The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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524 Category Index Astronomy satellites and orbiting observatories (Continued) ultraviolet astronomy satellites VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Program) WIRE (Wide-Field Infrared Explorer) XEUS (X-ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy mission) XMM-Newton X-ray astronomy satellites See also: Solar probes and satellites Lunar missions, unmanned Planetary missions Atmospheric physics aeronomy aeropause atmosphere exosphere ionized layers ionosphere magnetosphere magnetotail mesosphere plasma sheet radiation belt stratosphere thermosphere troposphere upper-air observation Van Allen Belts See also: Atmospheric and magnetospheric probes Atmospheric and magnetospheric probes ADE (Air Density Explorer) AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere) AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) Akebono Alouette AMPTE (Active Magnetosphere Particle Tracer Explorer) Azur BE (Beacon Explorer) CINDI (Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigations) CloudSat Cluster CRRES (Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite) DE (Dynamics Explorer) Denpa DME (Direct Measurement Explorer) Elektron FAST (Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer) France 1 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Connections) Geotail GIFTS (Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer) HCMM (Heat Capacity Mapping Mission) HEOS (Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite) Highwater IMAGE (Imager for Magnetopause-to- Aurora Global Exploration) Interbol Ionosphere Mappers ISEE (International Sun-Earth Explorer) ISIS (International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies) ISS (Ionospheric Sounding Satellite) ITM Wave Imaging Jikiken Kyokko MagConst (Magnetospheric Constellation) Magnetosphere Probe Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Magsat (Magnetic Field Satellite) MicroLab Munin Ohzora Ørsted PARASOL (Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science coupled with Observations from a Lidar) Polar Polar BEAR (Polar Beacon Experiment and Auroral Research) Prognoz RBM (Radiation Belt Mappers) SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) SAMPEX (Solar Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer) SNOE (Student Nitric Oxide Explorer) SORCE (Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment) SPARCLE (Space Readiness Coherent Lidar Experiment) Taiyo TWINS (Two-wide Angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometer) UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) Ume. See ISS Wind Ballistics ballistic trajectory ballistics See also: Physics and astronomy Space cannons and guns Balloons ballute Manhigh, Project radiosonde Stargazer, Project Ultra Long-Duration Balloon (ULDB) Project Colonies in space Artemis Project, The Bernal sphere bubble colony Island One. See O’Neill-type space colony L5 colony. See O’Neill-type space colony L5 Society O’Neill-type space colony space colony terraforming Communications satellites ACTS (Advanced Communications Technology Satellite) AFSATCOM (Air Force Satellite Communications System) Anik ARTEMIS (Advanced Relay Technology Mission) Astra Ayama. See ECS (Experimental Communications Satellite) BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) COMETS (Communications and Broadcasting Experiment Test Satellite) Comsat (Communications Satellite Corporation) Courier CS- (Communications Satellite) DRTS (Data Relay Test Satellite) DSCS (Defense Satellite Communications System) Early Bird (communications satellite) Echo EchoStar ECS (European Space Agency Communications Satellites) ECS (Experimental Communications Satellite) Ekran Ekspress Eutelsat (European Telecommunications Satellite Organisation) FLTSATCOM (Fleet Satellite Communications) Fuji. See JAS-1 Galaxy Garuda Geizer Globalstar GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay)
Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial Defense Communications Satellite Program) Inflatable Antenna Experiment (IAE) Inmarsat Insat Intelsat (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization) Iridium JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite) Kakehashi. See COMETS (Communications and Broadcasting Experimental Test Satellite) Kupon Leasat (Leased Satellite) LES (Lincoln Experimental Satellite) LSAT. See Olympus Luch MACSAT (Multiple Access Communications Satellite) MARECS MicroSat Molniya (satellite) Morelos Nimiq Olympus Orbcomm OSCAR (Orbiting Satellite for Communication by Amateur Radio) Palapa Raduga Relay REX (Radiation Experiment) Sakura. See CS- (Communications Satellite) SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellite) Satcom SCORE (Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment) SCS (Small Communications Satellite). See MicroSat SECS (Special Experimental Communications System) Statsionar. See Raduga STENTOR (Satellite de Télécommunications pour Expériences de Nouvelles Technologies en Orbit) Syncom TDRSS (Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System) Teledesic Telstar UFO (UHF Follow-on) satellites West Ford Communications technology and terminology antenna bandwidth beacon bird bit broadband carrier C-band. See frequency bands coherent communications satellite de-spun antenna direct broadcast satellite (DBS) directional antenna downlink Earth station footprint frequency frequency bands frequency coordination high-gain antenna (HGA) interference intersatellite link Ka-band. See frequency bands K-band. See frequency bands Ku-band. See frequency bands L-band. See frequency bands modulation multiplexing non-coherent one-way light time (OWLT) packetizing rain outage round-trip light time S-band. See frequency bands subcarrier telemetry time-division multiplexing (TDM) transducer transponder uplink X-band. See frequency bands See also: Spacecraft communications and tracking Debris in space CERISE (Characterisation de l’Environment Radio-electrique par un Instrument Spatial Embarque) ODERACS (Orbital Debris Radar Calibration Sphere) Disasters in space Challenger disaster Nedelin Catastrophe. See Mars Earth observation satellites and programs ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observation Satellite) AEROS (Advanced Earth Resources Observational Satellite) Ajisai. See EGS Category Index 525 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) Aqua Aura BIRD (Bi-spectral Infrared Detection satellite) CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Observations) CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) Coriolis CRSP (Commercial Remote Sensing Program) Early Bird (Earth resources satellite) Earth resources satellites EGS (Experimental Geodetic Satellite) Envisat (Environmental Satellite) EO (Earth Observing) satellites EOS (Earth Observing System) EOS Chem (Earth Observing System Chemistry). See Aura EOS PM (Earth Observing System PM). See Aqua Equator-S ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment) ERBS (Earth Radiation Budget Satellite) ERS (Earth Resources Satellite) ERS (Environmental Research Satellite) ERTS (Earth Resources Technology Satellites) Etalon Fuyo. See JERS (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) GCOM (Global Change Observing Mission) Geo-IK geodesy geodesy satellites GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat GFO (Geosat Follow-On) GFZ-1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) ICESAT (Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite) Ikonos IRS (Indian Remote Sensing satellite) Jason JERS (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) Lageos (Laser Geodynamics Satellite) Landsat Lewis and Clark Midori. See ADEOS Momo. See MOS MOS (Marine Observation Satellite) Musson. See Geo-IK OGO (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory)
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
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168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
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182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
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216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
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224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
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238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
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346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
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370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
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372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
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374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
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376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
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378 An experimental American space
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380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
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382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
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384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
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386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
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388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
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390 space drive propellants and str
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392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
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394 space sail space sail A device
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396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
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400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
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402 Space Studies Board space stati
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404 Spacehab activities for the dis
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406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
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408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
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410 speed of sound speed of sound T
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412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
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414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
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416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
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418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
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420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
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422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
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424 surveillance satellites milliwa
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426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
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430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
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432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
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434 Thor similar to those on the At
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436 thrust chamber At first glance,
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438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
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440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
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442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
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444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
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446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
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448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
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450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
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UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
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454 umbilical connections for measu
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“V” weapons See article, pages
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458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
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460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
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462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
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464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
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466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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468 as data relays for more than an
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470 visible light visible light Ele
Page 475 and 476: 472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
Page 477 and 478: 474 The first series of manned Russ
Page 479 and 480: 476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
Page 481 and 482: WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
Page 483 and 484: 480 weight these findings to variou
Page 485 and 486: 482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
Page 487 and 488: 484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
Page 489 and 490: 486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
Page 491 and 492: X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
Page 493 and 494: 490 X-33 configuration and renamed
Page 495 and 496: Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
Page 497 and 498: Zarya See International Space Stati
Page 499 and 500: 496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
Page 501 and 502: Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
Page 503 and 504: 500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
Page 505 and 506: 502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
Page 507 and 508: 1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
Page 509 and 510: 506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
Page 511 and 512: 508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
Page 513 and 514: 510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
Page 515 and 516: 512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
Page 517 and 518: 514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
Page 519 and 520: 516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
Page 521 and 522: 518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
Page 523 and 524: Advanced propulsion systems and rel
Page 525: illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
Page 529 and 530: launch pad launch support and hold-
Page 531 and 532: Microgravity and technology experim
Page 533 and 534: special theory of relativity specif
Page 535 and 536: Rocket science and technology after
Page 537 and 538: LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539: hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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