The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

gravitating mass and R is the distance from it. Using this
formula, it is possible to calculate that an astronaut would
be torn apart, head to toe, if he approached a 6-solar-mass
black hole, feet first, closer than about 5,300 km.
Tikhonravov, Mikhail K. (1901–1974)
A chief theoretician of the early Soviet space program.
Tikhonravov graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force
Academy in 1925 and subsequently became an expert in
the field of aircraft engineering. In the early 1930s, as a
member of GIRD, he worked with Sergei Korolevon the
design of the first Russian liquid propellant rocket.
Tikhonravov continued to work on engine design until
Korolev’s death in 1966 and played a key role in the
development of Sputnik3. From 1962 he was a professor
at the Moscow Aviation Institute. Shortly before his
death in 1974, Tikhonravov was awarded several of the
Soviet Union’s highest civilian honors, including the
Orders of Lenin and Red Banner of Labor, the title “Hero
of Socialist Labor,” and the Lenin Prize. 288
Tiling, Reinhold (1890–1933)
A German scientist who, in April 1931, launched four
solid-fueled rockets at Osnabruck. One exploded 150 m
above the ground, two rose to between 450 and 600 m,
and one reached an altitude of 2,000 m and a maximum
speed of 1,100 km/hr. Tiling later launched two more
solid-fueled rockets, more advanced than the first four,
from Wangerooge, one of the East Frisian Islands. Details
of these tests are not certain, but one of the rockets is
believed to have reached an altitude of about 10,000 m.
Timation
American military navigation satellites, launched as part
of the Navstar program. (See table, “Timation Series.”)
Launch site: Vandenberg Air Force Base
Mass: 700 kg
time dilation
See relativistic effects.
Timation Series
TiPS (Tether Physics and Survivability satellite) 437
TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere
Energetic Dynamics satellite)
The first science mission in NASA’s Solar-Terrestrial
Probes Program; it is managed for NASA by the Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. TIMED
is designed to study the influences of the Sun and
humans on Earth’s mesosphere and lower thermosphere,
at a height of 60 to 180 km—the least explored
and understood region of our atmosphere.
Launch
Date: December 7, 2001
Vehicle: Delta 7920
Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base
Orbit (circular): 625 km × 74.1°
time-division multiplexing (TDM)
An older telecommunications technique in which a spacecraft’s
onboard computer samples one measurement at a
time and transmits it. On Earth, the samples are demultiplexed,
that is, assigned back to the measurements that
they represent. In order to maintain synchronization
between multiplexing and demultiplexing (mux and
demux), the spacecraft introduces a known binary number
many digits long, called the pseudo-noise code, at the
beginning of every round of sampling (telemetry frame),
which can be searched for by the ground data system.
Once the pseudo-noise code is recognized, it is used as a
starting point, and the measurements can be demuxed
since the order of muxing is known. TDM has now been
replaced by a newer method known as packetizing.
TiPS (Tether Physics and Survivability satellite)
An experiment, funded by the National Reconnaissance
Office (NRO), that consisted of two end-masses (dubbed
Launch
Date: May 12, 1996
Vehicle: Titan IV
Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base
Orbit: 1,010 × 1,032 km × 63.4°
Spacecraft Date
Launch
Vehicle Orbit
Timation 1 May 31, 1967 Thor-Agena D 894 × 900 km × 70.0°
Timation 2 Sep. 30, 1969 LT Thor-Agena D 898 × 925 km × 70.0°