The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales CNSR Comet Nucleus Sample Return COBE Cosmic Background Explorer COMETS Communications and Broadcasting Experimental Test Satellite COMINT communications intelligence Comsat Communications Satellite Corporation CONTOUR Comet Nucleus Tour COROT Convection and Rotation of Stars COSPAR Committee on Space Research CRAF Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby CRRES Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite CRSP Commercial Remote Sensing Program CRV Crew Return Vehicle. See ACRV CS- Communications Satellite CSA Canadian Space Agency CSM Command and Service Module. See Apollo CSS Canadian Space Society CSS crew safety system CZ Chang Zeng. See Long March DARA Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrtangelegenheiten DBS direct broadcast satellite DE Dynamics Explorer Demosat Demonstration Satellite DFH Dong Fang Hong DFRC Dryden Flight Research Center DFVLR See DLR DLR Deutschen Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt DME Direct Measurement Explorer DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DODGE Department of Defense Gravity Experiment DRTS Data Relay Test Satellite DS1 Deep Space 1 DS2 Deep Space 2. See Mars Microprobe Mission DSCC Deep Space Communications Complex DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System DSN Deep Space Network DSPS Defense Support Program Satellite. See IMEWS DSS Deep Space Station DXS Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer ECS European Space Agency Communications Satellite ECS Experimental Communications Satellite EELV Evolved Expandable Launch Vehicle EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EGS Experimental Geodetic Satellite ELDO European Launcher Development Organisation ELINT electromagnetic intelligence Acronyms and Abbreviations 499 ELV expendable launch vehicle Envisat Environmental Satellite EO satellites Earth Observing satellites EORSAT ELINT Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite EOS Earth Observing System EOS Chem Earth Observing System Chemistry. See Aura EOS PM Earth Observing System PM. See Aqua ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Satellite ERPS Experimental Rocket Propulsion Society ERS Earth Resources Satellite ERS Environmental Research Satellite ERT Earth Received Time ERTS Earth Resources Technology Satellites ESA European Space Agency ESMC Eastern Space and Missile Center ESOC European Space Operations Center ESRIN European Space Research Institute ESRO European Space Research Organisation ESSA Environmental Science Services Administration ESSP Earth System Science Pathfinder ESTEC European Space Research and Technology Centre ET External Tank. See Space Shuttle ETS Engineering Test Satellite Eumetsat European Meteorological Satellite Organisation EURECA European Retrievable Carrier Eutelsat European Telecommunications Satellite Organisation EUVE Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer EVA extravehicular activity. See spacewalk EXIST Energetic X-Ray Imaging Survey Telescope ExPNS Exploration of Neighboring Planetary Systems EW early warning (satellite) FAIR Filled-Aperture Infrared Telescope FAST Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer FIRST Far Infrared and Submillimetre Space Telescope. See Herschel FLTSATCOM Fleet Satellite Communications FOBS Fractional Orbital Bombardment System FORTE Fast On-orbit Recording of Transient Events FTL travel faster-than-light travel FUSE Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer GAIA Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics GALEX Galaxy Evolution Explorer GARP Global Atmospheric Research Project GATV Gemini Agena Target Vehicle. See Gemini GCOM Global Change Observing Mission GEC Global Electrodynamics Connections
500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO geosynchronous orbit or geostationary orbit GEOS Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite GFO Geosat Follow-On GFZ-1 GeoForschungsZentrum GIFTS Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer GIRD Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya GLAST Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope GLOMR Global Low Orbiting Message Relay GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System GMS Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite GMT Greenwich Mean Time GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOMS Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite GPS Global Positioning System GRACE Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment GRC Glenn Research Center GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center GSLV Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSO geostationary orbit or geosynchronous orbit GTO geosynchronous/geostationary transfer orbit HALCA Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy HARP High Altitude Research Project HCMM Heat Capacity Mapping Mission HEAO High Energy Astrophysical Observatory HEO highly elliptical orbit or high Earth orbit HEOS Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite HESSI High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager. See RHESSI. HETE High Energy Transient Experiment HGA high-gain antenna HLV heavy-lift launch vehicle HNX Heavy Nuclei Explorer HOPE H-2 Orbital Plane HOTOL Horizontal Takeoff and Landing vehicle HRF Human Research Facility HST Hubble Space Telescope IBSS Infrared Background Signature Survey IAE Inflatable Antenna Experiment IAF International Astronautical Federation ICAN (rocket) Ion Compressed Antimatter Nuclear (rocket). See antimatter propulsion ICE International Cometary Explorer ICESAT Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite IDCSP Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program IEH International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker IEOS International Earth Observing System IGY International Geophysical Year IKI Russian Space Research Institute ILS International Launch Services IMAGE Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration IMEWS Integrated Missile Early Warning Satellite IMINT imagery intelligence satellite IMP Interplanetary Monitoring Platform INPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial INTEGRAL International Gamma-ray Astrophysics Laboratory Intelsat International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ION-F Ionospheric Observation Nanosatellite Formation IQSY International Quiet Sun Years IRAS Infrared Astronomy Satellite IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile IRFNA inhibited red fuming nitric acid. See nitric acid IRIS Infrared Imaging Surveyor IRS Indian Remote Sensing satellite IRSI Infrared Space Interferometer. See Darwin IRTS Infrared Telescope in Space ISAS Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences ISM interstellar medium ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation ISEE International Sun-Earth Explorer ISIS International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies ISO Infrared Space Observatory ISS International Space Station ISS Ionospheric Sounding Satellite ITOS Improved TIROS Operating System IUE International Ultraviolet Explorer IUS inertial upper stage JAS Japanese Amateur Satellite JERS Japanese Earth Resources Satellite JMEX Jupiter Magnetospheric Explorer JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory JSC Johnson Space Center KAO Kuiper Airborne Observatory KH Key Hole KSC Kennedy Space Center LACE Low-power Atmospheric Compensation Experiment Lageos Laser Geodynamics Satellite LDEF Long Duration Exposure Facility Leasat Leased Satellite LEO low Earth orbit LES Launch Escape System. See Apollo LES Lincoln Experimental Satellite LF Life Finder LGA low-gain antenna LH2 liquid hydrogen
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
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168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
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182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
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216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
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224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
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238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
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346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
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370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
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372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
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374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
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376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
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378 An experimental American space
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380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
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382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
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384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
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386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
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388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
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390 space drive propellants and str
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392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
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394 space sail space sail A device
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396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
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400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
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402 Space Studies Board space stati
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404 Spacehab activities for the dis
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406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
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408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
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410 speed of sound speed of sound T
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412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
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414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
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416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
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418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
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420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
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422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
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424 surveillance satellites milliwa
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426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
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430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
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432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
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434 Thor similar to those on the At
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436 thrust chamber At first glance,
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438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
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440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
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442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
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444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
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446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
Page 451 and 452: 448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
Page 453 and 454: 450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
Page 455 and 456: UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
Page 457 and 458: 454 umbilical connections for measu
Page 459 and 460: “V” weapons See article, pages
Page 461 and 462: 458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
Page 463 and 464: 460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
Page 465 and 466: 462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
Page 467 and 468: 464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
Page 469 and 470: 466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
Page 471 and 472: 468 as data relays for more than an
Page 473 and 474: 470 visible light visible light Ele
Page 475 and 476: 472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
Page 477 and 478: 474 The first series of manned Russ
Page 479 and 480: 476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
Page 481 and 482: WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
Page 483 and 484: 480 weight these findings to variou
Page 485 and 486: 482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
Page 487 and 488: 484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
Page 489 and 490: 486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
Page 491 and 492: X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
Page 493 and 494: 490 X-33 configuration and renamed
Page 495 and 496: Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
Page 497 and 498: Zarya See International Space Stati
Page 499 and 500: 496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
Page 501: Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
Page 505 and 506: 502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
Page 507 and 508: 1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
Page 509 and 510: 506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
Page 511 and 512: 508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
Page 513 and 514: 510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
Page 515 and 516: 512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
Page 517 and 518: 514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
Page 519 and 520: 516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
Page 521 and 522: 518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
Page 523 and 524: Advanced propulsion systems and rel
Page 525 and 526: illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
Page 527 and 528: Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
Page 529 and 530: launch pad launch support and hold-
Page 531 and 532: Microgravity and technology experim
Page 533 and 534: special theory of relativity specif
Page 535 and 536: Rocket science and technology after
Page 537 and 538: LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539: hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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