Martin Luther

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MARTIN LUTHER: THE RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARY PROF. M. M. NINAN Martin Luther burning the papal bull that in 1520 condemned his various writings. In 1521 he was called to an assembly at Worms, Germany. appearance to the diet by the Emperor He was given the promise of protection for the On April 17, 1521 Luther appeared before the Diet of Worms in Germany. to appear before Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Luther arrived prepared for another debate; he quickly discovered it was a trial at which he was asked to recant his views. He was to recant his theses that were seen as an attack on the entirety of Christendom before the Emperor. He responded in his defense: “unless I am not convinced by the proofs of scripture and plain and clear rational reasons; I trust neither the Pope nor the councils alone, as it is clear that they have often erred and contradicted themselves, thus I am caught by the passages of holy scripture that I have quoted, overcome in my conscience, and ensnared by the Word of God. Therefore I cannot and will not recant, as acting against one’s conscience is neither safe nor salutary. Here I stand. God help me. I can do no other.” Luther refused to recant, and on January 3, 1521 Pope Leo excommunicated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church. 38
MARTIN LUTHER: THE RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARY PROF. M. M. NINAN The trial that led to the birth of the modern world. Before the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the Diet of Worms in the spring of 1521, as Luther biographer Roland H. Bainton noted, Martin Luther bravely defended his written attacks on orthodox Catholic beliefs and denied the power of Rome to determine what is right and wrong in matters of faith. By holding steadfast to his interpretation of Scripture, Luther provided the impetus for the Reformation, a reform movement that would divide Europe into two regions, one Protestant and one Catholic, and that would set the scene for religious wars that would continue for more than a century, not ending until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. On May 25, the Holy Roman emperor Charles V signed an edict against Luther, ordering his writings to be burned. This was not an easy thing since this would have ended up on his immediate execution as a heretic as soon as the edict against him as a heretic is signed. Eck debated with Luther and his disciple, Andreas Karlstadt, on such topics as papal primacy and the infallibility of church councils. In 1520 Eck visited Rome, where he helped compose the papal bull Exsurge Domine (June 1520), in which Pope Leo X condemned 41 of Luther’s theses and threatened the latter with excommunication. Leo X then commissioned Eck to publish and enforce the new papal bull throughout Germany. 39
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Published Books by Prof.M.M.Ninan w
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Martin Luther

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