 6 7 

5 6 7 

Table 1. Walking 5 mins from Each Stop 

Though several buildings cannot be reached on above analysis, considering that 

Grasshopper Though several has a buildings limit on dealing cannot with be reached road network on above with high analysis, density, considering pavements 

within that Grasshopper each plot are has not cover a limit in on this dealing report. with Hence, road considering network with the distance high density, between 

buildings pavements and within bus stops, each Table all plot bus 1. are Walking stops not could 5 cover mins be from in reached this Each report. within Stop Hence, 5 mins walk. considering 

Though the distance several between buildings buildings cannot be and reached bus stops, on above all bus analysis, stops considering could be reached that 

Grasshopper 3.4 within Isovist 5 mins of has Bus walk. a limit Stops on dealing with road network with high density, pavements 

within each plot are not cover in this report. Hence, considering the distance between 

buildings and bus stops, 1 all bus stops could be reached within 5 mins 2 walk. 

3.4 Isovist of Bus Stops 

1 2 

3 4 

3 4 

5 6 

5 6 

Digital Urban Simulation New Methods | Final Urban examination Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation 

79

3.5 Isovist Field of CBD 

As the CBD has a significant amount of transients every day which comes for 

business meetings, isovist plays a major role in this area, and it is analyzed 

with minimal and maximal radial. Though areas around buildings have relatively 

lower isovist, the intersections perform better. 

7 

7 

Table 2. Isovist of Each Stop 

3.5 Isovist Field of CBD 

As the CBD has a significant amount of transients every day which comes for business 

meetings, isovist plays a major Table role 2. in Isovist this area, of Each and Stop it is analyzed with minimal and 

maximal 3.5 Isovist radial. Field of Though CBD areas around buildings have relatively lower isovist, the 

intersections As the CBD has perform a significant better. amount of transients every day which comes for business 

meetings, isovist MinRadial plays a major role in this area, and it is MaxRadial analyzed with minimal and 

3.6 Solar Potential 

maximal radial. Though areas around buildings have relatively lower isovist, the 

intersections perform better. 

MinRadial 

MaxRadial 



Table 3. Isovist Field of CBD 

Table 3. Isovist Field of CBD 

80 



Information 

iA Architecture

Figure 13. Solar Potential of the Government Building 

Figure 

Due to the 

13. 

limit 

Solar 

of Grasshopper, 

Potential of 

only 


two 

Government 

solar panel 

Building. 

could be analyzed, 

Due to 

otherwise 

the limits of 

Grasshopper, the software would only two get stuck. solar panel Total solar could potential be analyzed, is 259.32MWh/yr. otherwise the software would 

get stuck. Total solar potential is 259.32MWh/yr. 


Nowadays, urban planning would not only care about connectivity, but also renewable 

potential it could provide to deliver a sustainable and livable life. Grasshopper could help 

in analyzing and presenting such kind of design work. However, the capacity limits the 

application of this method. As in segment analysis, pavements would lead to the 

overburden. In the case of solar analysis, a model of large scale (even only part of it are 

chosen to analyze) will cause ‘No Response’ of the software. As a result, to implement 

grasshopper in urban planning, it’s better to set clear limitations to get rid of time wasted in 

dealing with such beyond capacity issues. 

Conclusion: 

Nowadays, urban planning would not only care about connectivity, but also renewable 

potential it could provide to deliver a sustainable and livable life. Grasshopper could 

help in analyzing and presenting such kind of design work. However, the capacity 

limits the application of this method. As in segment analysis, pavements would lead 

to the overburden. In the case of solar analysis, a model of large scale (even only 

part of it are chosen to analyze) will cause ‘No Response’ of the software. As a 

result, to implement grasshopper in urban planning, it’s better to set clear limitations 

to get rid of time wasted in dealing with such beyond capacity issues. 


81

Comparison of Grid Patterns 

Student: Laura Cowie

1. Summary: 

The goal of this project was to develop two clusters of buildings, one at an 

intersection, the other along a road, using various different grid patterns for buildings 

and roads, and then compare these clusters using segment analysis and isovist 

tools to determine which pattern would produce the most desired cluster in terms 

of choice, visibility and compactness. 


The results of this project will be useful for future projects that require building 

layouts to be designed with visibility, as well as choice and compactness, in mind. 

One such project would be the Empower Shack development project which, in 

its pilot phase, is focused on developing a cluster of 68 houses located within 

an informal settlement in South Africa. The results of this project could be used 

for the basis of the initial design concept for building positioning. In this instance 

visibility and choice would be very important for developing a safe, resilient living 

environment. 

3. Pattern Grid Development: 

Growth of the different grid patterns used to generate buildings and roads, using 

the same curve as a detractor and the same central points to generate building 

clusters around. One cluster was centred at a Y-junction and the other at a bend 

in the main road. 

84 



Information 

iA Architecture

Pattern Randomized grid Curve as detractor Building footprints Buildings and roads 

Voronoi 

Hexagonal 

Radial 

Triangular 

Rectangular 

Square 

Digital Urban Simulation | Final examination 2 


85

4. 

4. 

Analyses 

Analyses 

and 

and 

Interpretation: 

Interpretation: 

The chosen analysis tools are listed below: 

The chosen analysis tools are listed below: 

Choice - measures movement flows through spaces 

Choice - measures o higher movement = better flows through spaces 

o higher = better Visibility – all points that can be seen from a location in space 

Visibility – all points o higher that can = better 

seen from a location in space 

o higher = better Isovist Area - area of a view field 

Isovist Area - area 

o lower 

of a view 

number 

field 

means less visible area from center point 

o lower number o means lower less = visible worse area from center point 

o lower = worse 

Compactness - ratio of area to perimeter in relation to an ideal circle 

Compactness o - ratio lower of area number to perimeter means in less relation compact to an ideal circle 

o lower number Min means radial less - shortest compact view ray 

Min radial - shortest o larger view number ray means larger distance between buildings 

o larger number means larger distance between buildings 

The visual 

The 

results 

visual 

and 

results 

average 

and 

values 

average 

from 

values 

different 

from 

the analysis 

different 

tools 


are 

analysis 

shown below. 

tools are 

shown below. 

Segment Analysis – Choice 

radius of 150m 

Average 

Isovist Area – Visibility 

500 count points, radius of 180m Area at Y Area at I 

0.20023 17,398 7,741 

0.12488 17,337 7,202 


86 



Information 

iA Architecture

0.194856 28,987 8,766 

0.13279 17,303 14,804 

0.153923 22,939 16,467 

0.116686 17,398 12,101 



87

Isovist area max 3e+8 Compactness 0 - 1 Min radial max 200 

1.398e+8 0.33 47.29 

1.394e+8 0.33 47.7 

1.435e+8 0.28 46.19 

1.379e+8 0.34 45.64 

1.377e+8 0.22 48.11 

1.398e+8 0.33 47.29 


88 



Information 

iA Architecture

5. Results and Conclusions: 

Using the interpretation indicated previously, the following patterns were indicated as best using 

the different analysis tools from above. 

Choice = voronoi 

Visibility – Y-intersection = radial, I-intersection = rectangular 

Isovist Area = radial 

Compactness = rectangular is least compact 

Min radial = rectangular largest distance between buildings 

The conclusion of this analysis was be to focus on using a radial or rectangular grid as the base 

pattern for building placement in future projects, especially where visibility and compactness are 

important. For projects where choice is the most desired outcome then a voronoi pattern may be 

preferential. 


89

Summer Urban Thermal Comfort Design 

Student: Carlos Pacheco

Summer urban thermal comfort design 


Summary 

Carlos Pacheco, ETH Zurich 2016 

This exercise intends to design a new urban development in a 

hot summer area near Málaga ,Spain crossed by a river, with 

the use of parametric design in growth, attraction points and 

total direct solar radiation Summary parameters. First, an specific grid 

shape is chosen with thermal and wind comfort criteria. 

This exercise intends to design a new urban development in a hot summer area near Málaga ,Spain 

crossed by a river, Second, with the plot use densification, of parametric design both height in growth, and attraction plot ground points floor and total direct solar 

radiation parameters. area, First, is defined an specific with grid proximity shape is criteria chosen to with different thermal points and of wind comfort criteria. 

Second, plot densification, interest (POI) both height in the urban and plot space. ground floor area, is defined with proximity criteria to 

different points of interest (POI) in the urban space. 

Figure 1. Given topography, Madrid, Spain. 

Carlos Pacheco / Urban thermal comfort design 1 

92 



Information 

iA Architecture

Figure 2. Rhino topography 

Motivation 

Motivation 

Figure 2. Rhino topography 

The motivation of the following study is to optimize the design of an urban development considering 

classical elements 

The 


motivation 

urban design 


as well 

following 

as pedestrian 

study is to 

thermal 

optimize 

comfort 

the design 

in an 


area where estival 

an urban development considering classical elements of urban 

tourism will be the main economic activity of the new Master Plan. 

design as well as pedestrian Motivation thermal comfort in an area where 

estival tourism will be the main economic activity of the new 

The motivation of Master the following Plan. study is to optimize the design of an urban development considering 

Design process 

classical elements of urban design as well as pedestrian thermal comfort in an area where estival 

tourism will be the Design main economic processactivity of the new Master Plan. 

In the design process Rhino and Grasshopper software are implemented as a tool to model and 

parametrize the different In the variables design process of the design. Rhino First, and aGrasshopper rectangular grid software with cells are of 13x46 units is 

chosen facing east-west implemented to maximize as a cooling tool effect by convection with most frequent wind in that 

Design 

to model 

process 

and parametrize the different 

area. 

variables of the design. First, a rectangular grid with cells of 13x46 

units is chosen facing east-west to maximize cooling effect by 

In the design process Rhino and Grasshopper software are implemented as a tool to model and 

convection with the most frequent wind in that area. 

parametrize the different variables of the design. First, a rectangular grid with cells of 13x46 units is 

chosen facing east-west to maximize cooling effect by convection with the most frequent wind in that 

area. 

Figure 3. Rectangular grid (46x13)units cells 


Figure 3. Rectangular grid (46x13)units cells 


New Methods in Urban Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation 93

Second, a double river is modelled as a point of interest and building plot geometry is 

Second, modified a double with river the use is modelled of voronoi as a patterns point of interest around and the building center of plot the geometry river to is allow modified for bigger with the 

use 

open 

of voronoi 

areas. 

patterns 

The densification 

around the center 

strategy 


consists 

river to 

in 

allow 

increasing 

for bigger 

urban 

open 

space 

areas. 

around 

The densification 

the river, 

limiting large building plot areas close to it. 

strategy consists in increasing urban space around the river, limiting large building plot areas close to it. 

Second, a double river is modelled as a point of interest and building plot geometry is modified with the 

use of voronoi patterns around the center of the river to allow for bigger open areas. The densification 

strategy consists in increasing urban space around the river, limiting large building plot areas close to it. 

Figure 4, River and grid impact of river attractor (left). Building plot density distribution (right) 

Third, 3 points of urban growth are distributed around the city center. A reduction factor is applied to all 

of them to fulfil urban regulations in terms of open areas per m2 built. 

Third, Figure 3 points 4, River of urban and grid growth impact are of river distributed attractor (left). around Building the city plot center. density distribution A reduction (right) factor is 

applied to all of them to fulfil urban regulations in terms of open areas per m2 built. 

Third, 3 points of urban growth are distributed around the city center. A reduction factor is applied to all 

of them to fulfil urban regulations in terms of open areas per m2 built. 

Figure 5, 3 points of urban growth. 

Fourth, Height is defined in terms of distance to the river with the following function to reduce height 

gradient: H eight = z / √d where z is a given factor and d, distance to the center of the city. 

Figure 5, 3 points of urban growth. 


Fourth, Height is defined in terms of distance to the river with the following function to reduce height 

Fourth, Height is defined in terms of distance to the river with the following function to 

gradient: H eight = z / √d where z is a given factor and d, distance to the center of the city. 

reduce height gradient: Height = z / √d where z is a given factor and d , distance to the 

center of the city. 


94 



Information 

iA Architecture

Figure 6, Final envelope of the buildings. 

Finally, direct radiation to the residual urban space is calculated. In order to improve surface 

temperature in the whole area during the hottest period of the year an optimization is implemented to 

minimize direct radiation. Building direct solar radiation is not taken in account and buildings are used as 

context and shading. The objective function is total direct radiation across the summer(21 June to 21 

September) just for the hottest hours of the day in that latitude from (9:00 to 19:00) in the whole summer. 

The dependent Finally, variables direct are the radiation size of to the the grid residual cells and urban the space factor is z of calculated. the height In function. order 

to improve surface temperature in the whole area during the hottest 

Constraints for period dependent of the variables year an areoptimization also set; Theis Ximplemented dimension of the to minimize cell is restricted direct to the domain 

(9,25) units of length. radiation. TheBuilding Y dimension direct issolar restricted radiation to (30,50) is not units taken of length. in account The height and factor of the 

buildings is also buildings limited to are 500 used units. as context and shading. The objective function is 

The original design total direct has (13x45)units2 radiation across cells, the 200 summer(21 units of June height to factor 21 September) and captures just 3449 units of 

energy/m2 of pavement for the hottest during hours the summer of the period. day in that The latitude optimized from solution (9:00 to has 19:00) (9 x 36) in units2 cells, 

310 units of height the whole factor summer. and captures 2045 units of energy/m2 of pavement during the summer 

period. 

The dependent variables are the size of the grid cells and the factor 

z of the height function. Constraints for dependent variables are also 

set; The X dimension of the cell is restricted to the domain (9,25) units 

of length. The Y dimension is restricted to (30,50) units of length. The 

height factor of the buildings is also limited to 500 units. 

The original design has (13x45)units2 cells, 200 units of height factor 

and captures 3449 units of energy/m2 of pavement during the summer 

period. The optimized solution has (9 x 36) units2 cells, 310 units of 

height factor and captures 2045 units of energy/m2 of pavement during 

the summer period. 



95

Figure 7, Sun path curves from summer solstice 21 June to autumn equinox 21 September 10 hours/day 9:00 - 

19:00 

Figure 7, Sun path curves from summer solstice 21 June to autumn equinox 21 September 10 hours/day 9:00 - 

19:00 

Figure 8, Comparison original solar radiation (left) to optimized solar radiation in urban space (right). 

Figure 8, Comparison original solar radiation (left) to optimized solar radiation in urban space (right). 


iA Architecture 


96 Carlos Pacheco New / Urban Methods thermal in comfort Urban design Analysis and Simulation | Final project documentation 

5 

Information

Figure 9, Galapagos optimization panel. (Selected genome in blue) 

Figure 10, Comparison original design (left) to optimized direct solar radiation design (right). 

Figure 11, Comparison original design (left) to optimized direct solar radiation design (right). 



97

Final urban quality analysis 

Final urban quality analysis 

After the study some analysis in terms of urban function are carried to validate urban quality of the 

After space. the First, study a some distance analysis analysis in terms is conducted of urban function to show are level carried the to of validate integration urban of quality each of segment the of 

space. the urban First, connection a distance analysis grid respect is conducted Final to 3 points urban to show of quality interests level analysis the depicted of integration figure of each 8. segment of the 

urban connection grid respect to 3 points of interests depicted in figure 8. 

After the study some analysis in terms of urban function are carried to validate urban quality of the 

space. First, a distance analysis is conducted to show level the of integration of each segment of the 

urban connection grid respect to 3 points of interests depicted in figure 8. 

Figure 12, Network segment distance to three points of interest (POI). POI 0 (upper left) POI 1 (upper right) POI 2 

lower. 

Second, distance of building plots to the three points of interest is analysed represented in a red-yellow 

Figure 12, Network segment distance to three points of interest (POI). POI 0 (upper left) POI 1 (upper right) POI 2 

color code. 

Second, distance of building lower. plots to the three 

points of interest is analysed represented in a redyellow 

plots color to the code. three points of interest is analysed represented in a red-yellow 

Second, distance of building 

color code. 

Figure 13, color code of building plots distance to the 3 POI (in red) 


Figure 13, color code of building plots distance to the 3 POI (in red) 


98 



Information 

iA Architecture

In order to assess use dynamics in the new urban development, temporal and spatial catchment 

ratio are analyzed to confirm the correct operation of the urban space. 

In order to assess use dynamics in the new urban development, temporal and spatial catchment ratio 

are analyzed to confirm the correct operation of the urban space. 

Figure 14, temporal catchment radio = 2 units(10mins) (left) spatial catchment radio = 200 units(1km) (right). 

Conclusion 

Conclusion 

The results of this study shows that parametric and optimization approaches in urban design can be 

very useful to assess different energy aspects of the cities. In this case, thermal comfort is optimized 

with The the results master of this plan study geometry shows that for the parametric hottest and time optimization period of the approaches year in a mediterranean in urban design area. can be As very a 

result useful 40% to assess of the different original energy solar radiation aspects of is reduced the cities. until In this 2045 case, units thermal of energy/m2 comfort is pavement. optimized with the 

master plan geometry for the hottest time period of the year in a mediterranean area. As a result 40% of 

the original solar radiation is reduced until 2045 units of energy/m2 pavement. 



99

Kilchberg 

Student: Roberta Murad Lima

Kilchberg 

Roberta Murad Lima 

mroberta@student.ethz.ch 

05 December 2016 

102 



Information 

iA Architecture

1. Introduction 

Kilchberg is a municipality with over 8’000 inhabitants in the canton of Zürich, and it is 

the place I currently live in (Figure 1). 

1. Introduction 

Kilchberg is a municipality with over 8’000 inhabitants in the canton of Zürich, and it is the place I 

currently live in (Figure 1). 

Page 1 

Figure 1. My currently address in Kilchberg represented as the yellow pin. 

After living there for around four months, I decided it was time for a change - I am about to move 

to an apartment in the city of Zurich, but I will always carry this lovely place in my heart. Before I 

leave, I wanted to understand the municipality a bit better and, therefore, I thought about doing 

this project on it. Some analyses were made, with the help of the tools learned during the extent of 

the course, to help me with this task. 

After living there for around four months, I decided it was time for a change - I am about 

2. to Analysis move to an apartment in the city of Zurich, but I will always carry this lovely place in my 

heart. Before I leave, I wanted to understand the municipality a bit better and, therefore, 

I thought 2.1 Distance about Network doing Analysis this project on it. Some analyses were made, with the help of the 

tools The first learned analysis during made the was extent to find of out the the course, distance to of help all me network with segments this task. towards a set of 

attraction points. The points chosen are consistent throughout the work, and they are the ones 

which are of biggest interest to me, being them: 1) my house, 2) the train station, 3) the 

2. supermarket, Analysis and 4) the hospital. As it can be seen in Figure 2, the area close to the train station 

and the supermarket is the most important one, which is logical, since two of the points used in the 

2.1 analysis Distance are situated Network there. Analysis The house is also in a pretty good position, but the hospital is a bit 

distant from everything else. 

The first analysis made was to find out the distance of all network segments towards a 

set of attraction points. The points chosen are consistent throughout the work, and they 

are the ones which are of biggest interest to me, being them: 1) my house, 2) the train 

station, 3) the supermarket, and 4) the hospital. As it can be seen in Figure 2, the area 

close to the train station and the supermarket is the most important one, which is logical, 

since two of the points used in the analysis are situated there. The house is also in a 

pretty good position, but the hospital is a bit distant from everything else. 


103

Figure 2. Network distance calculator. 

2.2 Proximity and Vicinity 

2.2 Proximity and Vicinity 

As a second analysis, the Figure proximity 2. Network and distance vicinity calculator. were considered. Here, the idea was to find out how 

close the 

2.2 Proximity As house a second is to all 

and Vicinity analysis, destinations the of proximity interest, which and is vicinity the whole were municipality considered. segment Here, depicted. 

It can be the seen idea in figure was 3 to that find the out hospital how is close one of the furthest house buildings is to all from destinations the house, of since it is 

As 

represented 

a second analysis, the proximity and vicinity were considered. Here, the idea was to find out how 

interest, by a which colder colour. is the whole municipality segment depicted. It can be seen 

close the house is to all destinations of interest, which is the whole municipality segment depicted. 

in figure 3 that the hospital is one of the furthest buildings from the house, 

It can be seen in figure 3 that the hospital is one of the furthest buildings from the house, since it is 

since it is represented by a colder colour. 

represented by a colder colour. 

Figure 3. Proximity and vicinity. 

Figure 3. Proximity and vicinity. 

104 



Information 

iA Architecture


With the goal of finding how long it would take to the places of interest, several analyses were 


made. Two means of transportation were considered: walking and cycling. Since the train station 

and the With supermarket the goal of finding are located how long very it close would to take one to another, places it was of interest, considered several the analyses time necessary were 

to reach made. both. Two In means Figure of transportation 4, the locations were that considered: can be reached walking and by cycling. a 10-minute Since the walk train are station shown – 

the minimum and the supermarket time where are both located locations very close 1 and to 2 one were another, reached. it was To considered get to the the hospital time necessary (Figure 5), it 

would to be reach required both. In 17 Figure minutes 4, the walking, locations which that can is be not reached so convenient by a 10-minute the walk case are of shown an emergency. – the 

The exact minimum same time scenarios where both were locations found 1 and by biking 2 were for reached. 3 minutes To get to (Figure the hospital 4) and (Figure biking 5), for it would 6 minutes 

(Figure be 5). required 17 minutes walking, which is not so convenient in the case of an emergency. The exact 

same scenarios were found by biking for 3 minutes (Figure 4) and biking for 6 minutes (Figure 5). 

Figure 4. Places one can reach by walking for 10 minutes or cycling for 3 minutes.. 

Figure 5. Places one can reach by walking for 17 minutes or cycling for 6 minutes. 


105

It was also found, using the spatial analysis, that the train station/supermarket are in a 796-meterradius 

from the house, whereas the hospital is on a 1’341-meter-radius. 

It was also found, using the spatial analysis, that the train station/supermarket are in a 

796-meterradius from the house, whereas the hospital is on a 1’341-meter-radius. 2.4 

Shortest Path Detection It was also of interest to find the shortest path between the 

2.4 Shortest Path Detection 

house and the other locations aforementioned. The result can be seen in Figure 6. 

It was also of interest to find the shortest path between the house and the other locations 

aforementioned. The result can be seen in Figure 6. 

Figure 6. Shortest path detection. 

The paths were assigned different colors for an easier identification, but since the train station is 

on the way to the supermarket, the route to the latter is only depicted in a new color from point 1 

to 2. 

The paths were assigned different colors for an easier identification, but since the train 

station 2.5 Isovist 

on the way to the supermarket, the route to the latter is only depicted in a new 

color from point 1 to 2. 

2.5.1 Isovist from Individual Point 

2.5 Isovist 

The isovist from an individual point analysis was made and then compared to a real scenario, to see 

how much it represents reality. The point was placed right in front of my house, and the result can be 

2.5.1 Isovist from Individual Point 

seen in Figure 7. When it comes to the view on the same street level, the outcome is pretty accurate, 

as it can be seen in Figure 8 (where a picture was taken from approximately the same point). The view 

The isovist from an individual point analysis was made and then compared to a real 

to the front of the house is a bit exaggerated, as there are trees and houses standing on the way and 

scenario, to see how much it represents reality. The point was placed right in front of my 

hence blocking it. 

house, and the result can be seen in Figure 7. When it comes to the view on the same 

street level, the outcome is pretty accurate, as it can be seen in Figure 8 (where a picture 

was taken from approximately the same point). The view to the front of the house is a bit 

exaggerated, as there are trees and houses standing on the way and hence blocking it. 

106 



Information 

iA Architecture

Figure 7. Isovist from a point in front of my house. 

Figure 8. Reality view from the same point represented in Figure 9. 

2.5.2 Isovist Field 

The isovist area measures the area of a view field, where warmer colors indicate the ones more 

2.5.2 connected Isovist within Fieldthe environment. Thus, the area around the house has a small isovist area and 

visibility (Figure 9). This is beneficial, since it means that the space is more visually blocked, a good 

The aspect isovist for the area safety measures and privacy the in area a residential of a view zone. field, where warmer colors indicate the ones 

more connected within the environment. Thus, the area around the house has a small 

isovist area and visibility (Figure 9). This is beneficial, since it means that the space is more 

visually blocked, a good aspect for the safety and privacy in a residential zone. 


107

Figure 9. Isovist area. 

The isovist perimeter represents the circumference of a view field, and it has also small values 

The isovist perimeter represents the circumference of a view field, and it has also small 

around the house (Figure 10). 

values around the house (Figure 10). 

Figure 9. Isovist area. 

The isovist perimeter represents the circumference of a view field, and it has also small values 

around the house (Figure 10). 

Figure 10. Isovist perimeter. 

The occlusivity measures the length of hidden edges. The area in question has medium to low 

occlusivity values (Figure 11), which is also good for a safety feeling. 

Figure 10. Isovist perimeter. 

The occlusivity measures the length of hidden edges. The area in question has medium to low 

The occlusivity measures the length of hidden edges. The area in question has medium 

occlusivity values (Figure 11), which is also good for a safety feeling. 

to low occlusivity values (Figure 11), which is also good for a safety feeling. 

108 



Information 

iA Architecture

Figure 11. Occlusivity. 

3 Conclusion 

Grasshopper is a powerful tool, not only to support decisions for new projects, but also to help with 

the 3 Conclusion 

understanding of existing areas. The analyses gave me a pretty good comprehension of 

Kilchberg and were in general quite accurate. The time found to reach the desired places by foot or 

with Grasshopper the bicycle are is reasonable a powerful when tool, compared not only to reality. support The decisions shortest paths for new were projects, also right, but as it also 

was to compared help with with the other understanding routing tools. of The existing isovist areas. from an The individual analyses point gave was the me only a pretty analysis good 

which comprehension was a bit off, but of Kilchberg it was still a and good were estimate. in general The isovist quite field accurate. gave a decent The time overview found of to the reach 

area the around desired me, places and it by was foot interesting or with to the see bicycle the results. are All reasonable the analyses when show compared that the area to is reality. a 

pretty The quiet shortest and paths private were residential also right, zone. Nonetheless, as it was compared basic services with are other found routing nearby, tools. and they 

can be easily reached by bike or by foot, with a longer time required for the latter. 

The isovist from an individual point was the only analysis which was a bit off, but it was 

still a good estimate. The isovist field gave a decent overview of the area around me, and 

4 References it was interesting to see the results. All the analyses show that the area is a pretty quiet 

and private residential zone. Nonetheless, basic services are found nearby, and they can 

Cover Picture: 

be easily reached by bike or by foot, with a longer time required for the latter. 

4 References 

Cover Picture: 


109


Information 

iA Architecture

Digital Urban Simulation: Documentation of the teaching results from the fall semester 2016

Transform your PDFs into Flipbooks and boost your revenue!

Delete template?

Save as template ?