LECTURE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3rd EDITION ROBERT G. MORTIMER

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1.4. The Coexistence of Phases and the
Critical Point
Transitions from a gaseous state to a liquid state or
from a liquid state to a solid state, and so forth,
are called phase transitions and the samples of
matter in the different states are called phases.
Such transitions can take place abruptly. This
remarkable behavior is an exception to the
general rule that in nature small changes produce
small effects and large changes produce large
effects. It is an experimental fact that for any pure
substance the pressure at which two phases can
coexist at equilibrium is a smooth function of the
temperature. Equivalently, the temperature is a
smooth function of the pressure.
Figure 1.4 shows schematic curves
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