Private Pesticide Applicator's Training Manual - University of ...

Private Pesticide Applicator’s Training Manual 

In Cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

18.3 Edition

For 

Emergency 

Response or 

Fire Call 

911 

Pesticide Emergency 

Telephone Numbers: 

To report pesticide spills: 

The Minnesota Department of Public Safety, 

Division of Emergency Management (DEM) 

can be reached 24 hours a day. Ask the DEM 

to notify all appropriate state agencies for 

you, including the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture. 

Twin Cities call (651) 649-5451 

Greater Minnesota call 1-800-422-0798 

When you call to report a spill, 

give the following information: 

Your name; 

Where you can be reached; 

Where the spill is; 

Type of pesticide; 

What time the spill occurred; 

The source of the spill; 

How much material was spilled 

(and for how long); 

Whether the material is spreading; and 

Nearby surface water or wells. 

For spills involving large amounts of pesticide, 

highly toxic chemicals, or extensive 

contamination, additional information 

may be obtained by contacting the Pesticide 

Safety Team Network. These experts are 

ready 24 hours a day to give advice on how 

to handle emergencies. 

CHEMTREC at 1-800-424-9300 

Pesticide poisoning: Call the Poison Control 

Center. They can provide quick information 

for treating victims of pesticide poisoning. 

All of Minnesota call 1-800-222-1222

Private Pesticide Applicator’s Training Manual Edition 18.3

Page i 

Private 

Private 

Pesticide esticide Applicator 

Applicator 

Training raining Manual 

Manual 

18.3 Edition

Page ii Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

List of Contributors 

Project Coordinators: 

Dean Herzfeld, Coordinator, Pesticide Safety and Environmental Education 

Emmy Reppe, Professional Education and Conference Planning 

Contributors: 

J. Michael Bennett, Ed. D., Professor Emeritus, University of Minnesota 

Liza Allen, Research Assistant, Department of Rhetoric 

Roger Becker, Extension Agronomy Specialist 

Greg Buzicky, Agronomy and Plant Protection Division, MN Dept. 

of Agriculture 

Beverly Durgan, Extension Agronomy Specialist 

Kathleen Fitzgerald, Science Writer 

Sherri Gahring, Extension Textiles and Apparel Specialist 

Jeff Gunsolus, Extension Agronomy Specialist 

Phil Harein, Extension Entomology Specialist 


Pesticide Safety Programs 

Paul Liemandt, Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

Tom Milton, Forest Products Area Extension Agent 

Lisa Mueller, Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

David Noetzel, Extension Entomology Specialist 

Wanda Olson, Extension Housing Technology Specialist 

Ken Ostlie, Extension Entomology Specialist 

Ward Stienstra, Extension Plant Pathology Specialist 

Mike Wieland, Hennepin County Poison Center 

Jerry Wright, Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist

Technical Review: 

University of Minnesota Extension Service 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

Additional Assistance: 

Rick Hansen, Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

Ruth Marston, Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

Lee Tischler, Minnesota Emergency Response Commission 

Editor: 

Nancy Goodman, Creative Communications 

Cartoonist: 

John Molstad, Studio 31 Graphics, Inc. 

Original Production Team: 

Writer: 

Louise Jones, Extension Fellow 

Editorial Consultant: 

Phyllis Dozier, Instructional Designer 

Production: 

Gene Anderson, Head, Design and Development, EDS 

Don Breneman, Extension Communication Specialist 

Nancy Harvey, Program Coordinator, Ag Core Team 


Jo Losinski, Program Coordinator 

Richard Meronuck, Extension Plant Pathology Specialist 

Kevin Taylor, Graphic Designer 

Appreciation is extended to Dr. Larry Schulze of the University of Nebraska 

for use of their publication Federally Registered Restricted Use Pesticides 

in the Appendix. 

Page iii 

Appreciation is extened to the Minnesota Department of Agriculture for the use of thier publications 

Guidelines for Developing and Maintaining an Incident Response Plan; On Farm Storage of Bulk 

Liquid Fertilizer; and Water Quality Best Management Practicies for Agricultural Herbicides.

Page iv Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

Find more University of Minnesota Extension Service educational information at 

http://www.extension.umn.edu 

on the World Wide Web. 

Printed on recycled paper with minimum 10% postconsumer waste, using agribased inks. 

The information given in this publication is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial 

products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no 

endorsement by the University of Minnesota Extension Service is implied. 

Development and production of this publication was paid for by the Pesticide Applicator Training 

Program, University of Minnesota Extension Service. Printing of this publication was paid for by the 

USEPA Region 5 and the Minnesota Department of Agriculture’s pesticide regulatory account. 

The University, including the University of Minnesota Extension Service, is committed to the policy that 

all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, 

color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, 

veteran status or sexual orientation. 

In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, this material is available in alternative formats 

upon request. 

Copyright © 2004 Regents of the University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Extension Service. 

All rights reserved.

CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION........................................................viii 

Training and Certification .................................................................. viii 

Using this Manual ...............................................................................ix 

Reading and Learning by J. Michael Bennett ....................................................... x 

Part 1. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT........ 1-1 

What Is Integrated Pest Management? .............................................. 1-2 

Control Methods Used in IPM ........................................................... 1-2 

How to Set Up an IPM Program ........................................................ 1-5 

Managing Insects ............................................................................ 1-7 

Managing Plant Diseases .............................................................. 1-11 

Managing Weeds .......................................................................... 1-15 

Managing Vertebrate Pests ............................................................ 1-20 

Summary ..................................................................................... 1-22 

Part 2. PESTICIDE LAWS ..................................... 2-23 

Federal Laws ............................................................................... 2-24 

State Laws ................................................................................... 2-32 

Summary ..................................................................................... 2-37 

Regulatory Agencies ..................................................................... 2-37 

Part 3. THE PESTICIDE LABEL ........................... 3-39 

Why the Pesticide Label Is Important .............................................. 3-40 

Information on the Pesticide Label .................................................. 3-41 

Summary ..................................................................................... 3-45 

Sample Label ............................................................................... 3-46 

Page v

Page vi Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

Part 4. PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS .................. 4-57 

What Is a Pesticide Formulation? ................................................... 4-58 

How to Choose a Formulation ........................................................ 4-58 

Different Types of Formulations...................................................... 4-59 

Combining Different Formulations .................................................. 4-61 

Summary ..................................................................................... 4-62 

Part 5. PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT ....... 5-63 

Pesticides and the Environment ..................................................... 5-64 

Spray Drift .................................................................................... 5-64 

Pesticides and Water Quality ......................................................... 5-68 

Managing Pesticides to Protect Water Quality ................................. 5-71 

Protecting Non-Target Organisms .................................................. 5-74 

Summary ..................................................................................... 5-79 

Part 6. PESTICIDE POISONING ........................... 6-81 

How a Person Can Be Poisoned .................................................... 6-82 

The Toxicity of Pesticides .............................................................. 6-83 

How to Know if Someone Has Been Poisoned ................................. 6-86 

What to Do if Someone Is Poisoned ............................................... 6-86 

Poisoning Prevention ..................................................................... 6-90 

Summary ..................................................................................... 6-90 

How to Make a First-aid Kit ............................................................ 6-91 

Part 7. SAFE HANDLING OF PESTICIDES ......... 7-93 

Protective Clothing ........................................................................ 7-94 

Respiratory Devices ..................................................................... 7-102 

Heat Stress ................................................................................. 7-107 

Mixing and Loading Pesticides.......................................................7-108 

Storing Pesticides ........................................................................ 7-110 

Disposing of Pesticide Wastes .....................................................7-112 

What to Do if There Is a Spill or Fire .............................................. 7-116 

Checklist for Preventing Agricultural Chemical Accidents .................7-121 

Summary .................................................................................... 7-123

Part 8. EQUIPMENT: SELECTING, 

CALIBRATING, CLEANING ................................. 8-125 

Different Ways to Apply Pesticides ................................................ 8-126 

Types of Application Equipment ..................................................... 8-126 

Parts of a Sprayer ........................................................................ 8-131 

Calibrating Equipment .................................................................. 8-136 

Maintaining and Cleaning Pesticide Equipment ............................... 8-140 

Summary .................................................................................... 8-142 

Part 9. CHEMIGATION ....................................... 9-143 

What Is Chemigation .................................................................... 9-144 

Advantages, Limitations and Risks ................................................ 9-145 

To Chemigate or Not to Chemigate ................................................ 9-146 

Irrigation Systems ........................................................................ 9-148 

Chemigation Equipment ............................................................... 9-149 

Injection Equipment ...................................................................... 9-150 

Required Antipollution Devices ...................................................... 9-151 

Calibration ................................................................................... 9-156 

Summary .................................................................................... 9-157 

For More Information .................................................................... 9-160 

APPENDICES ....................................................... A-161 

Appendix A: Pesticide Toxicities................................................... A-163 

Appendix B:Glossary.................................................................. A-167 

Appendix C:Insecticide and Herbicide Chemical Families ................. A-173 

Appendix D: Factsheets................................................................. A-179 

Guidelines for Developing and Maintaining 

an Incident Response Plan........................................................A-181 

On Farm Storage of Bulk Liquid Fertilizer.......................................A-183 

Transporting Pesticides Requiring Placarding / Security Plans.....A-184 

Federally Registered Restricted Use Pesticides............................A-186 

Water Quality Best Management Practices for 

Agricultural Herbicides..........................................................................A-196 

��

Page viii Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

INTRODUCTION 

This manual is a guide for private pesticide applicators—farmers, 

producers, and others who apply pesticides on their own land or on land 

that they rent for production of an agricultural commodity. 1 This manual 

is meant to be used as a training aid for private applicators who wish to be 

certified to apply restricted use pesticides. However, all pesticide 

applicators should be familiar with the information in this manual in order 

to handle and apply all pesticides in a safe and efficient manner. 

This manual is not an endorsement of pesticides as opposed to alternative 

methods of pest control. Indeed, pesticides should be used as part of an 

Integrated Pest Management program that considers nonpesticide control 

strategies. It’s in everyone’s interest to avoid all unnecessary pesticide 

use. If you use pesticides, it is essential to know how to use them safely, 

legally, and effectively. That is the purpose of this manual. 

Pesticides are used because they can be effective, efficient, and 

economical. In many cases, properly used pesticides can provide more 

consistent control with less labor and lower costs. The important thing is 

to use them properly. Not only is it uneconomical to use pesticides 

improperly, but their misuse has caused public concern about the effects of 

pesticides on health and the environment. Knowing how to use pesticides 

properly can help you protect yourself, your neighbor, the environment and 

the public. 

Training and Certification 

In 1972 Congress enacted the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act 

(FEPCA) as a significant amendment to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, 

and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1947. The law contained a number of new 

provisions designed “to improve the control of pesticide use in terms of the 

environment and mankind while at the same time recognizing the need 

for ready availability of these vital tools.” Implementation of the Act 

became the responsibility of the newly created U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA). 

As a result of the federal mandate, Minnesota developed a statewide 

program that provides for the training and certification of pesticide 

applicators. Responsibility for training lies with the Minnesota Extension 

Service and certification is the responsibility of the Minnesota 

Department of Agriculture. You must be certified before you can purchase 

or apply a restricted use pesticide. 

The “restricted use” classification has been and will continue to be an 

alternative to cancellation. Among the new provisions were those that 

mandated that the EPA must classify all pesticide products as either 

“general use” or “restricted use” and that “restricted use” products may be 

used only by certified applicators. A product is designated as “restricted 

use” by the EPA when it is felt that it “may generally cause, without 

additional regulatory restrictions, unreasonable adverse effects on the 

environment, including injury to the applicator.” The certification program 

is designed to teach applicators to properly handle and apply restricted use

products in a safe and efficient manner. 

Further information about FIFRA and other pesticide laws and regulations 

can be found in Part 2—Pesticide Laws. 

Even if you don’t intend to use restricted use products, you are encouraged 

to participate in the training and certification process. The training 

provides information on proper application procedures and safety 

precautions for handling pesticides. You will also learn about the effects of 

pesticides on the environment and how to eliminate unnecessary 

pesticide use. Many problems of current public concern can be 

substantially reduced if applicators participate in available educational 

programs. 

Using this Manual 

This manual is divided into nine parts. Each part begins with key 

questions about the material to be covered in that part and ends with a 

summary of the main points. 

Difficult and unfamiliar words are explained as much as possible in the 

text. There is also a glossary in Appendix D, containing a list of commonlyused 

words and their definitions. Appendices A through C and E contain 

tables and lists referred to in the text. 

There are a number of things that pesticide applicators can do to protect 

themselves and the environment: 

n Use Integrated Pest Management to avoid unnecessary and 

uneconomical pesticide use. 

n Follow laws, regulations and pesticide label directions. 

n Know how pesticides can harm wildlife, contaminate groundwater, and 

affect human health. 

n Follow safety precautions for handling, storing, and disposing of 

pesticides, spray solutions, and pesticide containers. 

n Use pesticides in a way that minimizes the production of waste 

materials. 

n Wear protective clothing and follow laundering guidelines. 

n Use proper application equipment that is regularly calibrated and 

cleaned. 

This manual provides information on all these subjects. 

1 Other manuals and training materials are available for commercial and 

noncommercial pesticide applicators in Minnesota. 

Page ix

Page x Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

Reading and Learning by J. Michael Bennett 

The poet William Wordsworth has observed, “The eye—it cannot chose but 

see; we cannot bid the ear be still ...” We can, and do, see and listen 

selectively. For instance, we see all the cars we pass on the freeway each 

morning, but we would be hard put to remember their makes and the order 

in which we saw them. This is because we see them with out eyes, but not 

with our minds. We don’t think about what kind of cars we see. We look at 

them for the purpose of avoiding contact with them, not to identify brands 

and memorize order of appearance. We could identify and memorize each 

individual car if we needed to do so, but the complicated and intricate job of 

negotiating the highways is not aided by mental activity of that nature. In 

fact, to do so would not only be unnecessary but would distract us from our 

main goal. Consequently, we carefully notice and evaluate the appearance 

and importance of only those cars that appear to be significant in some 

way to our primary goal, which is to arrive at our destination safely and on 

time. In other words, we see individual cars and traffic in general with our 

eyes, but our minds react only to the ones that have meaning for our 

specific task. 

So it is with words. We do not need them all to see clearly the message an 

author intends. It is probably true, in fact, that over half of an Englishlanguage 

narrative is grammatical, not ideational. In other words, over half 

the words do not convey or impart knowledge; rather, they render the 

English “proper,” per our expectations, and provides the gestalt for the 

words and phrases that do carry meaning. We speak especially of phrases 

because notable ideas and concepts are rarely represented by a single 

word, although minutiae frequently are. 

So we are faced with an interesting and challenging situation in that we 

are asked to read not words — as we have quite naturally done for all our 

educated lives — but thoughts. We are to think about the author’s thoughts 

and not the words he or she arbitrarily chose to express those thoughts, on 

that particular day. How do we begin to do this essential task? There are 

four major steps to take in order to efficiently and effectively read this 

Private Pesticide Applicator’s Training Manual. 

Step One: 

Eliminate the Bad Givens and Employ the Good Givens 

The first step is to avoid the bad habits of stopping unnecessarily on big 

words; going back over words you saw perfectly well the first time you read 

them; and, “saying” all the words with your lips, your larynx, and/or your 

mind. 

By eliminating polysyllabic-word-fixation, habitual regression, and 

vocalization, you take half a stride. 

You finish this giant step toward Efficient Reading by thoughtfully setting a 

purpose for your reading, pushing yourself along, (challenging yourself to go 

faster) and by concentrating solely on your reading job by establishing a 

personal task-oriented resolve, and by using the titles and sub-titles as 

locators for your thoughts. At this point, you are able to tap your enormous 

mental potential — to read rapidly and accurately, understand what you 

read, and remember it as long as you need to do so.

Step Two: 

Anticipate the Author’s Thoughts 

The second step toward efficiently reading this publication involves 

making a strong mental effort to ascertain the author’s thoughts. Try to 

anticipate the direction of the chapter or section. Try to guess what will or 

can or should come next. The ability to do this is innate in most adults, 

and we do it involuntarily to some degree because it is a natural function 

of the active mind. You are now asked to capitalize on your native capacity 

and your experience for anticipation and participation and, further, to 

consciously attempt expansion and refinement of your ability to employ 

this mental phenomenon which we call “Language Expectancy.” 

It is believed that underdeveloped Language Expectancy explains in large 

measure the inability of some youngsters, to master certain aspects of 

efficient reading. Adults tend to do much better in this area, probably 

because their vocabularies are broader and deeper, and their experiential 

backgrounds are far richer. The important thing here is to know that you 

can be an active participant with the writer of the text if you let yourself 

be, and that to do so pays many dividends to the reader. 

The thinking process is the same for all human beings. It should not be 

surprising, therefore, that good writers express their thoughts in such a 

manner that good readers can go right with them. You must develop the 

skill and the confidence to anticipate printed thoughts in the same 

manner as you do spoken thoughts. It is just as natural to do this when 

reading as when listening, much easier in reading to confirm of reject 

assumptions, and just as exciting to reach conclusions. The results, as 

measured by reading comprehension and speed, will make your labor 

worthwhile. Try hard not to remain aloof from the print. Go along with the 

flow by thinking and anticipating — in a word, by participating. 

Step Three: 

Practice Rhythmic Perusal 

The third step, like steps one and two above, is also a combination of 

physical, mental, and psychological factors. This step is a specific reading 

style called Rhythmic Perusal. The term Rhythmic Perusal refers to an 

ordered recurrence of eye movements conducive to careful examination 

and consideration, while at the same time doubling or tripling your 

“normal” reading speed and your long-term memory. 

Rhythmic perusal is not an especially radical form of reading, nor is it an 

extreme departure from standard reading practices. It is, however, 

sufficiently different to warrant special attention. The lessons learned up 

to this point must be consistently and rigorously executed to make 

Rhythmic Perusal work. The critical difference between Rhythmic Perusal 

and “normal” reading has to do with eye movements. 

The average adult reader, for instance, fixates on almost every word. 

Consequently, the eyes move across the line in jerky little movements 

called saccades. This more or less natural habit is tiring, a waste of time, 

and unnecessary because all words do not have equal importance. 

Therefore, the efficient reader will want to develop proficiency in thinking 

selectively. That is, in processing words in different ways because of the 

importance of certain words in conveying meanings the author intended. 

Page xi

Page xii Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

The following are the steps to take when practicing Rhythmic Perusal: 

A. Review in your mind the common good and bad reading habits and their 

relationship to your reading skills. 

B. Read and think about the title of the reading selection you are about to 

begin. 

C. Move your eyes smoothly and rapidly across each line in a left-to-right 

progression. However, attempt to traverse each line in one movement. 

Smooth is the same thing for all of us; rapid will vary from person to 

person. Do not allow your eyes to fixate on each word — just keep 

moving. When you make the return sweep to the next line, do it very 

quickly. Then begin a smooth and rapid examination of the next line, 

and so on, until you are finished. That is Rhythmic Perusal. 

D. Practice moving your eyes across the tops of the words; not quite 

between the lines, but across more of the top than the center or bottom. 

It is an interesting oddity that most English-language sentences can be 

comprehended even if you can see only the top half of the letters. You 

needn’t go quite that far (at first), but by focusing on the upper half of the 

sentence, you can resist fixations and increase your reading rate. Also, 

you can avoid giving undue attention to minutiae and unnecessary 

words and, as a result, increase your reading comprehension of thoughts 

and ideas. 

E. Don’t worship words. Read for thoughts, not for words. THINK AHEAD OF 

THE PRINT. Notice phrases and word groups (ideas), and keep your mind 

alert. The word is not the thing, not the idea you are reading for; it is 

just one of many options for expressing the thoughts and ideas of the 

writer. 

F. Look at each word as you rhythmically scan each line — See phrases, 

word groups, and notable words— Think with the writer about ideas and 

topic development. 

With practice, and with the confidence that results from practice, you will 

learn to rely heavily on Rhythmic Perusal as your “workhorse” reading 

style. This is the safe one! There is not much selectivity going on because 

you are not asked to skip any print or leave anything out. Other styles may 

demand this of you, but Rhythmic Perusal is careful and sure. It is not 

slow, however. The benchmark speed is 500 words per minute. That is two 

or three times the national average for bright, highly motivated people. As 

such, it allows you to finish almost any time intensive timed task, such as 

the major standardized tests used for admissions or promotions. Rhythmic 

Perusal will also allow you to read and study the Private Pesticide 

Applicator’s Manual in a relatively short period of time. 

As the learner knows, the adult mind responds to rapidity. And, to get 

better at any sport, any job, and any social activity such as conversation, or 

dancing, you must challenge yourself to do better, and of course you must 

practice meeting that challenge. Practice really does make perfect. Within 

limits, you will comprehend better and read faster if you push yourself 

along (if you are not daydreaming, fixating, and/or regressing) when you 

are reading. The principal reasons for this happy fact are part and parcel of 

the preceding discussion; no single point, however, is more significant 

than an understanding of “thought speed.”

By thought speed, we mean the speed at which the mind automatically 

functions. This rate of thought varies between persons and, indeed, within 

each of us depending on such factors as interest, prior knowledge, 

importance of the material being processed, and even physical health. 

Rarely, though, will thought speed be less than 500 words per minute in a 

narrative treatment of any subject. And, since adults do not need to 

process each word individually (as do children), a reading rate well below 

one’s thought rate is an open invitation to daydreaming, inadequate 

comprehension, and poor retention. The goal, therefore, is to process 

printed material, that is, to read, at a speed equal to one’s ability to 

understand the thoughts and ideas of the material. And, that’s somewhere 

between 300 and 600 words per minute. 

Read directions, formulas, and (especially) poetry word-by-word. For the rest 

of your life, however, read literature, exposition, and extremely difficult or 

important documents in Rhythmic Perusal, following the six procedures 

described above. 

The new Private Pesticide Applicator’s Training Manual has many 

directions, certain formulas, and a good bit of “scientific talk.” Will 

Rhythmic Perusal prove helpful in this book, and for your purposes? Very 

much so, and for two reasons. 

1) Over half of this book is written in a narrative (story) style. The thoughts 

may be “bulleted,” or numbered, but they tell a complete tale as you 

progress through the manual. Perfect for Rhythmic Perusal. 

2) In the parts which require contemplation and/or memorization, you 

should read the whole part or section in Rhythmic Perusal because 

doing so will give you an excellent feeling for the topic or subject as a 

whole. First reading difficult, picky, specific, “study” type materials in 

the Rhythmic Perusal style works as a powerful preview and “advanced 

organizer” for your study/memorizing reading the second time through. 

And, it takes less time, and results in better understanding and better 

retention of the facts, to smoothly read the words — that is, the writers 

thoughts, feelings, and ideas — using the Rhythmic Perusal approach 

followed by your favorite “study reading” approach, than it does to study it 

twice. 

Please try these suggestions. They are the product of much good research, 

and they have stood the test of time. 

J. Michael Bennett, Ed.D. 

Professor Emeritus 

Department of Rhetoric 

The University of Minnesota 

Page xiii

Page xiv Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

Integrated Pest Management Page 1-1 

Part 1: 

Integrated Pest 

Management 

What’s in this Chapter: 

What Is Integrated Pest Management? 

Control Methods Used in IPM 

Cultural Control 

Biological Control 

Mechanical and Physical Controls 

Chemical Control 

Legal Control 

How to Set Up an IPM Program 

Identify Problems 

Select Tactics 

Economic Factors: Know When It Pays to Use a Pesticide 

Evaluate Your IPM Program 

Managing Insects 

How Insects Grow and Reproduce 

When Is an Insect a Pest? 

Identifying Insect Pests 

Control Measures for Insects 

Managing Plant Diseases 

Symptoms of Plant Diseases 

Identifying Plant Diseases 

Control Measures for Plant Diseases 

Managing Weeds 

What Is a Weed? 

How Weeds Grow and Reproduce 

Control Methods for Weeds 

Managing Vertebrate Pests 

When Is a Vertebrate a Pest? 

Identifying the Problem 

Selecting Control Tactics

Page 1-2 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

Key Questions About Integrated Pest 

Management (IPM) 

n What are the benefits of IPM? 

n How would you start an Integrated Pest Management program on your 

farm? 

n How do you decide if a pesticide is economical to use or not? 

n How is managing a plant disease different from managing weeds? 

from managing insects? 

What Is Integrated Pest 

Management? 

Pesticides alone will not solve the problem of controlling pests. In fact, 

the widespread use of pesticides has created new problems, including 

damage to the environment, hazards to human health, and increased 

resistance of pests to some pesticides. 

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been developed as a way to 

control pests without relying solely on pesticides. IPM is a systematic 

plan which brings together different pest control tactics into one 

program. With IPM, a farmer uses pesticides as one tool in an overall 

pest control program. 

To better understand the concepts of IPM, let’s look at what each of the 

words in the term Integrated Pest Management means: 

Integrated: a focus on interactions of pests, crops, control methods, and 

the environment rather than on individual weeds, insects, or diseases. 

This approach considers all available tactics and how they fit in with 

other agricultural practices. 

Pest: a species that conflicts with our profit, health, or convenience. If a 

species does not exist in numbers that seriously affect these factors, it 

is not considered a pest. 

Management: a way to keep pests below the levels where they can cause 

economic damage. Management does not mean eradicating pests. It 

means finding tactics that are both effective and economical and that 

keep environmental damage to a minimum. 

Control Methods Used in IPM 

IPM methods include cultural, biological, mechanical, chemical, and 

legal controls. None of these alone can solve all problems. Each has 

benefits and drawbacks. For example, tillage helps in weed, disease, and 

insect control, but can also result in soil erosion. The purpose of IPM is 

to help you make decisions based on careful consideration of costs, 

risks, and benefits.

Cultural Control 


Many practices used in producing crops can also help reduce pest 

problems. Here are some examples: 

Tillage buries crop residues containing insects, diseases, and weed 

seeds, and disrupts root systems of perennial weeds. Drawbacks: 

stimulates weed seed germination; can cause soil erosion. 

Mulching with plastics or straw controls weeds. Drawback: high cost of 

equipment and labor. 

Burning crop residues reduces diseases. Drawbacks: reduces soil cover, 

which may lead to soil erosion; air pollution. 

Resistant varieties have characteristics that protect them from 

diseases or insects. Example: a chemical produced in young corn plants 

gives them resistance to the European corn borer. Drawback: new 

strains of diseases or insects may develop the ability to attack the 

variety. 

Tolerant varieties have the ability to produce a yield despite attack or 

injury from insects or diseases. Example: corn varieties that can regrow 

roots after a corn rootworm attack. 

Crop rotation means growing different crops in sequence to provide 

better weed and insect control, reduce levels of disease (especially those 

that survive on crop residue), and improve fertility. Example: rotating 

corn with soybeans to control corn rootworm. 

Altering planting or harvest dates can reduce the impact of pests. 

Examples: late planting to avoid sunflower midge; cutting alfalfa early 

during alfalfa weevil infestations. Drawback: possible reduced yields and 

quality. 

Controlling alternative hosts means controlling weeds and crops that 

harbor pests. Example: weedy grasses in corn attract egg-laying 

armyworms, stalk borers, and hopvine borers. Drawback: many of these 

alternative hosts also support natural enemies of the pests. 

Sound agronomic practices that promote vigorous crop growth reduce 

risk of injury and increase the crop’s ability to withstand pests. 

Biological Control 

Another method of controlling pests is to use the pest’s natural 

enemies. In general, there are four types of natural enemies: predators, 

parasitoids, diseases, and herbivores. 

Predators feed on insects. Example: seven-spotted ladybird beetles kill 

aphid pests of small grains and alfalfa. 

Parasitoids are wasps or flies that lay their eggs on insect hosts; the 

young kill the host as they develop. Example: the wasp Macrocentrus 

grandii lays its eggs on the European corn borer. 

Diseases that attack insects often occur in epidemics, killing off large 

numbers of insect pests. Example: the fungus Beauveria bassiana can 

cause local populations of European corn borers to die off. 

Herbivores are insects that feed on weeds. Example: the weevil 

Rhyncocyllus has been introduced to feed on musk thistle seeds.


Strategies using biological control include: 

n Create a welcoming environment for natural enemies. Examples: 

strip harvesting alfalfa to allow natural enemies to stabilize; avoiding 

pesticides, if possible, to preserve insect predators and parasitoids. 

n Release natural enemies into the environment. Some are released 

like an insecticide but are more selective in their action. Examples: 

the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, available locally, is very effective 

against the European corn borer; the parasitic wasp Trichogramma 

attacks European corn borer eggs and can be applied by air on certain 

high-value crops like peppers and sweet corn. 

Mechanical and Physical Controls 

Devices and machines can be used to control pests or to alter their 

environment. Mechanical or physical controls include: 

n Traps for rats, mice, gophers, and birds. 

n Light to attract or repel pests; bug zappers. 

n Sound to kill, attract, or repel pests. 

n Barriers such as screens in homes and livestock shelters. 

n Radiation to sterilize or kill pests. 

n Cold or heat to kill pests. Example: cooling down grain bins over the 

winter stops activity of grain-infesting insects and molds. 

Chemical Control 

Despite concern over their use, pesticides are still important in many 

IPM programs. Problems arise when people rely too much on pesticides. 

IPM seeks to restore balance so that pesticides are used only when they 

are really needed. 

Be aware of the possible benefits and risks of using pesticides. Then you 

can wisely select when, where, and how to use pesticides to your best 

advantage in an IPM program. 

Benefits of pesticides: 

n Effective and reliable against a wide variety of pests. 

n Quick acting—when a problem reaches economically damaging 

proportions, pesticides can provide a rapid cure. 

n Economical when used properly. 

n Easy to use. 

n Easily tested—for new pests, it is easier to test and incorporate 

pesticides in a control program than to develop resistant varieties or 

import natural enemies. 

Risks of pesticides: 

n Pest may develop resistance to the pesticide.

n Injury to applicator and others. 


n Impacts on nontarget organisms, including natural enemies of pests, 

pollinators, wildlife, and plants. 

n Environmental contamination, such as residues in food and water. 

n Safety hazards in production, transportation, and storage. 

Legal Control 

Actions can be taken under federal, state, or local laws to slow or stop 

the spread of certain plant pests, especially those that are brought in 

from other areas. These actions include quarantine, inspections, 

compulsory crop or product destruction, and eradication of pests. 

Example: legal controls against the Mediterranean fruit fly have 

included insect eradication programs and quarantine and embargoes on 

affected fruit. 

How to Set Up an IPM Program 

Planning is at the heart of an IPM program. Every crop has pests that 

need to be considered. If you wait until problems arise during a growing 

season, you’ll end up relying on pesticides more and more. 

A good Integrated Pest Management program has four parts: 1) 

identifying problems; 2) selecting tactics; 3) considering economic and 

environmental factors; and 4) evaluating the program. 

Identify Problems 

You have to know what’s happening in your fields before you can make 

good management decisions. You should scout your crops often and on a 

regular basis to identify problems. Scouting is, in fact, the key feature 

of any IPM program. By scouting, you will be able to detect potential 

problems early. The earlier you discover a problem, the better your 

chances are of avoiding economic losses. 

To scout effectively, you have to: 

Know the crop’s growth characteristics to recognize abnormal or 

damaged plants. 

Identify the cause of the problem to know what kind of pest you are 

dealing with. If you encounter something you cannot identify, contact 

your county extension educator. 

Determine the stage of growth of the pest and the crop. This is 

essential for proper timing of control methods. 

Decide whether the infestation is increasing or decreasing. 

Assess the condition of the crop. 

Map out problem areas. It may be possible to limit the area that needs 

treatment. 

Use the right scouting method for the specific pest.


Select Tactics 

Once you’ve identified the problem, you should consider how to control 

it. Your goal in selecting control tactics is to use methods that are 

effective, practical, economical, and environmentally sound. To select 

the best control tactics, you have to: 

Understand the life cycle and habits of the pest. Some control methods 

will work only if they are used at the right time. 

Decide whether the infestation is serious in terms of economic loss. 

Compare the costs and benefits of various control methods. 

Make plans for the future. Not every part of an IPM program can be put 

into effect immediately. Some tactics, such as planting resistant 

varieties or rotating crops, require long-range planning. 

Consider Economic Factors: 

Know When It Pays to Use a Pesticide 

Despite efforts to avoid using chemicals, there are times when only 

pesticides can control the damage. Even so, it may not pay to use them. 

Pesticides should be used in an IPM program only when the benefits 

(yield, quality, aesthetic value) exceed the costs of control. Otherwise 

time and money are wasted. 

It’s not easy to figure out when it pays to use pesticides. There are 

many variables: the pest population, variety, crop growth stage, value of 

the crop, weather, and cost of the control. The following economic 

concepts are helpful in determining the point at which it pays to use 

pesticides: 

Economic damage (ED) occurs when the cost of preventable crop 

damage exceeds the cost of control. For example, if corn is worth $2.00 a 

bushel and an insecticide costs $14.00 an acre, then economic damage 

occurs when insect damage causes a yield loss of seven or more bushels 

an acre. 

Economic injury level (EIL) is the lowest pest population that will 

cause economic damage. For many pests it is important to use control 

measures before this level is reached. 

Economic threshold (ET) is the pest population level at which a control 

tactic should be started to keep the pest population from reaching the 

EIL. (The ET is also called the action threshold.) Economic thresholds 

have been established for a number of crop/pest systems, in particular 

those involving insects. This information is available from the 

University of Minnesota Extension Service. It has been harder to 

develop economic thresholds for weeds and diseases, but research is 

being done to develop ETs for these systems. 

Evaluate Your IPM Program 

Evaluation means deciding how effective a program is and whether any 

changes are needed. To evaluate an IPM program, you should: 

Monitor your fields and keep records. Each time you visit your fields, 

make a note of crop and pest conditions—record crop yields and quality 

and record any counts on pest populations.


Record control measures. Records should include dates, weather 

conditions, pest levels, application rates and timing, and costs. Good 

records are a guide if the same problem occurs. They are also a good 

legal safeguard. 

Compare effectiveness. Whatever control tactics are chosen, use a 

different method on some strips. That way you can compare them; 

which worked better, taking into account costs and environmental 

impacts? 

Managing Insects 

There are more insects in the world than any other animal. More than 

one million species have been identified. Of these, less than 10,000 

species can be considered pests, and very few of them are serious 

agricultural pests. Many insects are 

important as scavengers, predators, 

parasites, and plant pollinators. 

How Insects Grow and 

Reproduce 

Before trying to control insect pests, you need to 

understand how they grow and reproduce. Knowing pest 

life cycles and development allows you to plan when to 

scout fields and when to apply control measures. 

Insects grow through a process of change called 

metamorphosis. Insects have an external skeleton 

(exoskeleton). They can only grow in steps by shedding 

their old exoskeleton and forming a new, larger one. 

This process is called molting. Stages between molts are 

called instars. Some insects, like grasshoppers and 

leafhoppers, change gradually. Their eggs hatch into nymphs, 

which look like the adults except that they are sexually immature and 

lack wings. Other insects, like beetles, moths, and butterflies, undergo 

a drastic change in body form—from eggs to larvae to the adult form. In 

different stages, the insect’s habitat and food sources may change 

completely. For example, corn rootworm larvae feed on corn roots in the 

soil, but the adults feed on corn silks and the pollen of many plants. 

Temperature has a direct effect on the growth and development of 

insects. Each species has a temperature range in which it develops. 

Within this range, the higher the temperature, the faster the insect 

develops and grows. But at very low or very high temperatures, insect 

development stops. The insect may die, or may resume development 

when the temperature returns to its normal range. Knowing the 

temperature ranges of an insect can help you predict pest development, 

so you will know the best time to scout and to use control measures. 

Some insects overwinter in Minnesota by suspending development and 

entering a resting state called diapause. Insects can diapause in any 

stage but it is most common in egg and larval stages. Some insects 

cannot overwinter in Minnesota. They migrate to the south and return 

to Minnesota each spring and summer.


In the adult stage, insects have three main functions: to reproduce, to 

spread to new areas, and to search out homes for their offspring. 

Reproduction. To find a mate, some insects use chemical cues 

released from a prospective mate or from a host plant or animal. A 

chemical released to attract a mate is called a pheromone. Insects have 

amazing reproductive capacities. One female may lay anywhere from a 

few to several thousand eggs in her lifetime. For example, the western 

corn rootworm lays from 500 to 1,500 eggs. In addition, some species 

produce two or more generations in one season. 

Spreading to new areas. Wings enable adult insects to move to new 

habitats, an important ingredient in the survival of the species. The 

distance each species can travel ranges from a few feet to thousands of 

miles. For example, a female gypsy moth cannot fly at all, European corn 

borer and corn rootworm beetles can fly several miles, and monarch 

butterflies migrate to Mexico and back to Minnesota. 

Selecting a site for laying eggs is perhaps the most important thing a 

female insect does. Young nymphs or larvae cannot move very far, so 

where the female chooses to lay eggs determines whether the offspring 

will survive. Female insects use all their senses—sight, smell, taste, 

and touch—to pick the right spot. 

Limits on reproduction. Despite their amazing capacity to reproduce, 

insect populations are usually kept in check by such limiting factors as 

weather, natural enemies, and relative lack of food. Major pest 

outbreaks occur when the balance between the limiting factors and the 

insect’s reproductive capacity shifts in favor of the insect. One of the 

ways this imbalance occurs is when humans create specialized 

environments, such as farms and lawns. When we confine livestock or 

plant large acreages of single crops, we create settings favorable to 

some insects and at the same time reduce or eliminate those insects’ 

natural enemies. 

When Is an Insect a Pest? 

Insects are considered pests when they cause economic or aesthetic 

losses or when they create inconvenience, annoyance, or health 

problems. Before using control measures, you need to know whether the 

insect really is a pest and whether the damage it causes is serious 

enough to justify control tactics. Unfortunately, people often try to 

control insects because the damage is easy to see, not because of the 

economic impact. For example, insects that feed on leaves, like the 

Colorado potato beetle, sunflower beetle, and green cloverworm, are 

often unnecessarily treated with insecticide because the damage is so 

visible. 

Insects can cause injury to plants, animals, and humans in a variety of 

ways: 

Plants. Insects injure plants by reducing the yield or quality of crops or 

the beauty and economic value of horticultural crops. Insect injury to 

plants includes: 

n Chewing on leaves, fruits, seed, and roots. 

n Tunneling in stems, leaves, or roots. 

n Sucking plant juices from leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and flowers.

n Initiating galls or other plant malformations. 

n Spreading plant diseases. 


Even after plants are harvested, insects can cause further losses by: 

n Feeding on stored products. 

n Contaminating raw or processed agricultural commodities. 

Animals. Important injury to livestock and pets occurs when insects: 

n Chew skin, fur, or feathers. 

n Suck blood. 

n Invade body tissues. 

n Annoy or irritate. 

n Transmit diseases. 

Humans. Insects pose health risks to humans by transmitting disease. 

Insects are also considered pests if they interfere with our daily 

activities or offend our aesthetic values. 

Identifying Insect Pests 

An effective IPM program begins with identifying the problem. This 

means knowing your crop or livestock pests and scouting fields. 

Know key pests. There’s no substitute for knowing the enemies that 

crops and livestock face. Certain insect problems are predictable for 

each crop and livestock species in your area. These insects are called 

“key pests.” Learning about their life cycles, identification, injury 

symptoms, and management is the foundation of your IPM program. 

This knowledge will also allow you to recognize unusual situations that 

require further attention. 

Scout fields. Because insects can reproduce so rapidly, it is essential to 

detect insect infestations promptly. Know which insect problem you’re 

facing and how severe it is or may become. You can only do this by 

scouting your fields on a regular basis. Some insects can be monitored 

by using pheromones in traps, for example, black cutworms. 

Control Measures for Insects 

Most of the tactics for managing insects require planning. The goal is to 

avoid or minimize insect outbreaks. Unfortunately, even with planning, 

some insect outbreaks may require short-term rescue tactics, such as 

early harvest or insecticides. But these short-term tactics also require 

planning because, with insects, timing is so important. 

Cultural control methods 

Sanitation removes existing infestations or the resources needed for a 

pest buildup. Examples: cleaning grain bins and the surrounding area of 

infested grain and grain debris; removing manure breeding sites for 

filth flies. 

Tillage directly affects survival of insects that live in soil or crop debris. 

Indirectly it influences how attractive and suitable the environment is


to insects. Example: reduced tillage systems suffer more frequent and 

severe damage from black cutworms. 

Resistant varieties are a low-cost, highly effective control that has 

minimal impact on the environment. Some varieties may prevent a 

pest from becoming established or may kill it (Example: young corn 

contains a chemical that prohibits the European corn borer from 

feeding). Some varieties may be less attractive than others to insects 

(Example: slower-growing varieties suffer less damage from firstgeneration 

European corn borers if they are near faster-growing 

varieties). Some varieties may tolerate injury and still yield well 

(Example: differences among varieties in strength of corn stalks or ear 

shanks can affect losses from second- and third-generation European 

corn borers). 

Crop rotation makes it harder for a pest to know when or where a crop 

will appear. This strategy is very effective against pests that overwinter 

as eggs or larvae and against pests that have limited ability to disperse 

(Example: crop rotation is extremely effective against corn rootworms 

that overwinter as eggs). Crop rotation is useless against insects that 

disperse readily during the growing season, such as potato leafhoppers, 

armyworms, or European corn borers. 

Biological control methods 

Protecting natural enemies of insect pests by avoiding unnecessary 

insecticide use, targeting insecticides, and using selective 

insecticides. Example: thiodicarb (Larvin) is effective against various 

defoliating caterpillars of soybean but does not affect many of the 

caterpillar’s natural enemies. 

Using natural enemies or their products the same way you would use 

an insecticide. Example: the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produces a 

toxin which in one strain is effective only against caterpillars, while 

another strain is effective only against mosquitoes and black flies. 

Releasing natural enemies from other areas. This is a tactic that is 

used by entomologists (scientists who study insects). Most of the insect 

pests in this country were introduced from other areas, but not always 

with their natural enemies. Entomologists search the areas of origin for 

natural enemies that can be released successfully in the U.S. and that 

can be controlled here. Example: natural enemies have been introduced 

into Minnesota to help control alfalfa weevil and European corn borer. 

Mechanical and physical control methods 

These methods, which include cold or heat to kill insects or slow down 

activity, screens to keep insects out, and bug zappers that attract and 

kill insects, are not effective for crop pests; however they are widely 

used against insect pests of livestock and stored grain and for nuisance 

pests around the home. 

Chemical control 

Insecticides are the main type of chemical used in insect control. Other 

chemical control measures include use of pheromones, insect growth 

regulators, and sterilants. These are sometimes thought of as biological 

controls, because they are related to the natural biology of the insect.


The advantages and disadvantages of insecticides were discussed in the 

first part of this section on Integrated Pest Management. Despite their 

drawbacks, insecticides are often the only option available when insect 

outbreaks threaten economic losses. Remember, though, that scouting 

and using economic thresholds will help avoid unnecessary yield loss 

and unnecessary insecticide use. 

Information about specific insecticides and their use can be found in these University of 

Minnesota Extension Service publications: AG-BU-0500 Insecticide Suggestions to 

Control Insect Pests of Field Crops; and AG-BU-0499 Insecticides. 

Managing Plant Diseases 

A plant disease is an abnormal condition that affects the structure or 

function of a plant. A diseased plant may be shorter or have fewer 

leaves than normal; it may not produce flowers or fruit; it may wilt and 

die prematurely. Unlike an injury, which occurs instantly, a disease is 

a process. It is caused by a disease-producing agent and is harmful in 

some way, even though the harm may not always be detected 

immediately. 

The three steps in managing plant diseases are: 1) detecting symptoms 

of the disease, 2) identifying the cause of the disease, and 3) using 

appropriate control measures. 

Symptoms of Plant Diseases 

The first step in controlling plant disease is to examine your crops for 

symptoms of disease. There are five types of plant disease symptoms: 

Necrosis is the death of cells or entire portions of the plant. Necrotic 

tissue is usually discolored, often appearing brown or black. There may 

be extensive decay (Examples: dry rots, soft rots, brown rots, white rots), 

or only small areas may be affected (Examples: leaf spots, fruit spots, 

blotches, scabs, stripes, streaks). 

Overdeveloped tissue includes galls, clubroot, leaf curls, and warts. 

Underdeveloped tissue includes stunting, dwarfing, and some 

malformations. 

Discoloration of tissue, is usually due to a lack of chlorophyll, unless it 

is the discoloring that results from necrosis. The usual symptom is 

yellowing (chlorosis) of normally green tissue, but sometimes there may 

be a red discoloration. Chlorosis is an early symptom of many diseases. 

Wilt is the loss of rigidity and drooping of plant parts. Wilt may be due to 

low soil moisture, necrosis of the roots or stems, or a disease agent 

plugging the plant’s water transport tissue. 

Plant diseases are often classified according to symptoms, for example: 

blights, mildews, rots, or mosaics.


Identifying Plant Diseases 

The symptoms described above can be caused by several different 

diseases. The next step is to identify the cause of the symptoms. There 

are two parts to this process: 1) determining if the disease is parasitic 

or nonparasitic, and 2) identifying the specific cause. 

Parasitic and nonparasitic diseases 

Generally there are two types of disease: parasitic diseases caused by 

pathogens (disease-causing agents), such as viruses, and nonparasitic 

diseases caused by something in the environment, such as lack of 

water. 

Ask the following questions to help decide whether your crop’s disease 

is parasitic or nonparasitic: 

How is the disease distributed in your fields? Is there a pattern? Are 

all of the plants in the field affected? Are the affected plants distributed 

in spots or in a particular row or rows? Definite patterns, such as along 

the edges of a field, along roadways or fences, or in low spots, suggest 

that climate, soil factors, or toxic chemicals are the cause, but 

pathogens (disease-causing organisms) should not be ruled out. If all of 

the plants in a field are affected, it’s likely that the problem is 

environmental (for example, an excess or lack of soil nutrients, adverse 

weather, toxic chemicals, or poor cultural practices) because pathogens 

rarely affect 100 percent of the host plant at one time. If affected plants 

are limited to a particular row, this might indicate errors in cultivating, 

fertilizing, or applying pesticides. 

How did the disease develop? Parasitic diseases usually spread slowly. 

If a condition starts at one point and then spreads slowly, it is probably 

due to a pathogen. If a disease appears overnight, it is probably due to 

an environmental factor, for example, hail or lightning. 

Is there a common disease problem for the crop or area? It’s easier to 

identify a disease if you are familiar with the kinds of problems that are 

likely to affect your crops. 

Have you thoroughly examined all symptoms? If you diagnose a 

disease early, you will get the most benefit from a control treatment. Be 

sure the plant is really diseased. Always compare a plant you think is 

diseased with a normal one. Sometimes normal structures and 

characteristics are mistaken for disease symptoms. The symptoms 

should be well defined—don’t rely only on symptoms that appear during 

the early stage of a disease. On the other hand, don’t rely on a plant that 

has deteriorated so badly that characteristic symptoms cannot be 

identified. 

Always examine the entire plant. Some aboveground symptoms, 

especially chlorosis and wilting, are often due to root damage. Always 

examine the roots of a diseased plant if you are at all unsure of the 

cause. It can also be helpful to cut into or through portions of diseased 

plants. For example, vascular wilts may cause a browning inside the 

stem; you can often see this discoloration if you cut through portions of 

the stem. 

A small hand lens, a pocket knife, and a shovel are important tools for 

plant disease diagnosis.


Are there signs that indicate the cause? Such signs include: fungus 

spores, nematodes or eggs, and bacterial ooze. Signs are harder to see 

than symptoms. You may need a microscope or magnifying glass to see 

them. More training is needed to find and identify signs than to observe 

symptoms. 

Identifying the specific cause 

Once you have a general idea of whether the disease is parasitic or 

nonparasitic, you can focus on the specific cause. If you are unsure of 

the cause, ask for help from your county extension agent. If necessary, 

the agent will send a disease specimen for positive identification to the 

Plant Disease Clinic at the University of Minnesota. 

Environmental factors that may cause plant disease include nutrient 

deficiency, extreme cold or heat, toxic chemicals (air pollutants, weed 

killers, too much fertilizer), mechanical damage, lack of water, and 

genetic abnormalities. In trying to identify the cause of a plant disease, 

consider whether you have used any cultural practices that might have 

caused the disease, such as cultivation, fertilization, irrigation, or 

pesticide application. 

The most common causes of parasitic diseases are fungi, bacteria, 

viruses, and nematodes. They are living organisms that live and feed 

on plants. 

Fungi are plants that cannot make their own food because they lack the 

chlorophyll found in seed-producing plants. People commonly call fungi 

molds. Fungi are responsible for several crop diseases, including tan 

spot on wheat and late blight on potatoes. There are more than 100,000 

kinds of fungi. Not all are harmful, and many are helpful. Most are 

microscopic, but some, like mushrooms, produce large reproductive 

structures. Most fungi reproduce by spores, which vary greatly in size 

and shape. 

Bacteria are very small one-celled plants that reproduce by dividing in 

half. This can lead to rapid buildup of a population. Under ideal 

conditions, a single cell could produce billions of offspring in 24 hours. 

Bacterial diseases include basal glume blotch on wheat and common 

blight on beans. 

Viruses are so small that they cannot be seen with an ordinary 

microscope. They can be transmitted by insects (usually aphids and 

leafhoppers); by rubbing the leaves of healthy plants with juice from 

diseased plants; by propagating plants from infected cuttings, bulbs, or 

roots; by nematodes and soil fungi; and in pollen. An example of a plant 

virus is the tobacco mosaic virus. 

Nematodes are small wormlike organisms that can be seen with a 

microscope. They reproduce by laying eggs. Their rate of reproduction 

depends largely on soil temperature, so nematodes are usually more of 

a problem in warmer areas. Nematodes may develop and feed inside or 

outside a plant. A complete life cycle involves an egg, four larval states, 

and an adult. The larvae usually look like the adults, but are smaller. 

Most nematodes feed on the roots and lower stems of plants, but a few 

attack the leaves and flowers. They usually do not kill plants, but they 

do reduce growth and affect plant health.


The life cycle of parasites 

Environmental conditions, especially temperature and moisture, greatly 

influence the life cycle of parasites. These conditions also affect the 

plant’s ability to fight off a disease. 

The first step in a parasitic disease cycle occurs when a fungus spore, 

nematode egg, bacterial cell, or virus particle arrives at a part of the 

plant where infection can occur. This step is called inoculation. If 

environmental conditions are favorable, the parasite will begin to 

develop. This step is called incubation. This is the stage when control is 

most effective. The next stage occurs when the parasite gets into the 

plant; this step is called infection. When the plant responds to the 

invasion of the pathogen in some way, it is considered diseased. 

Control Measures for Plant Diseases 

The main goal is to prevent plant diseases from occurring. Once a plant 

is infected, it is usually too late to prevent its death or to prevent 

serious reductions in crop yields. When only part of a crop is diseased, 

eradication may prevent further spread. Eradication can be done with 

cultural as well as chemical methods. Always weigh the cost carefully 

before making treatment decisions. Chemical treatment, such as with 

fungicides, should be regarded as a last resort. 


n Choose planting sites and dates of planting. 

n Use resistant varieties. 

n Use sanitation, crop rotation, and primordium tip-culture techniques 

fallowing fields. 

n Use proper soil, water, pH, and fertility applications to assure 

maximum plant vigor. 

n Remove infected plants or plant parts. 

Biological control methods 

n Use organisms that are antagonistic to the disease, such as 

hyperparasites or microorganisms. 

n Use cross-protection techniques for viruses. 

Mechanical and physical control methods 

n Treat soil or plant parts with heat. 

n Use proper storage or curing methods for plants and plant products. 

Legal control methods 

n Obey quarantine regulations with inspections to prevent pathogens 

from being introduced via plants or equipment into areas where they 

do not already exist. 

n Certified disease-free seed and nursery stock.

Chemical control methods 

n Use chemicals to protect the host plant before it is infected. 


n Use pesticides to eradicate the pathogen after it has infected the host 

plant. 

n Use the correct chemical for the pest: fungicides for fungi; antibiotics 

for bacteria; viricides for viruses; nematicides for nematodes. 

Managing Weeds 

What Is a Weed? 

A weed is simply a plant out of place. Weeds are a problem because their 

presence can mean reduced crop yields and quality, less efficient land 

use, and diminished enjoyment of turf, ornamental plants, and outdoor 

recreation areas. 

Certain plants have legally been declared noxious weeds. In Minnesota, 

state regulations list marijuana, poison ivy, bull thistle, perennial sow 

thistle, musk thistle, plumeless thistle, Canada thistle, field bindweed, 

leafy spurge, and purple loosestrife as “noxious weeds.” Noxious weeds 

must be cut or controlled so that they do not produce seeds. Some local 

governments require control of additional weeds. 

The weeds that are the most serious problems are those that resemble 

the crop in physical characteristics, growth habits, and requirements 

for soil, water, nutrient, and light. Broadleaf weeds are often most 

difficult to control in broadleaf crops, and grass weeds in grass crops. 

Another problem with controlling weeds is that some production 

methods, especially cultivation, favor some weeds. 

Most weeds have common names like cocklebur or crabgrass. The 

trouble with common names is that people in different places may use 

different names for the same plant. Herbicide labels and publications 

that give weed control information generally use standardized common 

names. You need to know the standardized common name of a weed so 

you can choose the proper control method. 

How Weeds Grow and Reproduce 

To control weeds, you need to know something about how they grow and 

reproduce. 

Life cycles 

Weeds can be classified as annuals, biennials, and perennials. 

Annuals are plants with a one-year life cycle. They grow from seed, 

mature, and produce seed for the next generation in one year or less. 

Summer annuals are plants that result from seeds that germinate in the 

spring, produce seed, and die before winter each year. Winter annuals 

are plants that grow from seeds that germinate in the fall, overwinter, 

produce seeds in the spring and die before summer each year.


Summer Annuals: 

- Crabgrass 

- Foxtails 

- Cocklebur 

- Pig weed 

- Lambsquarter 

- Kochia 

- Black nightshade 

- Velvet leaf 

- Common ragweed 

- Wild oat 

Winter Annuals: 

- Field pennycress 

- Shepherd's purse 

- Annual bluegrass 

- Peppergrass 

Biennials: 

- Burdock 

- Musk thistle 

- Bull thistle 

Perennials: 

- Quackgrass 

- Canada thistle 

- Field bindweed 

- Yellow nutsedge 

- Sowthistle 

Biennials require two years to complete their life cycle. They grow from 

seed that germinates in the spring. They develop heavy roots and 

compact rosettes or clusters of leaves the first summer. Biennials 

remain dormant through the winter; in the second summer they 

mature, produce seed, and die before winter. 

Perennials are plants that live more than two years—sometimes 

indefinitely. They may grow from seed, but many produce tubers, bulbs, 

rhizomes (belowground stems), and stolons (aboveground stems). The 

aboveground parts of these plants may die back each winter, but the 

plants develop new aboveground parts each spring. Simple perennials 

produce seeds each year as their normal means of reproduction; in 

some instances, following mechanical injury during cultivation, root 

pieces may produce new plants (Examples: dandelions and plantain). 

Creeping perennials produce seeds but also produce rhizomes and 

stolons. 

Seeds 

The most important part of weed control is preventing the production of 

seeds. This is true whether you are trying to control annuals, biennials, 

or perennials. Weed seeds have certain characteristics which make 

them very difficult to control: 

Large numbers. Weed species often produce enormous numbers of 

seeds. For example, a single pigweed plant may produce 100,000 seeds. 

Tolerant of extreme conditions. Weed seeds are notably tolerant of 

extremes in temperature, wet and dry conditions, and variations in 

oxygen supply. 

Long-lived. Weed seeds may remain alive in the soil for a great many 

years. Only a small percentage germinate in any single year; the 

remaining seeds stay dormant and germinate in future years, when 

temperature and oxygen conditions are more favorable. 

Easily spread. Weed seeds are effectively spread by wind, water, 

animals (including humans), or machinery, and in crop seed, feed 

grain, hay, straw, and manure. 

Control Methods for Weeds 

The most effective ways to control weeds are through cultural and 

chemical means. Biological control methods, using natural enemies of 

weeds such as insects or diseases, have not been successful thus far in 

Minnesota. But this method offers some potential for the future. 

Researchers continue to search for natural enemies and attempt to 

introduce them into areas where a particular weed is prevalent. 

A weed control program should be planned well in advance of the 

growing season. Your plan should be based on a thorough knowledge of 

weed problems, soil, soil characteristics, future cropping plans, and all 

available methods of control. As crop production practices change—for 

example, tillage—so do weed problems; a good weed control program 

must be flexible. Control of a particular weed should be just one part of a 

total weed control program. 

Annuals and biennials depend exclusively on seed for reproduction and 

survival. Therefore, an effective way to control them is by destroying 

the top of the plant—by mowing, tillage, or herbicides. It is important to


destroy the growing point to prevent further growth and seed production. 

For this reason, it is harder to control grasses than broadleaves because 

the growing point in grasses is often at or below ground level. Annuals 

are rarely able to resprout from their roots, but some biennials (such as 

musk and plumeless thistles) can regrow from roots. 

Perennials are more difficult to control by simply destroying the top 

growth. It is more effective to destroy the underground parts of the 

plant, either through tillage or with herbicides. Perennials have 

specialized underground parts that help the plant to survive and 

reproduce. Even with simple perennials (such as dandelions), which 

reproduce only by seed, energy for regrowth is normally stored in the 

roots. Destroying the top growth on a one-time basis will not kill the 

plant, unless it is done in the seedling stage before the underground 

parts have developed. Destroying the top growth can only be effective if 

it is done repeatedly. 


Cultural control of weeds—hand weeding, plowing, harrowing, etc.—has 

been practiced for centuries. Many of the methods of weed control used 

today have changed very little over the years. They include: 

Clean seed. It is often easier to prevent weeds from being introduced 

than it is to control them. Use only tested and tagged seed; certified 

seed ensures high quality seed free of noxious weeds. 

Clean feed. Weed seeds in feed grains and forages survive and 

germinate after passing through farm animals; manure spread on fields 

may therefore be spreading weed seeds. Screenings containing weed 

seeds are sometimes used in mixed feeds; they must be finely ground or 

heated or else the seeds will remain alive. 

Tillage. Burial of weeds can be effective for small annuals and 

biennials, but will not control most perennials if it is done beyond the 

seedling stage, unless done repeatedly. For perennials, it is more 

effective to destroy underground parts, using sweeps, knives, harrows, 

rotary hoes, and other shallow cultivation equipment. This type of 

control is most effective in dry soils where roots have little chance of 

becoming established. 

One problem with tillage is that it brings weed seeds up near the soil 

surface, resulting in germination of a new population of weeds. These 

can be controlled, especially if they are annuals, by cultivating a second 

time. Plant the crop immediately after the last cultivation to allow 

sufficient growth before weeds again become a problem. 

Mowing is effective only for tall-growing weeds. Certain tall perennials 

can be mowed to the point where regrowth is no longer possible, but this 

requires repeated and frequent mowing. 

Crop competition means growing your crops so well that they crowd out 

the weeds. To make sure your crops compete effectively with weeds, 

always select the best variety and use the best crop production methods. 

Rotating crops with different life histories or growth habits can control 

weeds associated with a particular crop. For example, many summer 

annual weeds associated with corn will not do well under the cultural 

practices of fall-planted small grains.


Fallowing fields, or allowing intervals for chemical treatments, may 

partially solve some special weed problems. 

Companion crops, usually annuals that germinate quickly and grow 

rapidly, can be planted with a perennial crop to compete with weeds and 

allow the major crop to become established. The companion (or nurse) 

crop is then removed to allow the perennial crop to take over. Example: 

oats are often used as a companion crop in Minnesota to aid in 

establishing a crop of alfalfa. 

Herbicides 

Chemical control through the use of herbicides is the most common 

method of weed control in agriculture. Herbicides work in different 

ways. Here are the most common types of herbicides: 

Selective herbicides are herbicides that are more toxic to some kinds 

of plants than to others. Selectivity depends on such things as plant age, 

rate of growth, and plant form. 

Nonselective herbicides are toxic to all plants. Some nonselective 

herbicides can be made selective to certain plants by varying the 

dosage, directing the spray to a specific site, or choosing spray additives 

such as wetting agents. Selective herbicides can be made nonselective 

by manipulating the same factors (for example, an increase in the 

dosage can kill more types of plants). 

Translocated herbicides can be absorbed by leaves, stems, or roots and 

moved throughout the plant. Root absorption and translocation take 

place in water-conducting tissues; leaf or stem absorption and 

translocation take place mainly in food-conducting tissues. 

Contact herbicides are toxic to living cells upon contact. They do not 

translocate in a plant. Contact herbicides destroy only the aboveground 

parts of plants and are only effective against annual weeds. 

Soil sterilant herbicides are nonselective herbicides that kill all plants 

and prevent weeds from becoming reestablished for a relatively long 

time. 

Herbicides can also be classified according to when they are applied: 

before planting (preplant), before seedlings appear (preemergence), and 

after seedlings appear (postemergence). 

Factors affecting herbicides 

Soil type 

n Organic matter in soils limits herbicide activity. Soils with a high 

organic matter content require higher rates of herbicides. Most 

herbicide labels have charts showing the rates to be used on soils 

with varying levels of organic matter. 

n Soil texture may also affect herbicide activity. Fine soils (silts and 

clays) have more surface area than coarse soils and thus need higher 

herbicide rates. 

n Soil acidity can influence some herbicides. Chemicals such as 

atrazine and metribuzin (Sencor or Lexone) are more active in soils 

that have a higher pH.


Environmental conditions 

n Soil moisture allows herbicides to work most effectively. If the soil is 

too dry, the herbicide may evaporate. If it is too wet, the herbicide 

may not make contact with soil particles. Warm, moist soil may 

increase microbial and chemical activity, causing herbicides to 

disappear. But dry soils may prevent chemical and microbial activity, 

preventing herbicides from degrading and causing the herbicide to 

remain in the soil the following year. 

n Rainfall causes soluble herbicides to leach downward through the soil. 

This may be desirable with relatively insoluble herbicides but with 

more soluble herbicides it may cause crop injury. Heavy rainfall may 

result in poor weed control or possible crop injury, depending on the 

solubility of the herbicide. With preemergence herbicides, rainfall is 

needed to carry the chemical into the soil where the weed seeds are 

germinating and to provide moisture to help the weed seeds 

germinate so that they can absorb lethal amounts of herbicide. With 

postemergence applications, rainfall may wash herbicides from leaf 

surfaces, resulting in poor weed control. 

n Humidity affects postemergence herbicide penetration and 

absorption. High relative humidity indicates favorable soil moisture 

conditions for rapid plant growth, a time when plants are very 

susceptible to herbicides. 

n Dew on the weeds or crop when postemergence herbicides are applied 

may increase or decrease the activity of some herbicides, depending 

on how quickly the chemical is absorbed by plants and how the 

chemical kills plants. The presence of dew can also increase crop 

injury with some postemergence herbicides. 

n Temperature affects the rate of plant growth and plant susceptibility 

to herbicides. Some herbicides evaporate quickly at high 

temperatures. 

n Sunlight may destroy some herbicides if they are left on the soil 

surface for long periods. 

Differences among weeds 

n Perennials are controlled more effectively with translocated 

herbicides because these chemicals move into all parts of the plants, 

whereas contact herbicides kill only the aboveground parts. 

n Type of weeds determines which herbicides may provide control. 

Some herbicides are strictly for use with broadleaf (dicotyledon) 

weeds. Some are strictly for grass (monocotyledon). A few herbicides 

can be used with both types of plants. 

n Plant species may respond to some herbicides differently. Moreover, 

within a single species there may be races of the weed that respond 

differently. 

n Growth rates. The age of the plant and the rate of growth also affect 

how weeds respond to herbicides.


Preventing herbicide carryover 

Some herbicides remain in the soil a long time, causing crop injury in 

the following year’s crop. Herbicide carryover is more likely to occur 

with unusually low rainfall because dry soils limit the chemical and 

microbial activity needed to degrade herbicides. 

To keep herbicide carryover in soil to a minimum, follow these 

guidelines: 

n Apply the lowest rate practical. 

n Apply uniformly. 

n Avoid double coverage: shut off the applicator when turning. 

n Select crop sequences that are tolerant to the herbicide used on the 

previous crop. 

n Rotate herbicides whether the same crop is grown continuously or 

different crops are grown in rotation. 

n Spot treat when using high rates of herbicide. 

More details on herbicides and other weed control methods can be found in the University 

of Minnesota Extension Service Bulletin AG-BU-3157 Cultural and Chemical Weed Control 

in Field Crops. This bulletin can help you plan an effective and economical weed control 

program. 

Managing Vertebrate Pests 

When Is a Vertebrate a Pest? 

All vertebrate animals have a jointed spinal column (vertebrae). These 

“higher” animals include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and 

mammals. What may be a pest under some circumstances may be 

highly desirable under others. Your first job in controlling vertebrate 

pests is to determine if they are actually causing damage. 

Fish of certain species may be considered pests by some because they 

are not useful for sport or for food or because they are harmful to more 

desirable species. Some fish may be a human health hazard because 

they serve as intermediate hosts for parasites of humans. 

Reptiles and amphibians include snakes, lizards, turtles, frogs, toads, 

and salamanders. These animals cause more of a psychological problem 

than an economic one. But snakes and turtles in fish hatcheries or 

waterfowl production areas can cause some economic problems. 

Poisonous snakes may be a problem, too, but there are only two 

poisonous species in Minnesota, both restricted to the southeast corner 

of the state. 

Birds can cause various kinds of damage: structural damage by 

woodpeckers; killing of fish, livestock, poultry, or game species; and 

destruction of fruit, nut, grain, timber, and vegetable crops. Birds can 

also be a health hazard to animals and humans because they may be 

hosts for disease organisms.


Mammals, such as pocket gophers, moles, and rats, can also cause a 

variety of damage. Livestock may be killed by mammals. Mammals also 

do significant damage to fruit, vegetable, nut, grain, range, and tree 

crops. They may interfere with water-retaining structures, causing 

flooding. They damage such things as lawns, clothing, furniture, and 

buildings by gnawing and burrowing. They transmit many diseases to 

livestock and humans, including rabies, plague, typhus, food poisoning, 

leptospirosis, and tularemia. 

Managing pocket gophers 

Pocket gopher numbers may be reduced by mechanical controls, such 

as traps, and natural controls, including natural enemies, starvation, 

and disease. The most effective way to control pocket gophers is with 

poison bait (strychnine alkaloid coated grain). Strychnine is toxic to all 

animals and must be handled and applied according to label 

instructions. ALL applications must be belowground. Clean up all spilled 

bait. 

Except during breeding season, gophers live alone in a system of 

burrows. One adult may build as many as 100 mounds a year, moving as 

much as 2¼ tons of soil to the surface. Feeding burrows may be only 6 

inches below the surface while food storage and living chambers may be 

5 to 6 feet deep. 

On small acreage (10 acres or less), hand application of poison bait 

during the fall is usually effective. For added control, combine it with a 

fall trapping program. Trapping in the spring following a fall baiting 

program can also be effective. Special pocket gopher traps are available 

at most nurseries, farm supply, and large hardware stores. 

On areas larger than 20 acres, the most practical means of control is 

machine baiting with a burrow builder. Fall and spring applications give 

the greatest control. The soil must be moist enough to let the torpedo 

tube pass through easily and to hold a neat burrow shape when 

compressed. A depth of about 10 inches is desirable, but the burrow 

depth is less important than forming a neat tunnel. Completely enclose 

the field to be protected by parallel rows of artificial burrows spaced 25 to 

40 feet apart—wider spacing in the spring, narrower in the fall. If bait is 

applied properly, you should attain 85 to 90 percent control within three 

weeks. Reapplication may be needed in two to four years. 

Some counties own burrow building machines which are available to 

pesticide applicators. Check with your county extension educator, Soil 

Conservation Service, or Soil and Water Conservation District. 

Identifying the Problem 

As with other IPM programs, the first step in control is to detect and 

identify the problem. 

Recognize damage patterns and the species of animal responsible. 

Look for the following evidence: 

n Birds: peck marks, tracks, feathers, droppings, location of damage, 

evidence that items have been carried away. 

n Mammals: tracks, droppings, toothmarks, diggings, burrows, hair, 

scent, type of damage.


Know the physical characteristics and life habits of most animal 

species present in a given situation. 

Selecting Control Tactics 

Choose control measures that are effective, selective, humane, and 

cause the least possible environmental damage, such as traps, sound, 

or barriers. 

Know the local, state, and federal regulations that apply. It is 

especially important to know which animals are protected by the federal 

and state government. Protected species include the gray wolf, bald 

eagle, and peregrine falcon. Two mammals considered by some as pests 

are the eastern spotted skunk and the woodland vole. These are 

classified as special concern because of their low population but are not 

legally protected. See Part 5—Protecting the Environment for more 

information on regulations protecting wildlife. 

Summary 

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a systematic plan which brings 

together different pest control tactics into one program. It reduces the 

emphasis on pesticides by including cultural, biological, and 

mechanical controls. 

To carry out an IPM program, you need to scout and monitor your fields, 

recognize abnormal conditions and identify their causes, understand 

the different control methods available, and determine the economic 

costs and benefits. A good IPM program requires planning and 

evaluation.

Pesticide Laws Page 2-23 

Part art 2: 

2: 

Pesticide esticide L LLaws 

L aws 

What’s What’s What’s in in in this this Chapter: 

Chapter: 

Federal Laws 

FIFRA 

OSHA Requirements 

Pesticide Recordkeeping Requirement 

Shipment of Pesticides 

Aerial Application of Pesticides 

Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products 

Reporting of Pesticides Stored on the Farm 

State Laws 

Pesticide Applicator Certification 

Reporting Pesticide Spills 

Posting Pesticide-treated Fields 

Chemigation 

Waste Pesticides and Container Disposal 

Pesticides in Aquatic Environments 

List of Federal and State Regulatory Agencies 

Useful Websites


The Minnesota Department 

of Agriculture has a web site 

of all pesticides registered for 

sale in Minnesota: 

http:// 

www.kellysolutions.com/ 

mn/pesticideindex.htm 

The site also lists all RUPs 

registered for sale in 

Minnesota. 

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances used to prevent, destroy, repel, or 

control undesirable organisms. Pesticides include herbicides for weeds, insecticides for 

insects, fungicides for fungi, rodenticides for rodents and many other substances. There are 

many federal and state laws that control the use of pesticides. If you use pesticides in a way 

not allowed by the law, you can be fined or, in worst cases, subject to criminal penalties. 

Here are the major laws that regulate the use of pesticides. Note: There have been recent 

changes in these pesticide laws and regulations: 1) Certification of Pesticide Applicators; 

2) Worker Protection Standards; 3) Reporting Pesticide Spills; 4) Pesticide Recordkeeping 

Requirement; 5) Chemigation; 6) Posting. 

Key Key Questions Questions About About Pesticide 

Pesticide 

Laws 

Laws 

� What activities do pesticide laws cover? 

� Classifying a pesticide as Restricted Use is an alternative to doing what 

with the pesticide? 

� What is pesticide applicator certification and why do we have it? 

� What federal and state government agencies enforce pesticide laws? 

� What new changes have been made to pesticide laws and regulations? 

Federal Federal Laws 

Laws 

FIFRA 

One of the most important laws for pesticide applicators is the Federal 

Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). It regulates the way 

pesticides are used in the United States and requires that pesticide 

applicators be certified. Listed below are the main activities involving 

pesticides that are regulated by FIFRA. 

The laws are regulated and enforced at the national level by the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and at the state level by the 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture under an agreement with the EPA. 

If you violate FIFRA, you are subject to civil and possibly criminal penalties. 

Civil penalties may be as much as $5,000 for each offense. However, before 

the EPA or the state can fine you, you have the right to ask for a hearing in 

your own city or county. Criminal penalties may be fines as high as 

$25,000 or one year in prison, or both. 

Classification of pesticides 

Manufacturers must register every pesticide with the EPA. When the 

pesticide is registered, each use of the pesticide is classified by the EPA. 

There are two classifications: 

Unclassified Pesticides are those pesticides that present less potential

danger to humans or the environment when applied according to label 

directions. 

Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) are those pesticides that may harm 

humans and/or the environment even when used as directed on the label. 

Some formulations of a pesticide may be “restricted use,” while others may 

not. See Appendix A for a list of Restricted Use Pesticides. 

Certification of pesticide applicators 

Under FIFRA, an applicator must be certified in order to purchase or use 

RUP pesticides. Certification requirements may differ between states with 

the applicator’s category. 

The EPA has set minimum national standards of competency for the 

different categories of pesticide applicators. In Minnesota, a certification 

procedure that meets national standards is administered by the Minnesota 

Department of Agriculture. The Minnesota Extension Service provides the 

training programs for Minnesota applicators under an agreement with EPA 

and MDA as authorized by federal and state law. There are different 

training, certification and licensing requirements for commercial, 

noncommercial, and private pesticide applicators. It is a good idea for 

everyone who supervises, handles, or applies any pesticide to be certified, 

even if they are not required to be by law. See State Laws, page 2 - 10, for 

Minnesota’s pesticide applicator’s certification program. 

Worker Protection Standard 

The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) is a federal rule under FIFRA which 

authorizes the USEPA to take steps to reduce illness and injury due to 

pesticide exposure for agricultural employees. The WPS applies to 

businesses, farms, greenhouses, nurseries, forests, and other commercial 

producers of plants as well as to pesticides used in research of these 

plants. Under the WPS, employers are required to provide employees and, 

in some cases, themselves and their family members with: 

� Information about pesticide exposure; 

� Protection against pesticide exposure; and 

� Mitigation of pesticide exposure. 

This section will help you decide if you or persons you work with are 

covered by the WPS. 

Pesticide uses covered by the WPS 

Most pesticides used in the production of agricultural plants on farms, 

nurseries, greenhouses, and forests are covered by the WPS. This includes 

pesticides used: 

� on plants, 

� in the soil, or 

� in the planting medium the plants are (or will be) grown in. 

Both General Use and Restricted Use pesticides are covered by the WPS. 

NOTE: The WPS does NOT cover pesticides used for post-harvest 

applications; production of livestock and other animals; pastures; 

Pesticide Laws Page 2-25


rangelands; control of vertebrate pests; maintenance of turf, landscapes, 

or ornamentals; home fruit and vegetable gardens; rights-of-way; 

attractants or repellents in traps; mosquito abatement or other similar 

government-sponsored wide-area public pest control programs; 

education or demonstration purposes; research uses of unregistered 

pesticides; and structural pest control. 

To tell if a pesticide is covered by the WPS, look for the section titled 

“Agricultural Uses Requirements” under the Direction for Use area on the 

pesticide labeling. Some pesticides labels may include uses of the product 

that are covered by WPS and other uses that are not. It is up to you to be 

sure to follow WPS requirements for all WPS-covered uses of a pesticide. 

Employees covered by the WPS 

Employees covered by the WPS are considered to be either handlers or 

workers. A WPS handler is anyone employed (including self-employed as on 

family-owned farms, greenhouses, and nurseries) by an establishment to: 

� Mix, load, transfer, or apply pesticides. 

� Handle open containers of pesticides. 

� Act as a flagger for pesticide application. 

� Clean, handle, adjust, or repair the parts of mixing, loading, or 

application equipment that may contain pesticide residues. 

� Assist with the application of pesticides, including incorporating the 

pesticide into the soil after the application has occurred. 

� Enter a greenhouse or other enclosed area after application and before 

the inhalation exposure level listed on the product labeling has been 

reached or one of the WPS ventilation criteria has been met. 

� Enter a treated area outdoors after application of any soil fumigant to 

adjust or remove soil coverings, such as tarpaulins. 

� Perform tasks as a crop advisor during application, during the restricted 

entry interval (REI), or before any inhalation exposure level or 

ventilation criteria listed on the labeling has been reached or one of the 

WPS ventilation criteria has been met. 

� Dispose of pesticide and pesticide containers covered by WPS. 

A person is NOT a handler if she or he ONLY: 

� Handles pesticide containers that have been either triple- or pressuredrinsed 

or cleaned according to instructions on the pesticide labeling, or 

handles unopened pesticide containers. 

A WPS worker is anyone who is: 

� Employed (including self-employed) for any type of compensation, and 

� Does tasks, such as harvesting, weeding, or watering, that relate to the 

production of agricultural plants on farms, forests, nurseries, or 

greenhouses. 

An employee may be considered a handler one time and a worker another

time depending on which tasks the employee is doing. Production and crop 

advisors, consultants, and their scouts are considered handlers under the 

WPS. 

Note: Owners of agricultural establishments (farms, greenhouses, 

nurseries, and forests) and members of their immediate family who are 

handlers or workers are exempt from many—but not all—WPS 

requirements. See the Worker Protection Standard “How to Comply 

Manual” for more information. 

Employers covered by the WPS 

WPS requires employers of handlers and workers to perform certain duties 

for their handler and worker employees. WPS requirements for employers 

differ somewhat for worker and handler employees. Some of WPS 

requirements are straightforward; others are more complex. See the WPS 

“How to Comply Manual” for more detailed information about WPS 

requirements. To get the most current information on WPS requirements, 

contact the Minnesota Department of Agriculture or the Minnesota 

Extension Service. 

All employers are required to provide: 

� Information about pesticide applications and safety at a central location 

on the agricultural establishment, 

� Pesticide safety training for workers and handlers, 

� Employee decontamination sites, 

� An information exchange between employers of commercial applicators 

(owners of the for-hire services) and operators of agricultural 

establishments contracting for pesticide application services, and 

� Emergency assistance for pesticide exposure. 

In addition, employers of handlers are responsible for: 

� Application restrictions and applicator monitoring, 

� Specific instructions for handlers (product specific safety information, 

PPE, etc.). 

� Equipment safety, and 

� Personal protective equipment (PPE) including providing for its use, care, 

cleaning, and disposal. 

And, employers of workers are responsible for: 

� Restrictions during application, 

� Worker restricted entry intervals after application, and 

� Giving notice about applications (posting and oral notification). 

� Product-specific WPS information such as the REI and PPE requirements 

can be found on pesticide labeling of WPS-covered products. General WPS 

requirements that apply to all pesticide uses covered by the WPS are not 

listed on the label. 

WPS covered handlers and workers who are currently certified and 



licensed through the Pesticide Applicator Training program are exempt 

from the WPS pesticide safety training requirement. 

Information about WPS and WPS requirements can be found in the manual: Worker 

Protection Standards for Agricultural Pesticides—How to Comply: What Employers Need to 

Know. 

For information regarding WPS requirements, any recent changes to WPS 

requirements, how to obtain the WPS “How to Comply Manual,” WPS 

training items, and other WPS support materials contact your local county 

extension office or Minnesota Department of Agriculture field staff person, 

or contact: 

Steve Poncin, Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division 


625 Robert Street North 

St. Paul, MN 55155-3529 

tel. (651) 201-6121 

Dean Herzfeld, Minnesota Extension Service 

Department of Plant Pathology 

495 Borlaug Hall 

1991 Upper Buford Circle 

St. Paul, MN 55108 

tel. (612) 624-3477 

OSHA Requirements 

An employer with 11 or more employees is required to keep records and 

make reports to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 

in the federal Department of Labor. The records must include all workrelated 

deaths, injuries, and illnesses. You do not have to record minor 

injuries needing only first aid treatment. However, a record must be made 

if the injury involves any of the following: 

� Medical treatment. 

� Loss of consciousness. 

� Restriction of work or motion. 

� Transfer to another job. 

Pesticide Recordkeeping Requirement 

In Minnesota all certified private applicators must now keep a record for 

each restricted use pesticide (RUP) application they make. This includes 

private applicators who are crop farmers, producers of fruit and vegetables, 

livestock growers, greenhouse and nursery growers, sod growers, and 

others. 

This requirement took effect in the spring of 1993. It is the result of a new 

USDA rule created under a provision of the Food Agriculture, Conservation, 

and Trade Act of 1990 (better known as the “Farm Bill”). The information 

that must be recorded is not very different from what is recommended for 

good farm records as part of an integrated pest management or farm 

financial management program. 

The following information is now required to be recorded for all applications 

of RUP by private applicators:

� Brand or product name of RUP applied. 

� EPA registration number of RUP applied (from the label). 

� Total amount of RUP applied (of the product, not just the active 

ingredient) given in any usual unit of measure (acre, linear feet, 

bushel, cubic feet, square feet, number of animals treated) as normally 

expressed on the pesticide label. For banding, weed wicks, or orchard 

“middles” applications the total site or field size must be recorded, not 

just the strips actually treated. For example: if you apply a 15" herbicide 

band on 30" rows in an 80-acre field, the area treated is 80 acres, not 40 

acres. 

� Location of the application. One of four options can be used: 

1) County, range, township, and section number system. 

2) Personal identification system using maps and/or written description 

that accurately and clearly identifies the location of the RUP application. 

3) An identification system used by a USDA agency such as map systems 

used by ASCS or SCS. 

4) Legal property description. 

� Size of the area treated. 

� Crop, commodity, stored product, or site to which the RUP was applied. 

� Month, day, and year the RUP was applied. 

� Name and certification number of the applicator who applied the RUP. 

Under the rule, RUP applications taking place in one day with total treated 

areas of less than 1/10th acre have fewer information requirements. You 

need to record only: 

� Brand or product name. 

� EPA registration number. 

� Total amount of the RUP applied. 

� “Spot application” for “location,” followed by a concise description of the 

location and treatment. (Example: Spot application; noxious weeds were 

sprayed throughout fields 5 and 6.) 

� Month, day, and year of application. 

This spot treatment clause does not apply to RUP applications in 

greenhouses or nurseries. All the required information must be kept for 

RUP applications in greenhouses and nurseries. 

The information is to be recorded within 14 days of the RUP application 

and must be kept for two years from the date of application. The rule 

requires private applicators to keep the original records and to allow access 

to the records when requested. The information may be recorded in any 

form, including handwritten notes, or in a computer or other existing farm 

recordkeeping system. There is no official form that must be used, but the 

Minnesota Extension Service does have a fact sheet that can be used as 



an example: AG-FS-0915 Pesticide Application Record. 

The actual applicator is responsible for making and keeping the RUP 

application record. Commercial applicators who apply RUP’s for private 

applicators must give a copy of RUP application record to their customers 

within 30 days after application. Commercial applicators may hold the 

records of restricted use pesticide applications for their customers if the 

customer has signed a statement that the commercial applicator may hold 

the records. Commercial applicators must make these records available to 

their customers upon request in a timely manner. They must maintain 

separate records for each client. 

Private applicators do not have to submit the records to anyone. Under the 

rule, private applicators do have to give USDA, MDA, and health care 

providers access to the records. The USDA and Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture may inspect private applicators for recordkeeping compliance. 

The rule also allows prompt access to the records by licensed health care 

professionals who are providing medical treatment or first aid to someone 

who may have been exposed to the RUP for which the record is maintained. 

If a licensed health care professional determines it to be a medical 

emergency, access to the records of the RUP relating to the medical 

emergency is to be provided immediately. Under the rule anyone who has 

access to these records must keep all information strictly confidential at 

all times. 

The USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) will be 

conducting a voluntary national agricultural RUP use survey. EPA will 

survey nonagricultural uses of RUP’s by certified commercial applicators. 

Any certified applicator contacted by NASS may refuse to participate in the 

survey without penalty. All data collected by the NASS survey will be kept 

anonymous, confidential, and cannot be used for regulatory action against 

a survey participant. 

Federal fines and penalties were established under the USDA FACT Act. It 

provides for fines up to $500 for the first offense and fines over $1,000 for 

subsequent offenses. People who have access to the records and break 

confidentiality are also subject to penalty. 

Shipment of Pesticides 

Rules for shipping pesticides and other dangerous substances across state 

lines are issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). These 

rules tell you which pesticides are dangerous to humans and create a 

health hazard during transportation. 

If you haul pesticides between states, you need to know these rules. 

� Pesticides must be in their original package. Each package must meet 

USDOT standards. 

� The vehicle must have a correct hazardous material placarding when 

transporing certain pesticides pesticides in quantity (see appendix E). 

� Pesticides may not be hauled in the same vehicle with food products. 

� You must contact USDOT right away after any accident in which 

someone is killed or injured badly enough to go to a hospital, or the 

damage is more than $50,000. 

� You must tell USDOT about all spills during shipment.

State and local laws may require you to take further precautions. Check 

with the Department of Transportation or the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture. 

Aerial Application of Pesticides 

Application of pesticides from planes is regulated by the Federal Aviation 

Administration (FAA) and by the state. The FAA judges the flying ability of 

pilots and the safety of the aircraft. FAA rules also state that an aerial 

applicator may not apply any pesticide except as the label directs. In 

Minnesota all commercial aerial applicators and those non-commercial 

aerial applicators who use RUP’s must be certified to apply pesticides in 

Category B: Aerial. Contact the Minnesota Department of Agriculture for 

more information. 

Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products 

Plants differ in the amount of pesticides they absorb and retain. Any 

pesticide that stays in or on raw farm products or processed food is called a 

residue. The amount of residue allowed on these products is determined by 

the EPA under regulations authorized by the federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act. 

The EPA sets residue tolerances. A tolerance is the concentration of a 

pesticide that is judged safe for human use. Tolerances are expressed in 

“parts per million” (ppm) or “parts per billion” (ppb). One ppm equals one 

part (by weight) of pesticide for each million parts of farm or food products. 

For example, using pounds as a measure, 50 ppm would be 50 pounds of 

pesticide in a million pounds of the product. A pesticide may have different 

tolerances on different foods. For example, it might be 50 ppm on grapes 

and 25 ppm on apples. 

If too much residue is found on a farm or food product, the product may be 

seized or condemned. The quality of meat and poultry, including pesticide 

contamination, is checked by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

To make sure you are not breaking the law, follow label directions exactly. 

The label will tell you how many days before harvest it is safe to apply 

pesticides. This is called the “preharvest interval.” 


The federal Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) 

regulates the cleanup of hazardous waste sites in the United States. One 

part of this act, known as SARA Title III Section 302, requires that people 

who use and store certain hazardous materials notify their State 

Emergency Response Commission (SERC). This notification helps state 

and local emergency response personnel respond to fires, spills, and 

accidents that may involve hazardous materials. 

SERC must be notified if you store, or plan to store, any product on the 

EPA’s “Extremely Hazardous Substances List.” The list shows the 

“threshold planning quantity” for each material. Notification is needed only 

if the amount stored is more than the threshold planning quantity. A 

number of commonly used pesticides are on this list. For more information 

about how private applicators need to comply with this rule contact the 

State Emergency Response Commission: 



Minnesota State Emergency Response Commission 

290 Bigelow Building 

450 North Syndicate Street 


tel. (612) 643-3000 

State State Laws Laws 

Laws 

In Minnesota, pesticides are regulated under the Minnesota Pesticide 

Control Laws as enacted and amended by the Legislature. These state laws 

are found in Chapter 18 of the Minnesota State Statutes. The Minnesota 

Department of Agriculture is the main administrator and enforcer of these 

laws. Minnesota laws cover many areas of pesticide use including: 

protection of the environment; pesticide sales, storage, and facilities; 

applicator training and licensing; and much more. 

Pesticide Applicator Certification 

In Minnesota, there are six types of pesticide applicators: 

General use applicators are persons who can purchase and apply general 

use pesticides. Certification and licensing are NOT required for these 

applicators. 

Private applicators are persons who apply pesticides on land or in 

buildings which they own or rent for farming purposes. Only private 

applicators who are certified may apply restricted use pesticides. Note: 

This manual is intended for people in this category. 

Private applicators in Minnesota who are not certified may not apply RUPs even when 

supervised by someone who is certified. 

Non-commercial applicators are persons who apply pesticides as an 

employee of a company, institution, or unit of government. Noncommercial 

applicators must be certified if they plan to apply RUPs. 

Examples include county employees who spray road ditches and employees 

of golf courses. 

Note: employees applying pesticides for a pesticide application service 

company, such as lawn spraying and farm custom application, must be 

certified as commercial applicators. 

Commercial applicators are persons who apply pesticides for hire or as a 

service where money is paid. All commercial applicators must be certified 

to apply both general use and restricted use pesticides. 

Aquatic pest control operators (APCAs) are “for hire” applicators applying 

pesticides to aquatic environments (other than for mosquito control). 

Structural pest control applicators (SPCAs) are “for hire” structural and 

building applicators who apply pesticides for management of insects, 

rodents and many other structural pests. 

To become a certified private pesticide applicator in Minnesota, you must 

complete and pass an open book test (available in your county extension 

office). If you have passed you will be issued a temporary card. The 

temporary card may be used until you receive the Private Pesticide 

Applicator Training identification card from the Minnesota Department of

Agriculture. On the card is your private pesticide applicator certification 

number. To buy restricted use pesticides you must show this card or the 

certification number to verify that you are currently certified. 

A recent Minnesota regulation change has made it possible for private 

applicators to order and pay for restricted use pesticides before they 

become certified as private applicators. 

� Uncertified persons may order and pay for RUPs at any time. 

� Purchasers of RUPs must provide to the RUP retailer proof of current 

certification of either the purchaser or the applicator of the RUPs before 

the purchaser can take delivery of the RUPs (physical possession). 

� Once proof of certification of the purchaser or applicator is provided to 

the retailer, uncertified persons—such as a spouse, other family 

members, or an employee—may take delivery of the RUP from the retail 

dealer. 

� A private applicator does not need to be certified to hire a commercial 

applicator to apply RUPs. 

� All applicators of RUPs must be certified at the time of RUP application. 

A private applicator's certification lasts until March 1 following the third 

calendar year of certification. This means everyone certified any time in 

2007 will have their private certification expire March 1, 2010. Here are 

some other examples: 

� Herman Norcross was certified on January 12, 2007. His certification 

will expire March 1, 2010. 

� Jane Rothsay becomes certified on February 17, 2005. Her certification 

will expire March 1, 2008. 

� Richaro Ellis certified on March 10, 2004. His certification will expire 

March 1, 2007. 

� Sandy Farmer becomes certified October 4, 2004. His certification will 

expire March 1, 2007. 

Check the permanent private pesticide applicator certification card you 

received from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. It will indicate 

when your current certification will expire. If you lost your certification 

card and wish to have a replacement, contact the Minnesota Department 

of Agriculture. State law requires a $5.00 fee to replace a card. 

In 2002 the Minnesota State Legislature made a minor change (number 3 

below) to the state pesticide control laws addressing the type of pesticide 

applicator certification needed for employees on farms, orchards, 

nurseries, greenhouses and other operations producing a commodity. 

State law requires persons who are private applicators to be certified when 

using a RUP to produce an agricultural commodity: (1) for traditional 

exchange of services without financial compensation (when no money 

changes hands such as a barter for services between neighbors); or (2) on 

a site owned, rented, or managed by the person or the person's employees; 

or (3) When the private applicator is one of two or fewer employees and the 

owner or operator is a certified private applicator or is licensed as a noncommercial 

applicator. 



Under the newly revised third clause above, if there are two or fewer nonfamily 

member employees applying RUPs on a farm, nursery, greenhouse, 

orchard and so on for production of a commodity, then the employee 

applicators can be certified as private applicators—rather than noncommercial 

applicators—if the owner or operator is also a certified private 

or licensed non-commercial pesticide applicator. On the other hand, if a 

farm, orchard, nursery, greenhouse and so on has three or more nonfamily 

employees who apply RUPs, then all the non-family member 

employee applicators must be certified as non-commercial pesticide 

applicators. 

Reporting Pesticide Spills 

Pesticides spills must be reported to the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture. If the spill occurs on a public highway, you should also notify 

local, county, or state police. 

The Minnesota Pesticide Control Law requires people involved in, or 

responsible for, an incident involving a pesticide—such as flood, fire, 

tornado, motor vehicle accident, poisoning, exposure, spills, or leaking 

containers—to report it immediately to the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture. 

The 1993 Minnesota state legislature made changes in pesticide spill 

reporting requirements. The law now sets minimum amounts for which 

an applicator does not have to report a pesticide spill. 

Note: Under Minnesota law all incidents (releases, spills, etc.) involving 

agricultural chemicals must be immediately reported by the responsible 

party or property owner to the Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

Incident Response Program. The only exceptions are incidents that 

meet all of these conditions: 

1) the responsible party or property owner is a licensed commercial or 

certified private applicator, AND 

2) the total amount of pesticide involved in the incident at the site 

during the year is less than can be legally applied to one acre of 

cropland; AND 

3) the incident was not into or near public water or groundwater. 

An agricultural chemical incident must be reported to be eligible for 

Agricultural Chemical Response and Reimbursement Account (ACRRA) 

reimbursement of cleanup costs. 

See Part 7—Safe Handling of Pesticides for more information on pesticide 

spills and how to report them. 

Posting Pesticide-treated Fields 

There are three cases that may require private applicators to post 

pesticide treated fields or sites in Minnesota: posting to comply with the 

Worker Protection Standard, posting to comply with pesticide label 

directions, and posting to comply with Minnesota state chemigation law 

(for pesticides applied through irrigation systems). The 1995 Minnesota 

State Legislature eliminated the general state posting law affecting 

farmers. Farmers and others still must post pesticide treated fields if 

required to do so by the Worker Protection Standard, Minnesota state

chemigation law, or the pesticide label directions. 

Posting to comply with Worker Protection Standard (WPS) 

requirements 

The WPS requires agricultural employers (in farms, greenhouses, 

nurseries, and forestry) to notify employees of pesticide applications that 

occur on the farm or business and the pesticide’s restricted entry intervals 

(REIs). REI is the time interval from pesticide application until workers can 

enter a pesticide-treated area. (The WPS has special REI requirements for 

greenhouse and nursery pesticide applications. See the WPS “How to 

Comply Manual” for more information.) Under WPS there are a few 

exceptions where early entry into treated areas—that is, before the REI 

expires—is allowed (see the WPS “How to Comply Manual” for more 

information). REIs for WPS-covered pesticides are listed on the pesticide 

label. REIs range from 12 hours to 48 hours. However, there are a few REIs 

that extend for 72 hours in drier climates including some of the far west 

and northwest portions of Minnesota. 

In most cases, WPS requires employers to either 1) tell their employees 

(orally notify) which fields are being treated with pesticides, how long the 

REI is in effect for each field, and to stay out of the treated areas until the 

REI is over, OR 2) post the treated fields. A few pesticide labels will include 

the following WPS statement: “Notify workers of the application by warning 

them orally and by posting signs at entrances to treated areas.” In this 

case an employer must notify employees both orally and by posting 

pesticide-treated areas. Most of the pesticides with this label statement 

are those with a Danger-Poison signal word. Self-employed farmers with no 

employees other than immediate family members are exempt from the 

WPS employer-provided worker notification requirement and do not have to 

post fields to comply with WPS (see the WPS “How to Comply Manual” for 

more information about this exemption). 

Here is how to post a field to comply with WPS (see the WPS “How to Comply 

Manual” for more information). 

� Posted warning signs must be at least 14" by 16" in size and the letters 

must be at least 1" in height. 

� Signs must have a background color that contrasts with red. 

� The words “Danger” and “Peligro,” plus “Pesticides” and “Pesticidas,” 

must be at the top of the sign, and the words “Keep out” and “No Entre” 

must be at the bottom of the sign. Letters for all words must be clearly 

legible. 

� Additional information such as the name of the pesticide and the date of 

application may appear on the warning sign if it does not detract from 

the appearance of the sign or change the meaning of the required 

information. 

� Signs must be visible from all usual points of worked entry to the treated 

area, including at least each access road, each border with any labor 

camp adjacent to the treated area, and each footpath and other walking 

route that enters the treated area. 

� Signs cannot be posted sooner than 24 hours before the pesticide 

application and must be taken down within three days after the REI is 

over. 



� The person responsible for posting the warning sign under WPS is the 

employer or owner/operator of the farm, not the pesticide applicator. 

Information regarding WPS posting and where WPS warning signs can be 

purchased is available at county extension offices and the Minnesota 

Department of Agriculture. 

Posting required by the pesticide label 

A few pesticide labels may require posting of pesticide-treated fields or 

sites for some or all uses of that pesticide not covered by the WPS. As is 

always the case, all pesticide label directions must be followed, including 

this posting requirement. 

Posting required by state chemigation law 

State posting requirements are different for chemigation. See Part 9— 

Chemigation in this manual for information about how to post chemigated 

fields. 

Chemigation 

Chemigation is the application of pesticides through irrigation systems. 

Concern about water contamination and other issues has led to changes 

in the regulation of pesticide applicators who chemigate. For more 

information on chemigation and chemigation permits, laws, and 

regulations see Part 9—Chemigation in this manual. 

Waste Pesticides and Container Disposal 

hSome pesticide wastes are listed under federal and state hazardous waste 

laws. Waste pesticides must be disposed of properly. In Minnesota, disposal 

of excess pesticides is under control of the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture. Local governments play a role in waste pesticide removal. For 

more information see the web site: 

www.mda.state.mn.us/appd/wastepest/default.htm 

The disposal of solid and hazardous waste is regulated by the Minnesota 

Pollution Control Agency (PCA). The PCA also controls the burning of trash. 

See Part 7—Safe Handling of Pesticides for how to dispose of pesticide 

containers and residues. 

Pesticides in Aquatic Environments 

In addition to the pesticide laws regulated by the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture, the use of pesticides in lakes and other aquatic environments 

is also regulated by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. To 

apply pesticides in aquatic environments may require additional permits, 

certification in aquatics pesticide applicator category, and compliance with 

a number of other laws and regulations. Contact the Minnesota 

Department of Natural Resources’ Ecological Services Section for more 

information.

Summary 

Summary 

There are many federal and state laws that control the use of pesticides. If 

you use pesticides in ways not allowed by law, you may be fined or even put 

in prison. These uses include application, shipment, storage, and disposal 

of pesticides. 

Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), all 

pesticides must be classified as general use or restricted use. State law 

requires that all commercial applicators be certified and that all noncommercial 

and private applicators who buy and apply restricted use 

pesticides (RUP) be certified. 

The main federal agency involved with pesticides is the Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) and the main state agency is the Minnesota 

Department of Agriculture. In addition, there are several other federal and 

state agencies that have regulations about pesticide use. On the next page 

is a list of federal and state agencies and the types of pesticide use under 

their jurisdiction. 

Some areas where there have been recent changes in pesticide laws and 

regulations are: 

� Certification of pesticide applicators. 

� New worker protection standards. 

� Reporting pesticide spills. 

� New pesticide recordkeeping requirement. 

� Chemigation. 

� Posting pesticide-treated fields. 

Regulatory Regulatory Agencies 

Agencies 

Federal Agencies Duty 

U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Shipment of pesticides across state lines 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pesticide classification and use; certification of 

applicators; residues in agricultural products; 

worker protection standards 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aerial application of pesticides 

Occupational Safety & Health Administration Worker safety 

(OSHA) 

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Meat and poultry quality; RUP pesticide 

recordkeeping 

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pesticide residues in food 



State Agencies Duty 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) Registration, sale, misuse, accidents, and 

cleanup of pesticides; licensing and certification 

of applicators and dealers; handling and disposal 

of pesticide wastes, containers and contamnated 

materials; environmental protection; chemigation 

Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) Coordination of poison information centers in 

Minnesota; state drinking water standards; 

regulation of wells 

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Pesticides in aquatic environments 

(DNR) 

Minnesota State Emergency Response Emergency response planning for hazardous 

Commission (SERC) chemical accidents and releases 

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (PCA) Disposal of hazardous and solid wastes 

Minnesota Department of Transportation Regulation of transportation of pesticides on 

(MNDOT) public roadways 

Useful Websites 

The following is a list of useful websites. Please note that websites change 

frequently and may be replaced. The availability of each of these websites 

was checked prior to publishing this edition of the manual; however, that 

availability may have changed since then. We apologize for any 

inconvenience you may experience accessing these sites. 

University of Minnesota Extension Service: 

http://www.extension.umn.edu/ 

� Crop management: 

http://www.extension.umn.edu/crops/ 

� Minnesota Health, Environmental and Pesticide Safety, with links to the 

PAT website: 

http://www.extension.umn.edu/pesticides/ 

� Pesticide Applicator Training page at Professional Education and 

Conference Planning: 

http://www.conferences.umn.edu/mn/pat/ 


http://www.mda.state.mn.us/ 

� Pesticides registered for sale in Minnesota: 

http://www.kellysolutions.come/mn/pesticideindex.htm 

� “A to Z” index to MDA: 

http://www.mda.state.mn.us/newatoz.htm 

� Search for Minnesota private pesticide applicators: 

http://www.mda.state.mn.us/privapp/ 

Minnesota pesticide control laws (18B): 

http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/stats/18B/

The Pesticide Label Page 3-39 

Part 3: 

The Pesticide Label 


Why the Pesticide Label Is Important 

Information on the Pesticide Label 

Sample Label


Key Questions About Pesticide 

Labels 

n What’s on a pesticide label? 

n What is the difference between common, brand and chemical names for 

a pesticide? 

n Why is it important to always have the label handy whenever you use a 

pesticide? 

Why the Pesticide Label Is 

Important 

In this manual you will often be advised to “read the label” and “follow the 

directions on the label.” That’s because so much important information on 

how to use a pesticide is found on the label. 

This information is the result of years of research and testing for each 

pesticide that is put on the market. A manufacturer may make and screen 

7,500 compounds before finding one that can pass all the tests needed for a 

label to receive clearance from the U.S. EPA. These tests include the 

following: 

n Toxicological tests to determine possible health hazards to humans and 

animals. 

n Metabolism studies to see how long it takes a compound to break down 

into simple, less toxic materials. 

n Residue tests to find out how much of the pesticide or its breakdown 

products remain on farm products, such as crops, meat, milk, and eggs. 

n Soil movement tests to determine how long a pesticide stays in the soil 

and how it moves in the soil and groundwater. 

n Wildlife tests to determine the immediate and long-range effects on 

wildlife. 

n Performance tests to prove that the pesticide controls the pest and 

improves the quality and quantity of the crop. 

The EPA reviews these test results and determines whether to approve the 

pesticide. Once it is approved, the pesticide is registered. 

Information on the label and labeling must not differ from the information 

given to the EPA when the product was registered. The label is the 

information printed on or attached to the pesticide container or wrapper; 

labeling refers to the label plus all additional product information, such as 

brochures and flyers, provided by the manufacturer or dealer. Both the 

label and labeling are legally binding documents and must be followed 

exactly. 

State labels—that is, special local needs and emergency labels—should be 

in your hands at the time of application.

Information on the Pesticide 

Label 

The pesticide label has several different parts. Below is an explanation of 

these parts. See the sample label on pages 3 – 8 to 3 – 18. Use of this label 

as a sample by the University of Minnesota Extension Service in no way 

implies endorsement of the product. 

Pesticide Name 

Pesticides go by several names. These are different types of names a 

pesticide may have. 

n Brand, trade, or product name: The name registered by a company for a 

specific pesticide formulation. Be very careful about choosing a pesticide 

product by brand name alone. Companies use the same name with 

minor variations for entirely different chemicals. For example: Tersan 

LSR is zinc and maneb, but Tersan 1991 is benomyl. 

n Common name: The name of the active ingredient in a pesticide. This 

name is approved and formally adopted by official agencies and societies. 

For example, carbaryl is the common name of the active ingredient in 

Sevin. 

n Chemical name: The chemical parts and structure of the active 

ingredient. The chemical name is usually listed following the common 

name. For example, on the Sevin label, the common name for the active 

ingredient, carbaryl, is followed by the chemical name (1-naphthyl N 

methyl carbamate). 

Type of Pesticide 

The type of pesticide is usually listed on the front of the label. It tells you in 

general terms what the product will control. Examples: “Insecticide for 

control of certain insects on fruits, nuts, or ornamentals;” “Soil fungicide;” 

“Herbicide for control of trees, brush, and weeds.” 

Formulation 

Pesticides come in many formulations. Sometimes the same pesticide is 

available in different formulations, for example, as a granule or as an 

emulsifiable concentrate. The instructions on the label are solely for the 

formulation in the container to which the label is attached. Some 

formulations are labeled for restricted use. 

Classification 

Restricted use pesticides are labeled with the restricted-use statement 

near the top on the front page of the label. 

Ingredient Statement 

The ingredient statement lists the name and percentage of the active 

ingredients and the percentage of the inert ingredients. The active 

ingredient is the chemical that does the job. The inert ingredients are the 

non-active ingredients added to the formulation (wetting agents, diluting 

The Pesticide Label Page 3-41


substances, etc.). 

Application rates are based on the percentage of active ingredient. If the 

active ingredient is an acid, the rate is based on the acid equivalent 

percentage. This percentage is listed on the ingredient statement. In 

liquid formulations, there may also be a statement of the weight per gallon 

of active ingredient. 

Sometimes you’ll need to calculate the rate to apply per acre based on the 

amount of active ingredient in the product. Here is the formula to use: 

pounds of active ingredient per acre × acres per field = amount of product per field 

active ingredient per unit of product 

Example: 

2 lb. active ingredient per acre × 35 acres per field = 17.5 gallons per field 

4 lb. active ingredient per gallon 

Net Contents 

The net contents shows the amount of the formulation in the containers. 

It may be listed by weight, as pounds or ounces; or by volume, in pints or 

gallons. 

Directions for Use 

This part contains both general and specific information. 

The general statement usually gives the following information: 

n The crops, livestock, or sites to be treated. 

n The pests to be controlled. If an unlisted pest is found on the site, it 

may also be treated, but only if the application is to a crop, animal, or 

site that the label allows. 

n Method of application. For example, ground application or aerial 

application. 

n Amount. For example, the amount to use per treatment. 

n Geography. For example, certain states or regions listed on emergency 

labels (special local need labels). 

n Time. For example, the interval between treatment and harvest. 

n Wildlife. For example, endangered species. 

n Incompatibilities with other pesticides. 

n How to mix and apply. What equipment to use; whether to agitate; 

whether to mix the pesticide with oil or water; when and where the 

material should be applied; how to incorporate it into the soil; the type of 

spray pattern; and other how-to-do-it information. 

Remember, it is illegal to apply any pesticide to crops, livestock, or sites not listed on the 

label. 

Specific information includes: 

n How much to use. This tells the application rate—the weight or volume 

per acre or thousand feet of row, or the amount to mix in a given volume 

of water. It also tells if there is a limit on the number of treatments that

can be given; this may appear in a separate limitations section on the 

label. 

n Method of application. This tells you whether to use a broadcast, band, 

furrow, foliage, or other type of application. An explanation of the 

different methods of application is given in Part 8—Equipment: 

Selecting, Calibrating, Cleaning. 

n When to apply. This tells when to apply the pesticide—before or after 

planting, at a certain stage of plant development, during a dormant 

period, etc. Common terms used in the timing of application include: 

Preplant. Applying the pesticide before planting 

Preemergence. Applying the pesticide before the seedlings come up 

Postemergence. Applying the pesticide after the seedlings come up 

Preharvest intervals may also be given here, or they may appear in a 

separate limitations section of the label. These tell the minimum time 

that must pass between treatment and harvest. 

Warnings and Precautions 

This part of the label contains important safety information. It includes 

signal words and statements to warn you about dangers for humans and 

domestic animals. In some cases, the label may not contain certain 

warnings, but the absence of a warning does not rule out the need for 

safety precaution. 

All pesticide labels must include the statement: KEEP OUT OF THE REACH 

OF CHILDREN. Listed below are other important safety warnings on 

pesticide labels. 

Signal words. Certain signal words are used to indicate how dangerous the 

pesticide is to humans. These words are: 

n DANGER/POISON. The product is highly hazardous—just a taste to a 

teaspoonful taken by mouth can kill. There will also be a drawing of a 

skull and crossbones and the word “poison” printed in red. 

n DANGER. The product is highly hazardous due to either a severe skin or 

eye irritant or corrosive. 

n WARNING. The product is moderately hazardous—as little as a 

teaspoonful to a tablespoonful by mouth could kill an average-sized adult. 

n CAUTION. The product is slightly hazardous—an ounce to more than a 

pint taken by mouth could kill an adult. 

Further explanations of these signal words are given in Part 6—Pesticide 

Poisoning and Appendix C. 

Route of entry/hazards to humans statement. This part comes right 

after the signal words. It tells which route of entry (mouth, skin, lungs) you 

must take special care to protect. Many pesticides are hazardous by more 

than one route, so study this part of the label carefully. For example, a 

Danger/Poison signal word may be followed by one or all of the following 

statements: 

Fatal if swallowed; 



Poisonous if inhaled; 

Extremely hazardous by skin contact—rapidly absorbed through skin; 

Corrosive—causes eye damage and severe skin burns. 

Specific action statements come right after the route of entry/hazard to 

humans statement. This part of the label tells what to do to prevent 

poisoning accidents, for example, “Do not breathe vapors or mist.” 

Protective clothing and equipment. Some labels fully describe the 

protective clothing and equipment to use when handling the pesticide. 

Others may list some recommendations, for example, goggles, but may not 

mention important items like gloves. Some labels may not carry any 

statement at all. If the label has a statement, be sure to follow the advice 

given. But also check the signal word and the route of entry to decide if 

additional protection is necessary. 

Safe handling. Labels often list precautions for safe handling, for example: 

Do not contaminate food or feed. 

Wash thoroughly after handling and before eating and smoking. 

Applicators should always take care to handle all pesticides safely even if 

there are no warnings on the label. See Part 7—Safe Handling of Pesticides 

for more information. 

First aid. This part tells what to do in case of poisoning, for example: 

If swallowed, drink large quantities of milk, egg white, or water—do not induce vomiting. 

All Danger/Poison labels contain a note to physicians describing the 

medical treatment for poisoning emergencies. Some Warning and Caution 

labels may also have this information. 

Environmental hazards. This tells if the pesticide is especially hazardous 

for fish, wildlife or other nontarget organisms, for example: 

This product is highly toxic to bees. 

Also, there are usually warnings on how to avoid contaminating the 

environment, for example: 

Do not apply when runoff is likely to occur. 

Do not allow drift on desirable plants or trees. 

If these statements do not appear, still take proper precautions. See Part 

5—Protecting the Environment for more information. 

Physical or chemical hazards. This part will tell you of any special fire, 

explosion, or chemical hazards, for example: 

Flammable—do not use, pour, spill, or store near heat or open flame. 

This information and the information about environmental hazards are 

not located in the same place on all pesticide labels. Be sure to search the 

label for these statements before handling the pesticide. 

Re-entry intervals. This is the length of time that must pass before a 

person can enter the treated area without protective clothing. The safe reentry 

interval varies by the pesticide. Generally it is about 24 to 48 hours 

or until the pesticide dries or dusts have settled. The label may also state 

whether a field must be posted to warn people about re-entry limitations. At 

present, the EPA does not require re-entry intervals on most pesticide 

labels, but this may change in the future. Minnesota law now requires 

posting of a field for re-entry if a specific hourly or daily re-entry interval is 

listed on the label. 

Storage and disposal. This part explains how to store the pesticide, how to 

clean the equipment, and how to dispose of unused product. See Part 7— 

Safe Handling of Pesticides for more information.

Registration and Establishment Numbers 

All pesticides must list the EPA registration number. This shows that the 

label has been approved by the federal government. In addition, there is an 

establishment number that indicates the specific manufacturing plant 

where the pesticide was made. The establishment number is important in 

case a product is recalled. The name and address of the manufacturer are 

also listed. 

Summary 

Pesticide labels include the label on the container and all supplementary 

labeling. Before buying, using, storing, or disposing of any pesticide, read 

the label carefully. Both the pesticide and all supplementary labeling are 

legally binding documents and must be followed exactly. 

All pesticides must be registered with the Environmental Protection 

Agency. Pesticides must pass rigorous tests before being registered. 

Information on the pesticide label includes the name of the pesticide, the 

formulation, a restricted-use statement if applicable, a list of ingredients 

including percentage of active ingredients, net contents, directions for use, 

and warnings and precautions. It is essential to read and understand 

EVERY part of the pesticide label. 


Page 3-46 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual











Pesticide Formulations Page 4-57 

Part 4: 


Formulations 


What Is a Pesticide Formulation? 

How to Choose a Formulation 

Different Types of Formulations 

Combining Different Formulations



Formulations 

n Why isn’t there only one kind of pesticide formulation? Wouldn’t it be 

simpler? 

n What difference can a pesticide’s formulation make on crop injury? pest 

control? application equipment? 

n How would you know if you could tank-mix two pesticides with different 

formulations? 

What Is a Pesticide 

Formulation? 

A formulation is a mixture of the active ingredient in a pesticide with 

other inert (inactive) substances. Different formulations may be used 

differently. Some are to be used direct from the package, while others need 

to be diluted with water, oil, or other carriers. The reason for mixing the 

active ingredient with other substances is to make handling and 

application safer, easier, and more accurate. 

Some active ingredients do not dissolve in water or oil. Others can only be 

manufactured as solids. Still others are liquids or gases in their original 

forms. By mixing the active ingredient with other materials such as 

solvents, wetting agents, stickers, powders, or granules, manufacturers 

produce formulations that can be handled accurately and safely by 

application machinery. A few pesticides are now formulated for controlled 

release. These pesticides allow the active ingredient to be slowly released 

after application. This provides better control for certain pests at possibly 

lower rates and over a longer period of time. 

How to Choose a Formulation 

A single pesticide is often sold in different formulations. Different 

formulations of the same active ingredient often behave differently. For 

example, some types of formulation may mix in water better, while others 

may increase the chance of crop injury. Choose the formulation that is 

suitable for the job. Things to consider include: 

n Percent of active ingredient. 

n Ease in handling and mixing. 

n Personal safety risk. 

n Type of environment (agriculture, forest, urban, etc.). 

n Effectiveness against the pest.

n Habits of the pest. 

n The crop to be protected. 

n Type of application machinery. 

n Danger of drift or runoff. 

n Possible injury to crop. 

n Cost. 

Different Types of 

Formulations 


Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) are liquid formulations in which the 

active ingredient has been dissolved in oil or other solvents and an 

emulsifier has been added so that the formulation can be mixed with 

water or oil for spraying. ECs, along with wettable powders (WP) are the 

most widely used formulations. An EC usually contains two to six pounds of 

active ingredient per gallon. ECs are easy to handle and require little 

agitation. Some crops are sensitive to the ECs of some insecticides; in 

these cases use a different formulation of the active ingredient (for 

example, a wettable powder). 

High concentrate liquids, spray concentrates, and ultra low volume 

(ULV) concentrates may be thought of as special EC formulations. They 

usually contain a high concentration of the active ingredient, as much as 

eight or more pounds per gallon. Most are made to be mixed with water or 

oil. ULV concentrates are made to be used directly without dilution; they 

contain little but the pesticide itself. 

Low concentrate liquids or oil solutions (S) contain low amounts of the 

active ingredient. They are made to be used as purchased, with no further 

dilution. This type of formulation is often sold for use in controlling 

household pests, for mothproofing, or in barns as a space spray or spray for 

livestock. 

Flowable liquids (F or L) are made with active ingredients that do not 

dissolve well in water or oil. The active ingredient is very finely ground and 

suspended in a liquid along with suspending agents, adjuvants, and other 

ingredients. The formulation can then be mixed with water and applied. 

Flowables do not clog spray nozzles, require moderate agitation, and in 

many ways are as easy to handle as EC formulations. 

Solutions and water soluble concentrates (S) are liquids in their original 

state and are completely soluble in water or other organic solvents. 

Properly prepared solutions do not leave unsightly residues and will not 

clog spray equipment. But some can damage crops, so you may have to use 

another formulation. 

Encapsulated pesticides are a fairly new type of formulation. The active 

ingredient is contained in an extremely small capsule. The capsules are 

suspended in a liquid. This formulation is mixed with water and applied 

with conventional sprayers. It is relatively easy and safe to use, but can be


a significant hazard for bees because the bees may take the capsules back 

to the hive with pollen. 

Dusts (D) are a very finely ground mixture of the active ingredient 

combined with talc, clay, powdered nut hulls, or other such materials. They 

are used dry; never mix them with water. Some active ingredients that 

may harm a crop if applied as an EC can be applied without harm as a dust. 

The percentage of active ingredient is usually quite low. Dust formulations 

are available for use on seeds, plants, and animals. 

Granules (G) are dry particles made up of porous materials, such as corn 

cobs or walnut shells, to which the active ingredient has been applied. The 

percentage of active ingredient is lower than in an EC but usually higher 

than that of a dust formulation. They are usually safer to apply than ECs or 

dusts. Granular pesticide formulations are most often used as soil 

treatments. They can be applied directly to the soil or over plants, since 

they usually do not cling to plant foliage. 

Wettable powders (WP) are dry powdered pesticide formulations. They look 

like dusts but, unlike dusts, they contain wetting and dispersing agents. 

They are usually more concentrated than dusts, containing 15 to 95 

percent active ingredient. The formulation does not form a true solution, 

so agitation is required in the spray tank to keep the formulation in 

suspension. Some active ingredients which cannot be formulated into ECs 

can be formulated into WPs. Good wettable powder formulations spray well 

and do not clog nozzles, but they are abrasive to pumps and nozzles. Most 

WPs are less likely than ECs to damage sensitive plants. 

Soluble powders (SP), like wettable powders, are dry formulations, but 

when added to water they dissolve completely and form solutions. Agitation 

in the spray tank may be needed to get them to dissolve, but, once in 

solution, agitation is not needed. The percentage of active ingredient is 

usually high compared to ECs and WPs. Not many SP formulations are 

available. 

Dry flowables look like granules, but are used in the same way as wettable 

powders. They have several advantages over WPs: they can be poured from 

their container and measured by volume like a liquid; they are safer to 

handle because there is little dust in the air when they are measured and 

mixed. They contain very high concentrations of active ingredient. 

Pressure-liquefied gases and fumigants. Some active ingredients are 

gases that kill when absorbed or inhaled. They are often stored under 

pressure. Under pressure, the gas may turn to liquid. These formulations 

may be injected into the soil, released under tarps, or released into a grain 

storage elevator. Some liquid formulations not stored under pressure turn 

to gases or vapors after they have been applied to the soil or crop. If the 

formulation is an insecticide, the vapors of the active ingredient often do 

most of the killing of the pest. If it is a herbicide, the liquid has to be 

incorporated into the soil before it turns to a gas; otherwise it will be lost to 

the atmosphere. Phosphine, one of the most common fumigants for stored 

grain, is inserted as a solid capsule into the grain, where it vaporizes. 

Fumigants pose a serious safety risk because they are highly toxic and 

easily inhaled. They can also burn the skin. 

Poisonous baits are foods or other substances mixed with a pesticide that 

will attract and be eaten by pests and cause their death. They are used to 

control mice, rats, and other rodents and animals. Baits are also used to 

control ants, flies, or other insects, including some soil pests. Bait


formulations can be used in whole areas or for spot treatment, indoors and 

out. The percentage of active ingredient is low compared to ECs and other 

formulations. 

Aerosols are sold mainly for garden and home use, not for agricultural use. 

They contain one or more pesticides in the same formulation in a can 

under pressure. Usually the percentage of active ingredients is very low. 

Their main advantage is that they are convenient to use. 

Invert emulsions contain a water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil 

carrier. They require a special kind of emulsifier that allows the pesticide 

to be mixed with a large volume of oil, usually a fuel oil. When applied, 

invert emulsions form large droplets which do not drift easily. Invert 

emulsions are most often used along rights-of-way where there is a 

problem of pesticide drift on non-target plants. 

Adjuvants 

An adjuvant is an inert material added to a pesticide formulation. It helps 

increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient. Most pesticide 

formulations contain at least a small percentage of additives. 

Some applicators also add adjuvants when mixing for special applications. 

Check the label first because some labels have cautions against adding 

adjuvants. 

Common adjuvants include wetting agents, spreaders, stickers, foaming 

agents, and compatibility agents. 

Combining Different 

Formulations 

Sometimes various pesticides are combined. Some pesticides are 

registered for use in combination with a liquid fertilizer. If pesticides may 

be combined safely and effectively, they are called compatible. If not, they 

are called incompatible. Incompatibility can be physical or chemical. 

Physical incompatibility means that the chemicals cannot physically be 

mixed together. Solid materials may become deposited at the bottom of the 

spray tank or the ingredients may become separated into two or more 

layers following agitation. In some cases, separate parts may come 

together or foaming or curdling may occur. If chemicals are physically 

incompatible, the mixture may not be sprayable or the concentrations may 

vary. 

Chemical incompatibility. Even if some chemicals can be mixed together 

physically, there may be other kinds of incompatibility that may reduce 

effectiveness or cause injury to the plant. 

Pesticide manufacturers try to anticipate combinations that farmers want 

to use and provide warnings on the label for incompatible mixtures.


Summary 

Pesticides come in various formulations. Some are easier to use than 

others. Some are more effective than others in certain situations. The 

most commonly used formulations are emulsifiable concentrates and 

wettable powders, but there are many other types available. It is important 

to know which type of formulation is the safest and most effective for the 

crop and pest you wish to treat. Do not combine pesticides that are 

physically or chemically incompatible.

Protecting the Environment Page 5-63 

Part 5: 

Protecting the 

Environment 


Pesticides and the Environment 

Spray Drift 

Why be Concerned about Drift? 

Organic Agriculture 

Factors Affecting Drift 

How Far Will Drift Go? 

Strategies to Reduce Drift 

Pesticides and Water Quality 

What Is Groundwater? 

Pesticides Can Be a Problem for Water Quality 

How Pesticides Get Into Water 

Managing Pesticides to Protect Water Quality 

Selecting Pesticides to Protect Water Quality 

Handling Pesticides to Protect Water Quality 

Protecting Non-Target Organisms 

How Pesticides May Harm Wild Plants and Animals 

How to Protect Non-Target Organisms 

Endangered and Threatened Species in Minnesota 

Pesticide Programs to Protect Endangered and Threatened Species


Key Questions About Protecting the 

Environment 

n What happens when a pesticide moves to where it is not supposed to be? 

n Why should you be concerned about reducing drift? 

n How do pesticides get into ground and surface water? 

n What can you do on your farm to prevent pesticides from getting into the 

water? 

n What can you do to protect “non-target” plants and animals from being 

harmed by pesticides? 

Pesticides and the 

Environment 

Environmental protection laws and label directions are designed to limit 

the environmental problems caused by pesticides. However, it is up to the 

pesticide applicator to be aware of and avoid practices that can cause 

environmental damage. It is important to understand what happens to 

pesticides in the environment and how pesticides pollute water, soil, and 

air and may affect non-target organisms. When pesticides move to where 

they don’t belong, they may cause serious and long-lasting effects on 

humans, plants, and animals. 

Spray Drift 

“Pesticide drift” means different things to different people. A good working 

definition of pesticide drift is offered by the US Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA). The EPA defines pesticide spray drift as the physical 

movement of a pesticide through the air, at the time of or soon after the 

pesticide application, to any site other than the intended site (often 

referred to as an “off-target” site). This definition does not include 

movement of pesticides to off-target sites from soil erosion, migration, 

revolatilization, or windblown contaminated soil particles. Pesticide drift is 

not a new problem. However, with increasing acreage planted to herbicideresistant 

crops and a shift to more postemergence spraying, the potential 

for off-target damage due to drift has increased in recent years. 

Two types of spray drift occur: vapor and particle. Particle drift occurs at the 

time of application and is the movement of small droplets and particles of 

the spray solution suspended in air. Vapor drift occurs when the pesticide 

changes to a vapor, or gaseous form, and then moves away from the treated 

area. Vapor drift can occur during and soon after application 

(‘revolatilization’ is the pesticide turning into a vapor after it has been 

applied and can occur many hours after application). Vapor drift may be 

more common with certain pesticides. Recent research has shown that all 

pesticides have the potential for particle drift and most drift that does 

occurs is particle drift.

Why Be Concerned about Drift? 


Damage from pesticide drift can be significant. Human health can be 

adversely affected; farm workers, farm families, and other persons in the 

vicinity can suffer acute ill effects from such exposures. Damage to 

adjacent crops, causing destruction of crops or unwanted and illegal 

pesticides residue, can result in total loss of produce yield. Long 

established trees and ornamental plants can be harmed by even one drift 

event. Fish and wildlife kills, including destruction of desirable 

honeybees, can occur with even minimal off-target movement of some 

pesticides, particularly insecticides. 

It is illegal in Minnesota to make an application of pesticide resulting in 

off-target movement. Applications must be performed in a manner that 

does not endanger humans or damage agricultural products, food, 

livestock, fish or wildlife. The law states that a person may not apply a 

pesticide resulting in damage to adjacent property. Additionally, the 

Minnesota Pesticide Law says that a pesticide must always be applied in a 

manner consistent with labeling. Since pesticide product labels often 

contain language that says “Do Not Allow this Product to Drift”, or words to 

that effect, evidence that drift occurred would also be a violation of federal 

pesticide control law. The bottom line is that whether or not damage 

results, or whether a person complains, pesticide drift is illegal and is not 

tolerated in the regulatory or agricultural community. 

Minnesota has a strict liability legal standard for enforcement of cases 

involving pesticide drift: if drift occurs, the applicator is responsible, and no 

showing of negligence, carelessness, or intent is necessary for the 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) to bring an enforcement 

action against the applicator. In addition, the applicator is always primarily 

responsible and liable for monetary damages and other loss compensation 

in regard to pesticide drift damage. 

Actual damage and anxiety about pesticide drift are the most common 

types of complaint reported to the MDA. Pesticide drift issues continue to 

be a national priority of the EPA, other state departments of agriculture, 

farm groups, industry, advocacy groups, and the extension service. With 

the growing encroachment of urban/suburban communities into rural 

areas, the occasions for off-target movement of pesticides and damage or 

complaints of that drift, have increased substantially. Surprisingly, many 

complaints of pesticide drift are reported by farmers about farmers, who 

once too often are frustrated and angered by the repeated and damaging 

drift from neighboring farms. In urban settings many residents feel the 

“chemical trespass” that pesticide drift involves is intolerable, no matter 

the risks or potential to damage property. Whether or not damage or harm 

has occurred, drift is illegal. 

Even if you don’t apply your own pesticides, you still play an important role 

in preventing drift. Drift is not just the responsibility of the commercial 

applicator. When drift occurs, the customer eventually pays. Costs 

incurred, such as insurance premiums and legal fees, must eventually be 

passed on to the customer in higher application fees or product costs. Drift 

also has non-financial costs such as keeping relations with neighbors, 

businesses, and other land owners.


Organic Agriculture 

Organic acreage is increasing in the US and in Minnesota. To receive 

“organic certification” a farmer must keep his fields pesticide-free for at 

least three (3) years. A relatively new and increasing concern surrounds 

the off-target movement of pesticides into organic acreage. Pesticide drift 

can result in the loss of such certification, often at a great financial cost to 

the farmer. Unfortunately, visible drift damage need not occur for 

certification loss; any pesticide residue can render “organic acreage” 

unusable. For example, drift from a soybean herbicide will not cause injury 

to most organic soybeans, but it is still a violation of organic certification. 

Factors Affecting Drift 

We have control over many variables that affect drift. Select responsible 

and knowledgeable applicators. Set up and calibrate application equipment 

with drift reduction nozzles, lower pressure settings, and lower boom 

heights to minimizes drift. To protect sensitive areas—such as surface 

water, and neighboring gardens, trees, and crops—use buffer zones where 

no pesticide is applied. 

Spray droplet size—not wind—is the single biggest factor determining if 

drift will occur. Small droplets take longer to fall and can be carried farther 

by wind currents. Pay attention to the temperature and relative humidity 

levels. As it gets hotter and humidity decreases, droplets evaporate 

becoming smaller and lighter and travel further. 

After droplet size, wind speed and direction are the most important factors 

affecting pesticide drift. Avoid spraying any pesticides when winds are 

greater than 10 mph. Guessing wind speed is difficult and inaccurate. 

Purchasing a simple, low-cost wind-speed gauge is a good idea. A reading 

with one of these devices at the application site is the best way to know if 

you should make the application. The conditions at the local radio station 

or airport are not the same as the conditions in the field. It is a good idea 

to record both the speed and direction (the direction from which the wind 

is blowing) for each application. Accurate wind and weather information 

during the pesticide application will help you if a drift complaint should 

occur. (Minnesota commercial pesticide applicators are required to record 

wind speed and direction for all applications they make.] 

Always be aware of sensitive areas around the application site, such as 

gardens, landscape plantings and trees, schools, parks, sensitive crops, 

surface water, and wetlands. If the wind is blowing towards these sensitive 

areas, even at low speeds, drift may occur. The best recommendation is to 

spray when the wind is gentle (3-10 mph), steady, and blowing away from 

high-risk areas. 

Although, tempting, avoid spraying under dead-calm conditions. Under 

normal air conditions, the air close to the ground is warmer and this warm 

air tends to rise mixing the air and creating wind. An inversion occurs 

when the air close to the ground is colder than air higher up in the sky 

resulting in no air mixing. Under inversions, the winds are very light to 

dead calm and variable in direction. You can see inversions on some very 

calm winter days. Under inversions, smoke from a chimney may rise up a 

short ways until it hits the warmer air above. The smoke then very slowly 

drifts horizontally as a concentrated cloud, which can be followed for long 

distances. The same thing can happen to pesticide sprays that have small


droplets that do not fall out under inversion conditions. The concentrated 

cloud of pesticide can move off site and cause damage to plants or other 

organisms. In summer, inversions typically occur towards sunset and 

continue to morning under clear skies or when the winds are dead calm. 

How Far Will Drift Go? 

This chart shows that with a 3 mph wind, medium-sized particles can 

move about 30 feet from the intended target. When selecting nozzles, 

consult the nozzle manufacturer’s information on average droplet size 

produced by nozzles at different pressures. Whenever possible avoid nozzles 

that produce fine, very fine, and fog droplets (sizes below 200 microns in 

diameter) at pressures you will be using. Avoiding small droplets is the 

single best way to reduce the potential for drift as small droplets stay 

in the air much longer and move much farther than larger droplets. 

Droplet Diameter (in microns) Time to Fall 10 Feet Travel 

Distance @ 3 mph wind 

Fog 5 66 min. 3 miles 

Very Fine 20 4.2 min. 1,100 feet 

Fine 100 10 sec. 44 feet 

Medium 240 6 sec. 28 feet 

Coarse 400 2 sec. 8.5 feet 

Fine rain 1,000 1 sec. 4.7 feet 

Source: Herbicide Spray drift, NDSU Extension 

Strategies to Reduce Drift 

Here are some things to reduce drift: 

n Use nozzles that produce larger droplets. (Avoid droplets smaller than 200 

microns in diameter whenever possible.) 

n Increase the application volume (gallons per acre of spray). 

n Keep pressures towards the low end of the operating range for the nozzle 

you are using. Higher pressures create a greater percentage of small 

particles susceptible to drift. 

n Calibrate application equipment for lower boom heights to decrease the 

distance that spray particles must travel. 

n Use buffer zones of no pesticides near sensitive areas such as surface 

waters and neighboring crops, gardens, trees, and public facilities such 

as schools and parks. 

n Use new technologies such as drift-reduction nozzles or drift reduction 

spray additives.


It is important to avoid the “I 

need to spray right now” way 

of thinking. 

None of these strategies will allow you to apply in poor conditions or high 

winds, but they will decrease drift under favorable conditions. 

Drift prevention can be accomplished. Selection, calibration, maintenance 

and use of equipment that produces large spray droplets is of primary 

importance. Lower boom or application heights. Keep pressures as low as 

possible. 

Attention to wind direction and wind speed is absolutely necessary. 

Checking on prevailing and forecasted weather conditions before hand is 

the responsibility of the applicator, not the farmer or the dealer/employer 

or even the crop consultant. On the other hand, pressure from a farmer or 

dealer or crop consultant to spray—no matter the poor or worsening 

weather conditions—can make for difficult business decisions on the part 

of the applicator. The decision to not spray in order to avoid spray drift is a 

good decision. 

Sources on Spray Drift 

Dean Herzfeld, University of Minnesota 

Paul Liemandt, Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

Brent Pringnitz, Iowa State University 

Bob Wolf, Kansas State University 

National Coalition for Drift Minimization 

Western Crop Protection Association, Sacramento, CA 

Pesticides and Water Quality 

Pesticides are one of a large number of chemicals that may affect ground 

and surface water quality. In Minnesota water has been contaminated by 

industrial wastes, sewage, urban storm sewer runoff, landfills, 

underground storage tanks, chemicals in the air, fertilizers, animal 

wastes, and solvents used in the home, garage and industry. In Minnesota 

nitrate groundwater pollution—from legumes, manure, fertilizers, sewage 

and other sources—is more widespread and more often exceeds health 

standards than pollution from pesticides. 

Whether or not a pesticide may affect the quality of surface water or 

groundwater depends partly on its physical properties, the weather 

patterns, the type of crop or plant cover, and the properties of the soil and 

the underlying geological structure. The pesticide selected for use, rates, 

timing and method of application, and other cultural practices can also be 

important factors. How these factors interact determines if a certain 

pesticide on a specific soil will leach to groundwater or run off to surface 

water. 

What Is Groundwater? 

Groundwater is an essential natural resource. It supplies the drinking 

water for 97 percent of rural Americans. It is also the primary source of 

irrigation water in the midwest.


Groundwater forms when water moves below the ground’s surface and fills 

empty spaces in and around rocks, sand, and gravel. If enough collects in 

one area, groundwater may become a source of fresh water, supplying 

wells and springs. Depending on the geology in an area, groundwater can 

be very deep in the ground or it can be close to the surface. Under any one 

spot there may be more than one layer of groundwater. Each of these 

layers, or “aquifers,” lie at different depths and may move in different 

directions and have different recharge areas. 

Pesticides Can Be a Problem for Water 

Quality 

Groundwater 

Because we cannot see groundwater, we tend not to think about it. It is 

easy to forget that substances used on the surface can get into the 

groundwater. As water seeps downward toward groundwater, it carries 

substances in the soil with it. Once the groundwater is contaminated the 

problem can no longer be ignored. 

Pesticides have been found in the groundwater in some areas of 

Minnesota. The central sand plains and the Karst region in the southeast 

are among the more vulnerable areas of Minnesota for groundwater 

pollution. Some of the pesticides found in groundwater may be associated 

with cancer or other illnesses, if length of exposure is long and 

concentrations of the pesticide are high. 

It is very expensive, and often impossible, to purify groundwater that has 

been contaminated by pesticides or other pollutants. Some communities 

have had to close their wells because of groundwater contamination. 

Prevention is the cheapest and most effective way to deal with 

groundwater contamination. 

Under federal and state law, Minnesota is developing a state pesticide 

management plan. This plan is designed to prevent contamination of 

groundwater by pesticides and reduce existing groundwater 

contamination. If a pesticide is found to be contaminating groundwater, 

first voluntary and then mandatory restrictions may be put into place. 

Which restriction is used will depend on the frequency and level of 

detection in the vulnerable area, how and where the pesticide is being 

used, and other factors. 

Surface water 

Surface water—such as ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers—can become 

polluted with pesticides. Pesticides in surface waters can affect aquatic 

and other wildlife. Many large urban areas use surface water as a source 

of drinking water. Under some conditions surface water can move directly 

into groundwater carrying with it any pesticides and other pollutants. 

Surface waters can reach groundwater through wells, in sandy areas with 

high water tables, or through sinkholes and other Karst features found in 

some areas of the state. In other areas it may take many, many years for 

surface water to reach groundwater.


How Pesticides Get into Water 

Leaching to groundwater 

A major way pesticides get into groundwater is through accidents and 

improper handling: 

n Spills and accidents around a poorly sealed well or other vulnerable 

areas. 

n Backsiphonage down a well during the filling of spray tanks. 

n Improper storing, mixing, and loading of pesticides . 

n Improper disposal of pesticide wastes, application equipment rinse 

water, and containers. 

Pesticides also get into groundwater through normal applications. Whether 

this happens depends on the: 

n Pesticide characteristics. 

n Soil type, texture, organic matter, and drainage. 

n Depth to groundwater. 

n Geology. 

n Amount of rainfall or irrigation. 

n Tillage, crop residue, and vegetation cover. 

n Cultural practices. 

Runoff to surface water 

Pesticides may reach surface waters in many ways. They may drift during 

application, may enter tile lines and drainage ditches, or may be washed 

down storm sewers. Pesticides can also enter surface waters through 

runoff from: 

n Spills, equipment leaks, and accidents. 

n Pesticide storage, mixing, and equipment-cleaning areas. 

n Improper disposal of containers and other pesticide-contaminated wastes. 

n Fields—either dissolved in runoff water or attached to soil particles 

eroded by wind or water. 

Whether pesticides enter surface water depends upon: 

n Soil type, texture, slope, and amount of drainage. 

n Pesticide characteristics. 

n Vegetative cover in crop land and at the borders of surface waters. 

n Rainfall frequency, amounts, and duration. 

n Tillage system used. 

n Crop residue amounts.


Factors affecting the leaching and surface runoff of pesticides 

Soil types. Some soils allow quick leaching and/or runoff of pesticides 

while others do not. See section below on soil types. 

Depth to groundwater. If groundwater is within a few feet of the soil 

surface, pesticides are more likely to reach it and to reach it quickly. 

Amount of water applied. The goal of good irrigation management is to 

make sure there is enough moisture to assure plant growth and pesticide 

uptake. Some pesticides need water in the form of rain or irrigation in 

order to work. But if too much water is applied during irrigation there is a 

greater chance for the excess water to leach or run off the soil surface. 

Pesticides applied shortly before heavy rains or irrigation are more likely 

to leach or run off. 

Geologic formations. Some areas are “recharge” areas where water from 

the surface enters groundwater. Recharge areas tend to be more 

vulnerable to groundwater pollution than other areas. Rocky geological 

formations that are “tight” force water to run off rather than move through 

the ground. Limestone areas or “karst” areas, as in southeastern 

Minnesota, often have many cracks in the rocks which let pesticides move 

quickly to groundwater. 

Cultural Practices. Pesticides applied postemergence to a full crop canopy 

will have much less chance of reaching the soil surface than pesticides 

applied to bare ground. This reduces the chance of water pollution. Large 

amounts of crop residues on a field may reduce surface runoff but increase 

the chance of leaching. Tillage systems may affect soil structure, either 

increasing or decreasing leaching or surface runoff. Tile drains may also 

contribute to both surface and groundwater contamination. 

Managing Pesticides to Protect 

Water Quality 

Selecting Pesticides to Protect Water 

Quality 

Pesticides and soils each have certain characteristics which affect the 

leaching and surface runoff of pesticides. It is no single characteristic but 

their combination that determines whether a particular pesticide will 

leach on a particular soil. 

Pesticide characteristics 

Solubility is the ability of a pesticide to dissolve in water. The more 

soluble a pesticide is in water the more likely it is to move with water. 

Water can carry soluble pesticides by leaching through soils or by runoff 

over the soil surface. 

Adsorption is the ability of a pesticide to bond with the soil. Some 

pesticides stick very tightly to soil while others are easily dislodged.


Pesticides that bind more tightly with soil particles will remain in the 

surface soil longer and are less likely to leach down into the groundwater. 

Pesticides which are tightly bound to soil will move if the soil is eroded and 

could reach surface waters. 

Breakdown rate is the time it takes a pesticide to degrade or break down 

into other chemicals. The rate of breakdown varies greatly among 

pesticides and depends on whether the pesticide is on the soil surface, in 

the soil or in water. Pesticides are broken down by microorganisms, 

chemically, or (for certain pesticides) by sunlight. A few pesticides after 

repeated use are broken down so quickly by microorganisms their 

effectiveness is reduced. Temperature, moisture conditions, soil type, 

organic matter, application method, soil pH, and other factors can also 

greatly affect the rate at which a pesticide will break down. The slower the 

breakdown rate of a pesticide the more likely it is to reach surface or 

groundwater. 

For a listing of pesticides, their properties, and their potential for leaching or surface runoff 

see this Minnesota Extension Service publication. AG-BU-3911 Pesticides: Surface 

Runoff, Leaching and Exposure Concerns. R. L. Becker, et al. 

Soil types and pesticide movement 

Organic matter is what remains when plant and animal matter 

decompose. The more organic matter in the soil, the better the soil can 

adsorb the pesticide, hold water, and promote the breakdown of the 

pesticide. 

Soil texture refers to the size of particles in the soil. Sandy soils have 

larger particles and pores and fewer sites where pesticides may be 

attached. As a result, water and pesticides can move quickly through 

sandy soils. This increases the chance of groundwater pollution but 

reduces the amount of surface runoff. In contrast, silt or clay soils have 

smaller particles and pores and are more effective in adsorbing pesticides. 

This decreases the downward movement of water and pesticides but may 

increase the amount of surface runoff. 

Soil slope is the angle a field lies from the horizontal. The steeper the 

slope the greater the runoff and the less water available for leaching 

through the soil. 

Adsorption is the ability of a soil to bond with pesticides. Soils vary greatly 

in their ability to bind pesticides. See pesticide adsorption on page 5-9. 

Soil structure is the way soil is held together. Highly compacted soil tends 

to reduce leaching and increase surface runoff. Macropores are large 

openings in the soil created by animals, plant roots, drying and other 

causes. Macropores may allow more rapid movement of pesticides through 

the soils than normal leaching. 

For more information on Minnesota soils properties and their effect on pesticide leaching 

and surface runoff, see this Minnesota Extension Service publication. AG-TO-5755 

Minnesota Rating Guide for Potential Leaching and Surface Runoff of Pesticides. 1992. 

Handling Pesticides to Protect Surface and 

Ground Water 

Proper transporting, storing, mixing, loading, applying, and disposal of 

pesticides can greatly minimize water pollution. Usually, when a very high 

level of a pesticide is found in groundwater it is due to improper pesticide 

handling rather than to normal field application. Repeated spills on the


same spot, even if each spill is very small, or pesticides running down 

active or abandoned wells may create large contamination problems. Fire 

prevention is also important because extensive water contamination may 

result from fighting fires involving pesticides. 

Whenever pesticides are used, there is a potential for water 

contamination. But there are ways you can protect water and still use 

pesticides effectively. Many items covered in Part 7— Safe Handling of 

Pesticides and Part 8—Equipment: Selecting, Calibrating, Cleaning are 

designed to reduce groundwater and surface water pesticide pollution. 

Here are some more ways to protect water quality: 

n Use Integrated Pest Management Practices to avoid unnecessary 

pesticide use. 

n Choose pesticides that have less potential for leaching or for surface 

runoff, particularly in vulnerable areas. 

n Use the lowest effective rate of a pesticide for the type of soil and pest 

conditions. 

n Spot spray or band pesticides when possible. 

n Keep all pesticide preparation areas, supply tanks, and storage areas at 

least 150 feet from any water well. 

n Design storage areas, supply tanks, and pesticide preparation areas to 

minimize pesticide runoff. 

n Use a rinse pad facility or mix, load, and clean application equipment in 

the field. 

n Prevent backsiphoning into wells by installing backflow prevention 

devices. 

n Keep hose ends out of chemical tanks. 

n If pesticides are applied near sinkholes or in areas draining directly into 

rivers, streams, or lakes, leave an untreated buffer space surrounding 

the treated area. 

n Plant vegetative covers as buffer zones around surface water. 

n If rain is predicted do not apply pesticides. 

n Control the amount and timing of irrigation to minimize pesticide 

leaching and surface runoff. 

n Control erosion to prevent runoff water from carrying pesticides attached 

to soil particles. 

n Minimize drift during application. 

n Properly rinse containers and dispose of waste and rinse water as 

described in Part 7 — Safe Handling of Pesticides. 

n Minimize pesticide waste by using less pesticide, practicing careful 

pesticide management, using bulk containers, etc.


n Report all spills or backsiphonages to the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture and to local authorities. 

n Use fire prevention practices to avoid fires involving pesticides. Fire 

control tactics may create potentially large water contamination 

problems. 

Protecting Non-Target 

Organisms 

How Pesticides May 

Harm Wild Plants and 

Animals 

Rare species of plants and animals 

face many threats to survival. These 

may include: alteration or destruction 

of their required or preferred habitat; 

illegal harvest or over-collection; and 

exposure to certain pesticides. 

Pesticides can harm wild plants and 

animals in two ways: 

Acute or lethal effects: Plants or animals are killed as a direct result of 

pesticide exposure. Examples are: 

n An endangered plant dying after being exposed to an herbicide. 

n A frog dying after feeding on pesticide-contaminated insects. 

Chronic or sub-lethal effects: Normal physiological processes—such as 

reproduction or digestion—can be harmed by long-term exposure to one or 

more pesticides. Examples are: 

n Reproductive failures in birds of prey (raptors) after prolonged exposure to 

chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as DDT. 

n Decreased resistance to disease or increased risk of predatory behavior 

for ducks that feed in pesticide-treated wetlands. 

Pesticides have the potential to poison large numbers of non-target 

organisms. For example, the U.S. EPA estimates that the use of a single 

pesticide, carbofuran, was responsible for between one and two million bird 

deaths each year. Some endangered or threatened species have been 

among the casualties. Many of these bird die-offs could be avoided if the 

pesticide used were less toxic. For example, fenvalerate, a pyrethrin 

insecticide, has low toxicity to birds and mammals, but is highly toxic to 

fish. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the area to be treated and 

to determine, in advance which non-target organisms may be susceptible. 

An example of a chronic pesticide effect is the dramatic decline in the bald 

eagle and peregrine falcon numbers in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 

These birds of prey were exposed to a class of persistent pesticides known 

as chlorinated hydrocarbons. One chlorinated hydrocarbon is DDT. DDT,


and compounds like it, have a tendency to “bioaccumulate” in the fat of 

animals that feed at or near the top of the food chain. Because of this 

exposure, female birds were unable to produce eggs sturdy enough to 

support their own weight during incubation. The result was a high 

percentage of nest failures. Eagle and falcon populations fell dramatically. 

DDT was banned in the United States in 1973. Since then the trend in the 

U.S. chemical industry has been toward compounds that break down more 

rapidly in the environment. Because of this and many other factors, 

including better wildlife managment, many eagle and falcon populations 

are once again increasing. However, migratory birds may still be exposed 

to chlorinated hydrocarbons in countries where their use is still legal. 

How to Protect Non-Target Organisms from 

Pesticides 

Here are some ways for conservation-minded pesticide applicators to avoid 

harming non-target organisms: 

n Do not apply pesticides directly to surface waters. 

n Use buffer zones (untreated crop areas; grassy or wooded filter strips) to 

help protect sensitive areas such as wetlands or rare plant habitats. 

n Avoid applying pesticides when weather conditions are wrong (wind 

speeds greater than 5 mph, temperatures over 85 o F, and/or low relative 

humidity). 

n Avoid Ultra-Low-Volume (ULV) applications by ground or air equipment, 

since they can increase off-target pesticide movement by as much as 30 

percent. 

n Choose chemicals that are less toxic to plants and animals in the 

treatment area. For example, avoid pyrethroids around water because 

they are highly toxic to fish and other aquatic species. But, choose 

pyrethroids in upland areas where bird and mammal species are likely 

to predominate. 

Use these recommendations with an integrated pest management 

program that includes scouting and multi-year crop rotations. In this way 

you may be able to limit or even omit pesticide application in areas where 

damage to non-target species is a concern or where pesticides may provide 

only marginal economic benefits. Extra caution should be used when a 

pesticide is being applied on or near water or adjacent to a sensitive area. 

Sensitive areas include endangered species habitats (for example, a 

native prairie which harbors a population of threatened orchids) and land 

which is highly susceptible to groundwater contamination (for example, 

fractured limestone or karst topography). 

State contacts 

Questions regarding pesticide use as it pertains to endangered or 

threatened species in Minnesota should go to: 

Endangered Species Protection Program 

Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division 



St. Paul, MN 55155-3529 

Tel: (651) 201-6269


Questions about the use of aquatic pesticides should be directed to: 

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) 

500 Lafayette Road 


Tel. (651) 296-2835 

Questions regarding endangered or threatened species in Minnesota 

should go to: 

Minnesota Natural Heritage and Non-Game Resources Program 

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 

Box 25, Lafayette Road 


Tel. (651) 296-3344 

Federal contact 

Questions about the Federal Endangered Species Act, federally listed 

species, or the endangered species listing process should be directed to: 

Office of Endangered Species 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Twin Cities Field Office 

4101 East 80th Street 

Bloomington, MN 55425-1665 

Tel. (612) 725-3548 ext. 203 

Endangered and Threatened Species in 

Minnesota 

Both the federal government and the State of Minnesota classify living 

organisms to protect them from extinction. The Federal Endangered 

Species Act classifies species as follows: 

n An endangered species is a plant or animal that is in danger of extinction 

throughout all or a portion of its historic range. 

n A threatened species is one that is likely to become endangered within 

the foreseeable future. 

Classified, or “listed,” species have special protection under the Federal 

Endangered Species Act. Here are the federally listed endangered and 

threatened species found in Minnesota as of spring 2001. 

Minnesota Dwarf Trout Lily (Erythronium propullans). This tiny plant is 

known from only three counties in the world: Rice, Goodhue, and Steele 

counties in southeastern Minnesota. It is found primarily on north-facing 

slopes with the “Big Woods” maple-basswood forests on moist to saturated 

floodplain soils. Flowering period: late April and early May. Member of the 

lily family. 

Leedy’s Roseroot (Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi). This close relative of the 

common jade plant is restricted to limestone cliffs within the Root and 

Whitewater river drainages in Olmsted and Fillmore counties. Within 

these watersheds, roseroot plants occupy cool, moist, north-facing cliffs 

that are fed by a combination of cool air and groundwater. Flowering period: 

mid-June. Member of the stonecrop family. 

Prairie Bush Clover (Lespedeza leptostachya). The pale pink flowers of this


delicate plant can be seen from mid-July through early August, but its 

silvery green foliage and pods make it especially noticeable in late 

summer and early fall. Prairie bush clover prefers slightly moist shallow 

depressions and north-facing exposures on hill prairies in the southern 

part of the state. In Minnesota, it is known from eight counties: Goodhue, 

Rice, Renville, Redwood, Brown, Cottonwood, Jackson and Houston. 

Flowering period: mid-August. Member of the pea family. 

Western Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera praeclara). This showy orchid 

prefers moderately wet to wet shallow depressions in native prairie 

habitats in the western and southeastern parts of the state. The most 

significant populations are found within the former glacial Lake Agassiz 

interbeach areas in Polk County, but populations are also known from 

Kittson, Norman, Pennington, Clay, Pipestone, Rock, Freeborn, Mower, and 

Dodge counties. Flowering period: early July. Member of the orchid family. 

Higgins’ Eye Pearly Mussel (Lampsilis higginsi) and Winged Mapleleaf 

Mussel (Quadrula fragosa). Both species are known from only a few 

locations in the St. Croix and Upper Mississippi Rivers. The system of locks 

and dams that was installed in the early 1900s to enhance river 

navigation has proven to be one of the greatest obstacles to the survival of 

freshwater mussels. Dams produce widely fluctuating water levels and 

alter both current speed and duration of flow in the rivers. Consequently, 

the texture of the river bottom above and below the dams has changed and 

water clarity has decreased. Dams also affect the concentration and 

variety of suspended food particles available to the filter-feeding mussels 

and create a barrier for migrating larval mussels and their host fish. Other 

threats to freshwater mussels include: general water quality degradation, 

due partly to agricultural and urban runoff; physical destruction of mussel 

beds as a result of bridge construction; illegal collecting or over-harvesting; 

and the presence of the newly introduced exotic zebra mussel, which can 

colonize the shells of native mussels and suffocate them. 

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). In Minnesota the breeding range for 

bald eagles includes most of the northern half of the state and the counties 

that border Wisconsin along the Mississippi River. Nesting pairs also occur 

in Chippewa County. Bald eagles winter in the state along the Mississippi 

and in both Lac qui Parle and Chippewa counties. The federal “recovery” 

goal for the bald eagle has been exceeded in Minnesota, largely because of 

the successful implementation of the Federal Endangered Species Act and 

the 1973 ban on the use of DDT and other persistent pesticides. 

Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus). The piping plover is a small shorebird 

that prefers sandy to gravelly undisturbed beaches for nesting. Since 

piping plovers are very sensitive to human disturbance, they face a great 

challenge in attempting to compete with recreational, industrial, 

agricultural, and other conflicting human uses of shoreline. In 1993 only 

nine adult piping plovers were documented in Lake of the Woods County by 

the Minnesota DNR. They are the only remaining breeding piping plovers 

in the state. 

Gray Wolf (Canis lupus). Minnesota is fortunate to have a wolf population 

that is second only to Alaska in numbers and widespread distribution. 

Current estimates put wolf numbers in Minnesota at between 1,550 to 

1,750 individuals. Predation on livestock by wolves can, admittedly, pose a 

problem in certain areas of Minnesota. However, federal and state 

programs designed to remove the offending animal(s) and to compensate 

landowners for livestock losses should minimize human/wolf conflicts. 

Recent Federally listed 

species in Minnesota: 

Threatened mammal: 

- Canada lynx 

(Lynx Canadensis) 

Endangered fish: 

- Topeka shiner 

(Notropis topeka) 

The Peregrine falcon has 

reached recovery and was 

removed from the Federal 

endangered and threatened 

species lists in 1999. 

The Gray wolf is close to 

recovery and a plan to 

remove it from the Federal 

endangered and threatened 

lists is in negotiation.


The Minnesota Department of Agriculture administers the wolfreimbursement 

program statewide. 

Karner Blue Butterfly (Lycaides melissa samuelis). This tiny, but showy, 

butterfly is known in Minnesota from only a single Winona County 

location. Male karner blues are bright violet-blue with a narrow black 

band, tinged white around the wing margin. The females are mostly dark 

brown on the upper wings with a crescent-shaped band of orange spots on 

the hind wings. Both males and females are approximately one inch in 

long. Karner blue butterfly larvae feed exclusively on wild blue lupine 

(Lupinus perennis). Consequently, the range of this species is restricted to 

the sandy oak-savanna plant community type that will support wild blue 

lupine. 

In addition to Minnesota’s eleven federally listed species, the Minnesota 

Department of Natural Resources maintains a list of state endangered, 

threatened, and special concern species. These plants and animals are 

protected by Minnesota Statute 84.0895. For further information, contact 

the Minnesota DNR at the address listed on page 5 - 13. 

Pesticide Programs to Protect Endangered 

and Threatened Species 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Pesticide Program 

The Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 requires all federal agencies 

to ensure that their actions do not pose a risk to any of the more than 825 

plants and animals that are federally listed as threatened or endangered. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) pesticide registration 

process is one way to do this. Therefore, the EPA is developing a pesticide 

labeling system that will refer users to an endangered species bulletin 

prepared specifically for the county where the pesticide is to be applied. 

These county bulletins contain a brief overview of the EPA’s Endangered 

Species Protection Program. A table lists pesticide active ingredients that 

have been shown to pose a risk to the species in question and a map 

shows the range of that species in the county. 

Usually these bulletins recommend a buffer zone around endangered 

species habitats. The size of the buffers, or pesticide restriction zones, is 

based on several factors including: the life history requirements of the 

species; the consistency of the pesticide; the rate of application; and the 

method of application (for example, aerial vs. ground). 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture’s Endangered Species 

Protection Program 

The EPA’s proposed program has been difficult to put into action and the 

implementation date has been delayed several times. Because of this, the 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) accepted the EPA’s offer to 

develop an alternative Endangered Species Protection Program. The goal of 

the MDA program is to be responsive to the needs of the agricultural 

community while ensuring that federally listed endangered species are 

protected from harmful pesticide exposure. 

The MDA meets individually with private landowners and public land 

managers who own or manage federally listed plant populations in the 

state. These people are given detailed information about the rare species 

on their land. The site is surveyed by an MDA staff person to find out if


pesticide use will harm the species. After the survey and a discussion 

about pesticide use at the site, a personalized Pesticide Management Plan 

is drafted. If owners and managers are willing to follow the pesticide use 

recommendations outlined in their plan, they sign a Voluntary Protection 

Agreement stating their intentions. 

Since the MDA Pesticide Management Plans are tailored to each rare 

species site, they provide more specific pesticide use recommendations 

than the EPA program could allow. The MDA plan takes into account the 

actual distance of the rare plant or insect population from the nearest 

pesticide application site as well as topographic features that may serve as 

natural barriers to off-target pesticide movement. Because of this, buffer 

zones can frequently be reduced to segments of fields, instead of the much 

larger acreage required by the EPA. 

If the Minnesota Department of Agriculture is successful in convincing the 

EPA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that Minnesota’s federally listed 

species are well-protected from pesticide harm, Minnesota pesticide 

applicators will not be subject to the federal labelling/county bulletin 

approach discussed above. That is why the cooperation of all pesticide 

applicators is needed in helping to minimize off-target pesticide impacts on 

Minnesota’s rarest plants and animals. 

Summary 

Pesticides may cause damage to the environment if they move out of the 

target area into the surrounding environment. This can happen if the 

pesticides drift in the air, get into surface water or groundwater, or 

contaminate the soil. 

Pesticide drift occurs when dust, droplets, or vapors are carried in the air 

away from the application site. Small droplets or pesticides that vaporize 

easily are more likely to drift. To reduce drift select nozzles properly and 

use lower pressure when spraying. Spray close to the ground. Avoid 

spraying when it is windy or when temperatures are high. Use lowvolatility 

formulations and spray thickeners where appropriate. 

Because groundwater is the source of much of the drinking and irrigation 

water in Minnesota, it is essential to prevent contamination of this 

valuable resource. Pesticides may contaminate ground and surface water 

through accidental spills or, under certain conditions, during normal 

application. Protect ground and surface water by using Integrated Pest 

Management techniques to avoid all unnecessary pesticide use. Do not 

spray plants or animals that are not “pests” (that is, learn the difference 

between “weeds” and native plants or animals that are not harmful or 

invasive). Use pesticides that are less likely to leach or run off the soil 

surface. Use the lowest effective application rate on sandy soils or where 

groundwater is near the surface. Prevent spills and accidents by using good 

pesticide management practices. Keep pesticides away from wells, 

sinkholes, or surface water. 

It is illegal to harm or harass an endangered or threatened species. Since 

pesticides can affect non-target organisms, the EPA and MDA are working 

together to develop a plan to protect Minnesota’s federally listed species 

from pesticides. Check with the Minnesota Department of Agriculture’s 

Endangered Species Program Manager, the U.S. EPA, the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, or your local extension educator for more information 

about pesticide restrictions in your county.


Pesticide Poisoning Page 6-81 

Part 6: 

Pesticide Poisoning 


How a Person Can Be Poisoned 

Routes of Entry 

Types of Exposure and Toxicity 

Toxicity of Pesticides 

Dose 

Measuring Toxicity 

Injuries Caused by Pesticides 

Long-term Dangers 

How to Know if Someone Has Been Poisoned 

What to Do if Someone Is Poisoned 

Poisoning Prevention 

How to Make a First-aid Kit



Poisoning 

n What are the ways pesticides enter the body? 

n Would you know if someone was poisoned? 

n If someone is poisoned, do you know what to do? 

n How can you prevent poisonings? 

How a Person Can Be Poisoned 

For a pesticide to cause harm to a person, it must first get into the body. 

This can happen if the pesticide comes into contact with the skin or eyes, 

if it is swallowed, or if it is inhaled. The greatest chance of accidents and 

highest risk of exposure resulting in a pesticide poisoning occurs when 

mixing and loading undiluted pesticide products. 

Routes of Entry 

Dermal exposure—contact with the skin or eyes—is the most common 

way that agricultural workers are exposed to pesticides. A pesticide can get 

on your skin or in your eyes: 

n If it spills or splashes as you handle it. 

n If it drifts as you apply it. 

n If you brush against crops that have been treated. 

n If you touch contaminated equipment, clothing or other items. 

Pesticides can be absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream or 

nervous system. Certain parts of the body absorb pesticides more easily, 

especially the scrotum, eyes, and forehead. 

Oral exposure—swallowing pesticides—can harm the mouth, throat, and 

digestive organs. From the digestive tract, the pesticide can enter the 

bloodstream. 

Respiratory exposure—breathing in pesticides. Many pesticides form 

particles, droplets, or fumes. These are easy to breath in. The lungs can 

absorb pesticides very quickly, and from the lungs they can then move into 

the bloodstream. 

Types of Exposure and Toxicity 

There are two types of pesticide exposure and two types of pesticide 

toxicity: 

n Acute exposure is a relatively large dose of a pesticide in a relatively 

short period of time. Because the toxicity of pesticides vary, an acute 

exposure dose for one pesticide may be much smaller than an acute 

dose for another pesticide.

n Chronic exposure is many relatively small doses over a long period of 

time. 

n Acute toxicity is the poisoning that occurs within a few hours or days after 

an acute exposure. 

n Chronic toxicity is the long-term health effects that may occur months or 

years after exposure. Chronic toxicity may occur after either acute or 

chronic exposure. 

The Toxicity of Pesticides 

Dose 

Some pesticides are more toxic than others. But toxicity is not the only 

thing that creates a poisoning risk. The risk of pesticide poisoning 

depends on: 

n Class of pesticide—the chemical makeup of the pesticide. Some 

chemical compounds in pesticides are more dangerous to humans than 

others. 

n Dose—the amount of pesticide that enters the body. With some 

pesticides, a very small dose could cause permanent harm or even 

death. 

n Time—how long the body is exposed to the pesticide. In general, the 

longer the exposure, the more harm the poison can do. 

n Route of entry—the way the pesticide enters the body. For example, one 

pesticide may be less harmful if it gets on the skin than if it is 

swallowed. 

A simple formula to keep in mind is: Risk = Exposure x Toxicity. Handling 

a toxic pesticide in a safe manner reduces exposure and risk of poisoning. 

Measuring Toxicity: LD and LC 50 50 

Toxicity tells how poisonous a substance is. A rating is given to each 

substance to show how toxic it is. For oral and dermal exposures, the rating 

is called an LD . For respiratory exposure, the term LC is used. The LD 50 50 50 

or LC tells the amount of pesticide that killed 50 percent of the animals 

50 

tested in research studies. LD stands for lethal dose; LC stands for lethal 

concentration; 50 stands for 50 percent of the test population. The test 

population is the number of animals that were exposed to the pesticide. 

The pesticide is measured in milligrams (mg); the weight of the animal is 

measured in kilograms (kg). The LD or LC number stands for the 

50 50 

pesticide dose (in milligrams) for each kilogram of body weight. When a 

toxicity rating is given, it should state the species and sex of the test 

animals, the route of entry (oral, dermal, or respiratory), whether the 

result was acute or chronic, and the measurement units used. 

Example of an LD : Pesticide A has an acute oral LD of 42 for female 

50 50 

white rats. This means that a large number of female rats were fed 

Pesticide Poisoning Page 6-83


pesticide A. The dose given each animal was 42 milligrams of pesticide for 

each kilogram of the animal’s weight. At that rate, half of the rats died 

within a prescribed length of time (usually a few hours). 

Keep in mind that the LD refers to results of tests on laboratory animals, 

50 

not humans. The findings may not always apply directly to humans. But 

they do help as a guide. 

See Appendix C for a discussion on signal words and tables listing LD and 50 

LC . 50 

Note: Just because a product has a CAUTION statement and is therefore 

“safer” than one with a DANGER/POISON statement does not mean you 

can be more careless with it. Careless handling of a “safer” product may 

increase your exposure and end up being more risky than properly 

handling more toxic compounds. Remember: 

Risk = Exposure x Toxicity 

Injuries Caused by Pesticides 

The chemicals in pesticides may injure humans in a variety of ways. Each 

chemical has a different effect and causes different symptoms. Some are 

toxic to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Some affect the blood. 

Others may injure the lungs or the brain. Symptoms of pesticide poisoning 

range from headache, nausea, and dizziness to convulsions, vomiting, and 

unconsciousness. 

Know the kinds of injury most likely to be caused by the pesticides you use. 

Knowing how pesticides affect the body makes a person more aware of the 

need for safe handling. Knowing what the symptoms of poisoning are may 

help prevent serious injury. 

A chart listing the ways pesticides may harm human beings is found in 

Appendix D. In addition to the information given in Appendix D, there are 

some other important things to know about certain commonly used 

pesticide chemicals: 

Organophosphates. Some of the most widely used chemicals are the 

organophosphates, which are found in many insecticides. Many are highly 

toxic and, due to their wide use, cause more poisonings than any other 

class of pesticide. In some cases, the symptoms do not appear immediately. 

It may take small, repeated doses over the course of the growing season 

before you feel ill. By that time, an added dose could cause death. 

A cholinesterase blood test is a way to find out if small doses are harming 

you, even if there are no visible symptoms. Cholinesterase is an enzyme 

that affects nerve function. The blood test shows your cholinesterase level 

and if any harmful effects have taken place. If the blood test shows that 

there has been some damage, remember that a small additional dose of an 

organophosphate can cause illness and a larger dose could be fatal. Check 

with your doctor to find out if you need a blood test. Some doctors 

recommend a blood test before you start spraying and periodic tests during 

the spraying season to monitor the cholinesterase level. 

Note: Carbamates also affect the enzyme cholinesterase, but they don’t 

normally cause long-term, cumulative poisoning like organophosphates 

do, and so cholinesterase blood tests for carbamates are not as 

important.

Anticoagulants. These are used to kill rodents. They prevent blood clotting 

and cause bleeding. Humans are relatively safe from these pesticides as it 

takes repeated exposure to cause serious illness. 

Fumigants. Most fumigants are highly toxic and very dangerous if inhaled. 

They must always be used with extreme caution. Some of the symptoms of 

poisoning resemble drunkenness: poor coordination, confusion, 

drowsiness, slurred speech. In fact, victims have been jailed or sent to 

mental hospitals when their condition was not diagnosed correctly. 

The fumigant methyl bromide is particularly dangerous because it has no 

odor and is highly toxic. Chloropicrin, another fumigant, is also highly 

toxic, has a strong odor, and is very irritating to the eyes. It is often mixed 

with methyl bromide to provide a strong odor and serve as a warning agent. 

Do not drink any alcohol for 24 hours before or after using a fumigant. This 

is a standard practice for professional fumigators. Alcohol may make you 

more sensitive to fumigants. It also makes it hard to diagnose fumigant 

poisoning. 

Botanicals. These are pesticides that are made from plants. They vary 

greatly in their chemical structure and toxicity. Even though they are 

made from natural substances, some are quite toxic. For example, 

strychnine is one of the most toxic pesticides. 

Long-term Dangers 

If exposure is high certain pesticides may cause serious long-term effects 

such as cancer, birth defects, and sterility. It may take months or years 

before the symptoms show up and it may not be possible to prove that a 

pesticide was the cause. 

Most of the studies on these long-term effects have been done with 

laboratory organisms. In studies, scientists look for these effects: 

n Carcinogenic—may cause cancer 

n Oncogenic—may cause tumors, which may or may not be cancerous 

n Mutagenic—may increase mutations; mutations are changes, usually 

harmful, in inherited genetic material 

n Teratogenic—may cause birth defects 

n Fetotoxic—may harm a developing fetus; the effect is often fatal 

n Neurotoxic—may damage the nervous system 

Some pesticides have been shown to cause birth defects or genetic 

mutations in laboratory organisms, but it is still unclear if they have the 

same effects on humans. There is stronger evidence that some pesticides 

may cause cancer in humans but it is still not conclusive. 

Much research still has to be done. To do this research, people who are 

exposed to certain pesticides must be identified at the start. The amount of 

pesticide exposure must be documented as well as the exposure to other 

potential carcinogens. Then their health must be checked for a number of 

years or even decades. 



How to Know if Someone Has 

Been Poisoned 

It is not always easy to tell if an illness is due to pesticide poisoning. Some 

illnesses such as heat exhaustion, asthma, or food poisoning may have the 

same symptoms as pesticide poisoning. But when someone who handles 

pesticides becomes ill, be aware that pesticide poisoning may be the 

cause. If you feel ill, think about whether the symptoms occurred before or 

after you used pesticides. If you need to see a doctor, be sure to mention 

any pesticides you have used. 

What to Do if Someone Is 

Poisoned 

Be Prepared 

If an accident happens, you need to know exactly what to do. 

Read this section now. Learn it well. Don’t wait for an accident to find out 

what to do—any delay could lead to death. 

Post emergency phone numbers next to all telephones. These numbers 

should include the poison center for your area. There is one poison center 

for Minnesota. They provide information on all types of poisoning. They can 

be reached 24 hours a day. The telephone number is: 

All of Minnesota: 800 - POISON1 (800-764-7661) 

Have a first aid kit ready for a poisoning emergency. Directions on how to 

make a first aid kit are given on page 6 - 11. 

Learn CPR. You may need to give artificial respiration if a poisoning victim 

stops breathing. A CPR (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) course will teach 

you how. 

What to Do in a Poisoning Emergency 

Emergency treatment depends on the type of exposure. For dermal 

exposure (skin or eyes), the most important thing to do is to get the poison 

off the victim immediately. Use lots of water and remove contaminated 

clothing. For respiratory exposure (inhaling fumes), the first thing to do is 

to get the victim away from the fumes. If the 

poison has been swallowed, your first step is to 

call the poison center and check the label to 

find out what to do. 

Step-by-step instructions for each type of 

poisoning are given below. In all cases, be 

careful not to let the pesticide get on you. 

Otherwise you could become a victim, too. 

As soon as the poison has been removed from 

the victim, call for help. If it is a life-

threatening situation (if the victim is unconscious, having a seizure, or is 

short of breath) call 911. If there is no 911 service in your area, call an 

ambulance service. 

In other cases of pesticide exposure—even if it doesn’t seem to be a 

poisoning emergency— call the poison center. Doctors may not know what 

ingredients are in the pesticide but the poison center will. Have the 

pesticide label handy, if possible. Be prepared to give the poison center this 

information: 

n The name of the pesticide 

n How much pesticide got on or was inhaled or swallowed by the victim. 

n How long ago the poisoning occurred. 

n Any symptoms. 

If you are alone, do not leave to make the phone call until you are sure the 

victim is breathing and is not further exposed to the poison. Save the 

pesticide and the label for the doctor. 

You need water to wash off the poison. If there is no fresh running water, 

use any source of fairly clean water such as irrigation canals, lakes, 

ponds, or watering troughs. Don’t let the victim die while you worry about 

how dirty the water is. 

If Poison Has Been Swallowed 

First, call the poison control center or check the pesticide label for specific 

information on poisoning. 

There are two ways to help people who have swallowed a poison: 1) 

inducing vomiting, or 2) diluting the poison by having the victim drink 

milk or water. 

Inducing vomiting 

Vomiting is the quickest way to get the poison out of the stomach, but 

there are times when you must not induce vomiting. The pesticide label 

will tell you when NOT to induce vomiting. Call the poison center or 

physician before inducing vomiting. 

Never induce vomiting: 

n If the victim is unconscious or in convulsions. The victim could choke to 

death. 

n If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison (a strong acid or alkali). A 

corrosive poison causes severe mouth and throat burns and severe pain. 

It will burn as severely coming up as it did going down. 

n If the victim has swallowed concentrated petroleum products (gasoline, 

kerosene, oil, lighter fluid, or an emulsifiable concentrate). Many liquid 

pesticides contain petroleum. 

Note: If the pesticide formulation was diluted with water before it was 

swallowed, then the victim should be forced to vomit immediately. 



How to help someone vomit: 

1. Make sure the victim is lying face down or kneeling forward. Do not let 

him lie on his back because the vomit could enter the lungs and do 

more damage. 

2. Give the patient lots of milk or water—1–2 cups for children up to five 

years old; up to a quart for victims five years or older. Ipecac or a glass of 

soapy water will also cause the victim to vomit. 

3. Give syrup of Ipecac or soap water to induce vomiting. If that is not 

possible put your finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of the 

victim’s throat. Do not use anything sharp or pointed. 

4. Save some of the vomit. The doctor may need it for chemical tests. 

Diluting the poison 

If the patient has swallowed an acid or alkali, the best first aid is to dilute 

the poison as quickly as possible. Give the patient water or milk. If the 

victim is under two years of age, give 1 cup of water or milk. For ages two to 

five, give 1 to 1½ cups. For adults and children over five, give 2 cups. 

If Poison Is on the Skin 

The faster the poison is washed off the victim, the less injury there will be. 

Do not allow any pesticide to get on you while helping the victim. 

1. Drench the skin and clothing with water (shower, hose, faucet, pond). 

2. Remove the clothing. Cut it off if necessary. 

3. Wash skin and hair thoroughly with soap and water. Detergents and 

commercial cleansers are better than soap. 

4. Dry and wrap the victim in a blanket. 

If the Skin Is Burned 

1. Wash the skin with lots of running water. 

2. Remove contaminated clothing carefully to avoid harming the skin. 

3. Immediately cover the burn loosely with a clean, soft cloth. 

4. Do not use ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs. 

If Poison Is in the Eye 

It is most important to wash the eye out as quickly but as gently as 

possible. 

1. Hold the eyelids open and wash the eyes with a gentle stream of clean, 

running lukewarm water. 

2. Keep washing the eyes for 15 minutes or longer. 

3. Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water. They may make the 

injury worse.

If Poison Is Inhaled 

Pesticides in the form of dusts, vapors, or gases may be breathed in and 

cause damage to the lungs. If the victim is in an enclosed space such as a 

room or a building, do not go in the area without an air-supplied respirator. 

1. Carry the victim to fresh air immediately. Do not let him walk. 

2. Open all doors and windows. 

3. Loosen all tight clothing. 

4. Give artificial respiration if the victim has stopped breathing or if the 

breathing is irregular. 

5. Keep the victim as quiet as possible. 

6. If the victim has any convulsions, watch his breathing and protect him 

from falling and striking his head. Keep his chin up so his air passage 

will remain free for breathing. 

7. Wrap the patient in a blanket to prevent chills but don’t let him get too 

hot. 

8. Do not give alcohol in any form. 

If the Victim Is in Shock 

Sometimes poisoning victims go into shock. A victim can die from shock 

even if the poisoning itself is not fatal. 

Symptoms of shock 

n Skin is pale, moist, cold, and clammy 

n Eyes are vacant, with dilated pupils 

n Breathing is shallow and irregular 

n Pulse is very weak, rapid, and irregular 

n Victim is unconscious or in a faint 

Steps to take while waiting for medical help for shock victims 

1. Keep the victim flat on the back with legs up 1½ feet above the head. 

Exception: Do not keep a victim who is vomiting on the back. 

2. Keep the victim warm enough to prevent shivering. Do not overheat. 

3. Keep the victim quiet and calm. 

4. Never try to give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. 



Poisoning Prevention 

Avoid as much as possible all contact with a pesticide. The key to personal 

safety when using pesticides is to remember that they can enter your body 

through your mouth, skin, eyes, or lungs. If you block these entry ways, 

you won’t be hurt. 

The warnings on the label and toxicity tables tell you if a pesticide is 

particularly hazardous (for instance, if it can be absorbed through the skin) 

so you can take special safety precautions. 

Protecting Yourself from Accidental 

Poisoning 

To protect your skin and eyes: 

n Wear clothing that covers all your skin. 

n Wear goggles or shields if there is any chance that sprays or dusts may 

get in your eyes. 

n Wash your hands before using the bathroom and before smoking. 

To prevent accidental swallowing: 

n Wash your hands before eating or smoking. 

n Always keep pesticides in the original, labeled container. 

n Never use your mouth to clear a plugged nozzle. 

n Never use your mouth to begin siphoning a pesticide. 

n Do not eat, drink, or smoke in an area where pesticides are being 

handled. 

To protect your lungs: 

n Wear respiratory protection if there is any risk of breathing in 

pesticides. 

Part 7—Safe Handling of Pesticides gives more specific information on how 

to prevent accidents. 

Summary 

A person may be poisoned if a pesticide comes in contact with the skin or 

eyes, or if it is swallowed or inhaled. 

The risk of poisoning depends on the pesticide, the dose, the time of 

exposure, and the route of entry (oral, dermal, or respiratory). A simple 

formula to remember is Risk = Exposure x Toxicity. The LD (or LC ) 

50 50 

value tells how toxic a pesticide is. The smaller the LD number, the 

50 

greater the toxicity. 

Pesticide poisoning can be acute or chronic. Acute poisoning is a sudden, 

severe illness. Chronic poisoning is the gradual poisoning that takes place 

over a period of time and refers to possible effects such as cancer or birth

defects that may not show up for years after exposure. 

Each class of pesticides causes different poisoning symptoms. Some of the 

most common symptoms are nausea, headache, stomach pains, diarrhea, 

dizziness, and weakness. 

If an accident occurs, get medical help immediately. Call the poison 

center. In an emergency, call 911 or an ambulance. A delay can lead to 

death. 

Give first aid while waiting for medical help. The most important thing is 

to get the poison off the victim. Use water to wash it off. If poison was 

swallowed, either dilute the poison with water or milk or induce vomiting. 

Check the label first. A person overcome by fumes should be moved into 

fresh air. 

How to Make a First-aid Kit 

Use a sturdy wooden box, tool box, or lunch pail. It should have a tightfitting 

cover with a latch so that it won’t come open or let pesticides leak 

in. Label the box clearly with a waterproof marker. 

Contents Use 

Activated charcoal—small package to drink with water to 

or premix absorb swallowed poisons 

Clean water—at least 1 pint in a 

thermos or jar 

to dilute poisons 

Saline eye wash—at least 1 quart to wash out eyes 

Syrup of ipecac to induct vomiting 

Bandaids, bandages, and tape to cover cuts and scrapes so 

that pesticides don’t easily 

enter the body 

A quarter (25 cents)—taped to to make emergency phone call 

inside cover of the kit 

Empty jar with lid for a drinking glass or to 

collect vomit for the doctor 

Telephone numbers of doctor, for quick reference 

hospital, and poison center 

Pencil and paper to record time and duration of 

exposure and names of 

chemicals (from label) 

Health information about workers to inform the doctor of special 

health conditions 

A blanket is another useful first-aid item. It should be kept near the firstaid 

kit in a place where it will not be contaminated by pesticides. 



Safe Handling of Pesticides Page 7-93 

Part 7: 

Safe Handling of 



Protective Clothing 

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 

Protection Offered by Clothing 

Types of Protective Clothing 

Chemical Resistant PPE 

Handling Contaminated Clothing 

Respiratory Devices 

Heat Stress 

Mixing and Loading Pesticides 

Storing Pesticides 

Disposing of Pesticide Wastes 

Excess and Waste Pesticides 

Practices and Techniques for Waste 

Pesticide Reduction 

Management of Containers 

Other Pesticide Wastes 

What to Do if There Is a Spill or Fire 

Checklist for Preventing Agricultural Chemical Accidents


Key Questions About Safe 

Handling of Pesticides 

n When do you need additional protection—more than regular work 

clothes? 

n When should you wear a respirator? 

n How should protective clothing be washed? 

n Why is it extra important to follow safety precautions when mixing and 

loading pesticides? 

n What would be a “good” storage area for pesticides? 

n How should you dispose of empty pesticide containers and leftover spray 

mixtures? 

n Do you know what to do if there is a pesticide spill? 

Protective Clothing 

Adapted from HE-FO-3877 1990—Buying and Wearing Protective Clothing for Applying 

Pesticides. Wanda Olson, Sherri Gahring, and Dean Herzfeld. Minnesota Extension 

Service. 

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 

Wearing protective clothing when applying pesticides can reduce the risk 

of pesticide poisoning because it reduces the chance of exposure. Many 

pesticide labels instruct the user to wear personal protective equipment 

(PPE). PPE is clothing and devices that protect the body from contact with 

pesticides or pesticide residues. Pesticides covered by the newly revised 

Worker Protection Standards must now list PPE requirements more clearly 

on their labels. If specific clothing, such as goggles or a full protective suit, 

is not listed on the label, use the signal words, precautionary statements, 

and the product formulation as guidelines. 

Precautionary statements such as “Harmful or fatal if inhaled” tell you that 

you need more protection than normal and that a respirator should be 

worn. It is also important to consider product formulation when choosing 

the type of clothing to wear. For example, emulsifiable concentrates (oilbased 

liquids) are generally easily absorbed through the skin, while 

products that are dusts, wettable powders, and granules are easily inhaled. 

You can find out more about PPE for pesticides, and many other chemicals, 

from the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). The MSDSs, which are 

available from pesticide manufacturers, have sections on health hazards 

and the need for special protection.

Protection Offered by Clothing 


The type of clothing you buy and how you wear it will determine your level 

of protection from pesticide exposure as well as your comfort. You will have 

some protection by just wearing regular work clothing. However, 

specialized liquid-proof, chemical-resistant clothing will provide much 

greater protection. When the situation requires the greatest protection, 

combining safety with comfort is more difficult. A summary of clothing 

guidelines includes: 

n Always wear work clothing with long pants and sleeves. 

n Wear unlined, liquid-proof, chemical-resistant gloves; unlined neoprene 

or rubber boots; and a wide-brimmed hat. 

n At the very least, in addition to the above, wear a chemical-resistant 

apron over cloth coveralls when mixing, loading, or handling undiluted 

pesticides. 

n Wear liquid-proof, chemical-resistant coveralls or suit with a hood or 

wide-brimmed hat if there is any chance of becoming wet with spray. 

n Wear a respirator whenever there is a risk of inhaling pesticide vapors, 

fumes, or dust. 

n Wear eye or face shields whenever there is a risk of pesticide coming in 

contact with the eyes. 

Types of Protective Clothing 

Regular work clothes 

The protection offered by regular work clothing depends upon the fabric, 

the layering of clothing, and the use of soil-repellent finishes. Cover as 

much of your body as possible with the work clothes. Wear long pants and 

sleeves. Button or fasten shirts at the neck and wrists. Do not go barefoot. 

Heavyweight and tightly woven fabrics of cotton or polyester/cotton blends 

(instead of 100 percent synthetic fabrics of equal weight) provide greater 

protection. However, studies have shown that polypropylene knit’s wicking 

properties make it more effective than cotton knit as an underlayer in 

preventing pesticide penetration. Layering clothing also helps prevent 

pesticides from reaching the skin. 

Soil-repellent finishes increase the protection offered by regular work 

clothing, making it similar to uncoated Tyvek®. Fluorochemical finishes 

such as Scotchgard® or Zepel® repel water as well as oil. Renewable 

finishes must be applied after every second or third wash. 

Gloves 

Hands should always be protected whenever handling undiluted or diluted 

pesticides; unopened or empty pesticide containers; or contaminated 

equipment, clothing, and other materials. Unlined, clean gloves at least 12 

inches long with sealed seams are necessary when handling undiluted or 

highly toxic pesticides. Nitrile, neoprene, and butyl rubber are good 

choices. Do not wear cotton or leather gloves because neither can be 

properly cleaned. 

Sleeves should be worn outside the glove to prevent pesticides from


running down inside the glove. When working with arms raised, wear 

gloves over the sleeves that have a cuff to catch drips. Duct tape or elastic 

bands can be used to seal the gloves at the sleeve and are especially useful 

in activities when arms are both raised and lowered. Wash the outside of 

the gloves before taking them off to avoid pesticides getting on hands; then 

wash the inside of the gloves. 

Aprons, rainsuits, and other specialized protective clothing 

Chemical-resistant clothing should be worn during mixing, loading, or 

other handling of undiluted pesticides. This can be a butyl rubber, 

neoprene, or Tyvek® apron over a work coverall, a PVC rainsuit, or one of 

the newer chemical-resistant coveralls, depending upon the label 

requirements. Aprons with sleeves—but with the back open—may be a 

good choice if heat stress is a concern and shoulder and arm protection is 

needed. The protection offered by chemical-resistant clothing depends 

upon the fabric and design features such as flaps over zippers, elastic at 

the wrist and ankle, and bound or sealed seams. 

Footwear 

Feet and shoes also need protection from pesticide spills. Pant legs should 

go over the boot. Unlined neoprene or butyl rubber boots, or Tyvek® shoeor 

bootcovers should be worn. It is also important to wear clean socks daily. 

Leather and canvas shoes cannot be cleaned properly and should never be 

worn without rubber or neoprene boots. Always clean the outside of the boot 

before removing it. 

Eye protection 

Wear goggles, or a face shield, to protect the eyes from splashes and dust 

particles. Face shields can be purchased to fit on a hard hat. Goggles can 

be worn with a negative-pressure respirator or a dust mask. For best 

protection, goggles should have a snug fit around the nose and temple 

area. 

Head and neck protection 

A chemical-resistant hood or wide-brimmed hat will help keep pesticides 

off neck, eyes, mouth, and face. With airblast spraying, covering the head 

and neck is especially critical. Many PVC or Tyvek® coveralls and rain 

coats/suits have hoods attached. Hard hats should not have cloth or 

leather sweatbands. Company or baseball hats made with fabric mesh or 

designed with open areas do not protect the wearer from exposure. 

Chemical Resistant PPE 

Some labels require the use of chemical-resistant PPE—personal 

protective equipment that the pesticide cannot pass through during the 

time it takes to complete the task. The labels of a few pesticides, such as 

some fumigants, prohibit the use of chemical-resistant PPE. Most 

chemical-resistant PPE items are plastic or rubber. However, not all these 

materials are equally resistant to all pesticides under all conditions. 

Chemical resistance factors 

Three factors affect a material’s chemical resistance: the exposure time, 

the exposure situation, and the chemical properties of the pesticide 

product to which the material is exposed.


Exposure time. Not all types of materials that are resistant to a particular 

pesticide will provide protection for the same amount of time. Some will 

keep the pesticide out for a long time. Others will allow the pesticide to 

reach the skin fairly quickly. Disposable plastic gloves, shoe covers, or 

aprons may provide enough protection for tasks that can be done in a few 

minutes. Longer jobs usually require items made of a more resistant 

material. 

A pesticide begins to move into a material as soon as it gets on the 

surface. The pesticide continues to move into and through the material 

until the pesticide is removed. You can help prevent pesticides from 

getting through chemical-resistant items, such as gloves, boots, and 

aprons, by regularly rinsing off pesticides that are splashed or spilled on 

them. Chemical resistance is often stated in terms of exposure time (the 

time from first exposure until the chemical breaks through to the other 

side of the material). For example, neoprene may be resistant to one 

solvent for 30 minutes or less and to another solvent for more than 4 

hours. 

Exposure situation. A chemical-resistant material will not continue to be 

protective if it is damaged. For tasks that involve handling sharp objects or 

walking through rough terrain, a sturdy material would be necessary to 

resist punctures or tears. 

Type of chemical. No single material can protect against all pesticide 

products. The chemical resistance of a material depends on whether the 

pesticide is liquid or dry, and what dilutents or solvents are used. 

Chemical resistance of PPE materials 

Look for PPE items whose labels state that the materials have been tested 

using ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) test methods for 

chemical resistance, such as test method F739-91. Gloves and footwear 

made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or rubber (butyl, nitrile, neoprene, or 

natural rubber) must be at least 14 mils thick. Pesticides can leak through 

stitching holes and gaps in seams. For chemical resistance, PPE should 

have sealed seams. 

Tyvek® is a non-woven olefin fabric that should be worn over regular work 

clothing. Although fairly strong, it can be punctured when worn around 

machinery. It is flammable and should not be used near heat, flame, or 

sparks. Tyvek® is intended to be disposable; its protection after washing 

has not been tested. If you do re-use a “disposable” garment that isn’t torn 

or heavily soiled, hang it in a well-ventilated place between uses. 

Tyvek® comes uncoated or as a laminate (polyethylene [PE]-coated or 

Saranex-23P®). The effectiveness of uncoated Tyvek® is similar to soilrepellent 

finished cotton or cotton/ polyester blends. It is suitable for 

handling granular or powdered formulations and diluted and less toxic 

pesticides. The laminates of Tyvek®, especially Saranex-23®, are suitable 

for handling undiluted and highly toxic pesticides. 

The PE Tyvek® is not suitable for extended exposure to the liquid 

organophosphates because the solvents damage PE coating. 

Organophosphates include malathion, terbufos, diazinon, fonofos, and 

diamethoate. Neither PE Tyvek® nor Saranex-23P® are suitable for use 

with chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methoxychlor. 

Goretex®, a microporous laminate commonly found in outdoor sportswear,


offers good protection and is comfortable in hot weather, but is expensive. 

Barrier-laminate materials are resistant to most pesticides and are a good 

choice for many situations. Barrier-laminate (Silver shield/4-H) gloves 

may be uncomfortable and clumsy to wear for some kinds of tasks. Try 

wearing fitted rubber gloves over barrier-laminate gloves for comfort, 

protection, and dexterity. 

Any plastic or rubber material is resistant to dry pesticides and to waterbased 

pesticides (those that use water as the only dilutent or solvent). Dry 

pesticides include dusts, granules, pellets, and some baits. Water-based 

pesticides include wettable powders, soluble powders, some solutions, dry 

flowables (water-dispersible granules), and microencapsulated pesticides. 

Whether a material is resistant to non-water-based liquid pesticides 

depends on the formulation. Some examples of liquid pesticides that are 

not water-based are emulsifiable concentrates, ultra-low-volume and lowvolume 

concentrates, low-concentrate solutions, flowables, aerosols, 

dormant oils, and invert emulsions. Common solvents are xylene, fuel oil, 

petroleum distillates, and alcohol. 

Choosing chemical-resistant PPE 

Materials not listed on label 

If the pesticide label requires the use of chemical- resistant PPE but does 

not state which materials are resistant to the product, select sturdy 

barrier-laminate, butyl, or nitrile materials. Then watch for signs that the 

material is not chemical-resistant. For example, the material may change 

color; become soft or spongy; swell or bubble; dissolve or become jellylike; 

crack or get holes; become stiff or brittle. If any of these changes occur, 

discard the item and choose another type of material. 

Specific PPE materials listed directly on label 

If the pesticide label specifies the PPE materials that must be worn when 

using the product, follow those instructions. Some labels may list examples 

of PPE materials that are highly chemical-resistant to the product. The 

label may say, for example: “Wear chemical-resistant gloves, such as 

barrier-laminate, butyl, nitrile, or viton.” You may choose PPE items made 

from any of the listed materials. 

Chemical-resistance category listed on label 

Pesticide labels that list examples of PPE materials will often also specify a 

chemical-resistance category (A through H) for the product. This allows you 

to consult an EPA chemical-resistance chart (such as Table 1) to learn 

whether you have the option of using PPE materials other than those listed 

in the examples on the label. 

Using the chemical resistance category selection chart 

If the pesticide label lists a chemical-resistance category, check an EPA 

chemical-resistance category selection chart (page 7-7) to find out all the 

PPE materials in that category from which you can choose. The chart 

indicates how long you can expect each type of PPE material to be resistant 

to the type of pesticide you are using. If you do not replace or clean the PPE 

items within the time intervals specified on the chart, it is considered a 

misuse of the pesticide. After the time interval is up the items no longer 

meet the label’s requirements for “chemical-resistant” PPE.


When choosing an appropriate material, also consider the amount of 

movement and handiness needed for the task and whether the material 

will withstand the physical demands of the task. The PPE will protect you 

for the approximate time listed on the chart, if: 

n No punctures, tears, or abrasions allow pesticide to penetrate the 

material; and 

n Pesticide does not get inside the PPE through careless practices, such as 

allowing pesticide to run into gloves or footwear or putting the PPE on 

over already contaminated hands or feet. 

Highly Resistant PPE. A rating of high means that the material is highly 

resistant to pesticides in that category. PPE made of this type of material 

can be expected to protect you for an 8-hour work period. The outside of the 

PPE, especially gloves, should be washed at rest breaks—about once every 

4 hours. Highly resistant PPE is a good choice when handling pesticides, 

especially concentrates, for long periods of time. 

Moderately Resistant PPE. A rating of moderate means that the material is 

moderately resistant to pesticides in that category. PPE made of this type of 

material can be expected to protect you for 1 or 2 hours. After that, replace 

the PPE with clean chemical-resistant PPE or thoroughly wash the outside 

of the PPE with soap and water. Moderately resistant PPE may be a good 

Selection 

Category 

Listed 

on the 


Label 

A 

(dry and 

waterbased 

formulat 

EPA Chemical Resistance Category Selection Chart 

For use when PPE section on pesticide label lists a chemical resistance cat. 

Barrier 

Laminat 

Butyl 

Rubber 

> or = 

14 mil 

Type of Personal Protective Material 

Nitrile 

Rubber 

> or = 

14 mil 

Neoprene 

Rubber 

> or = 

14 mil 

Natural 

Rubbe 

> or = 

14 mil 

Polyethy 

> or = 

14 mil 

Polyinyl 

Chloride 

(PVC) 

Viton 

> or = 

14 mil 

High High High High High High High High 

B High High Slight Slight None Slight Slight Slight 

C High High High High Moderat Moderate High High 

D High High Moderate Moderate None None None Slight 

E High Slight High High Slight None Moderate High 

F High High High Moderate Slight None Slight High 

G High Slight Slight Slight None None None High 

H High Slight Slight Slight None None None High 

* includes natural rubber blends and laminates 

High: Highly chemical-resistant. Clean or replace PPE at end of each day's work period. Rinse off 

pesticides at rest breaks. 

Moderate: Moderately chemical-resistant. Clean or replace PPE within an hour two of contact. 

Slight: Slightly chemical-resistant. clean or replace PPE within 10 minutes of contact. 

None: No chemical-resistance. Do not wear this type of material as PPE when contact is possible.


choice for pesticide handling tasks that last only a couple of hours. 

Slightly Resistant PPE. A rating of slight means that the material is only 

slightly resistant to pesticides in that category. PPE made of this type of 

material can be expected to protect you for only a few minutes after 

exposure to the pesticide product. After that, replace the PPE or thoroughly 

wash the outside of the PPE with soap and water. Slightly resistant PPE 

may be a good choice for pesticide handling tasks that last only a few 

minutes. 

Inexpensive disposable gloves or shoe covers, such as those made from 

polyethylene, may be useful for such brief tasks as: 

n Adjusting contaminated parts of equipment; 

n Unclogging or adjusting nozzles; 

n Opening pesticide containers; 

n Moving open pesticide containers or containers with pesticides on the 

outside; 

n Handling heavily contaminated PPE; 

n Climbing in and out of cabs or cockpits where the outside of the 

equipment is contaminated; and 

n Operating closed systems. 

These disposable PPE items should be used only once, for a very short-term 

task, and then discarded. At the end of the task, it is a good idea to first 

wash the outside of the gloves or shoe covers, and then remove them by 

turning them inside out. Discard them so they cannot be reused. 

Handling Contaminated Clothing 

Adapted from HE-FS-2312 1993 Washing Clothing Worn While Applying Pesticides. 

Wanda Olson and Cherilyn Nelson. Minnesota Extension Service. 

Clothing worn while applying liquid, granular, or powdered pesticides may 

be soiled with pesticide residues even if you cannot see or smell the 

pesticide. Research has shown that pesticides can be transferred from the 

outer layer of clothing to inner layers of clothing. If the inner layer is close 

to the skin there is increased risk of exposure to the wearer. Many of the 

most toxic pesticides are granular. These transfer to clothing (and sweat 

and body oils increase the transfer). 

Clothing worn while applying pesticides should be washed every day. 

However, clothing soiled with highly toxic and concentrated pesticides 

must be handled carefully. Since liquid, oil-based concentrates are very 

difficult to remove from fabrics, clothing soiled with highly toxic liquid 

pesticides should be discarded. In general, the more water-soluble the 

pesticide, the easier it is to remove. 

Wash pesticide-contaminated items separately from uncontaminated 

clothing and laundry. Otherwise, the pesticide residues can be transferred 

onto the other clothing or laundry and can harm you or your family. Wear 

rubber gloves when you handle clothing with pesticides on it. Keep the 

clothing separate from other clothing until it has been washed. 

Pesticides can cling to and be absorbed by the protective clothing that you


wear. Therefore, it is important to use special care when you handle the 

clothing. 

In order to handle and wash clothing as safely as possible, you should know 

when the clothing was contaminated, which pesticides have been used, 

and the pesticide formulations used. 

Laundering Contaminated Clothing 

Most pesticides can be removed from clothing if you follow the washing 

instructions below. If undiluted emulsifiable concentrates have spilled on 

any clothing, discard the clothing (except for rubber or neoprene gloves and 

unlined boots). Washing will not remove enough pesticide to make the 

clothing safe to wear. In research tests, clothing with undiluted 

emulsifiable concentrate on it still contained a high amount of pesticide 

even after ten washings. If the emulsifiable concentrate pesticide was 

diluted, three washings removed nearly all of the pesticide. 

Use repeated washings with hard-to-remove pesticides especially when 

they are highly toxic. Following are guidelines for handling and washing 

clothing with pesticide residues. 

n Wear waterproof gloves when handling clothing with pesticides on it. 

n Wash gloves, boots, aprons, suits, goggles and respirators with detergent 

and water. Hang or store away from other clothing. When handling 

pesticides, rinse gloves before removing then from your hands. 

n Empty pesticide granules from cuffs and pockets before washing. 

n Wash machine washable items separately from family laundry. 

n Wash only a few items at a time. Use the highest water level and longest 

wash time available on your machine. 

n Prerinse or presoak the clothing. 

n Wash items soiled with hard-to-remove pesticides two or three times. 

This is especially important when clothing is soiled with highly toxic 

pesticides. 

n Do small loads with a high water level. Run a second cycle with washers 

which use less water, such as a front-loading washer. 

n Use hot water for washing (146 o F). 

n Use heavy duty detergents and liquid detergents for oil-based pesticides. 

Use 1½ times the recommended amount of detergent for heavily soiled 

clothes or when a soil repellent finish has been applied. A prewash 

laundry product is effective in removing oil-based pesticides. 

n Clean the washing machine by running a complete cycle with 

detergent. 

n Line dry clothing. Sunlight helps break down some pesticides. 

Laundry aids 

The use of chlorine bleach in a regular wash cycle is not effective in 

removing pesticide residue from fabric. However, a three-hour soak in a


chlorine solution (1 cup chlorine bleach to 16 gallons of water) effectively 

removes chlorpyrifos (Lorsban, Dursban) residue from cotton work clothing. 

Soil repellent finishes and starch finishes increase protection of regular 

work clothing. The renewable repellent finishes such as Scotchgard® and 

Zepel® repel water as well as oil. Apply the finish after every washing, 

especially on 10 or 12 oz. heavyweight denim. With soil-repellent finishes, 

use a prewash product such as Spray and Wash or Shout and 1½ times 

the recommended amount of detergent. 

A stiff fabric starch finish traps the pesticide, which is washed away with 

the starch. Apply starch each time the garment is washed using either 

spray or liquid products. When applying pesticides at ground level, apply 

starch to pant legs from the knees down. 

Percent of pesticide residue on fabric after laundering (under 

laboratory conditions) 

Insecticides % of ResidueHerbicides % of Residue 

Carbamate Acetanilde 

carbaryl FL (Sevin) 10 

carbaryl WP (Sevin) 0 

alachlor EC (Lasso) 2 

Organophosphate Carbamate 

methyl parathion L 28 

fonofos EC (Dyfonate) 14 

triallate ED (Far-Go) 42 

Pyrethroid Dinitroanline 

cypermethrin WP (Ammo, Cymbush) 55 

cypermethrin EC (Ammo, Cymbush) 25 

triflualin EC (Treflan) 55 

cyfluthrin WP (Baythroid) 10 Triazine 

cyfluthrin EC (Baythroid) 30 atrazine FL (Aatrex) 21 

deltamethrin EC (Decis) 48 atrazine WP (Aatrex) 11 

FL - flowable liquid; WP - wettable powder; EC - emulsifiable concentrate. Source: Nelson, C., J. 

Laughlin, C. Kim, K. Ragakis, M. Rahell and L. Scholter. 1992. Laundering as decontamination for 

apparel fabrics; residues of pesticides from six chemical classes. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 23: 85-90. 

Respiratory Devices 

Note: Graphics of this publication adapted from National Safety Council’s Pocket Guide For 

Respiratory Protection and USDA/EPA Bulletin #825—Applying Pesticides Correctly. 

Respiratory Protection 

Your respiratory system is one of the most vital and easily injured parts of 

your body. The respiratory system includes your nose and mouth, throat, 

trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs. The primary purpose of your 

respiratory system is to provide oxygen to the body. Oxygen passes from the 

lungs directly into the bloodstream.


Inhaling a pesticide can cause many different health problems. What 

happens to your respiratory system and the rest of your body depends on 

several factors. These factors 

include the type and toxicity of the 

pesticide, the type and size of the 

particles inhaled, and the amount 

inhaled. 

Harmful effects from inhaling a 

pesticide could include: 

n Damage, irritation, or obstruction 

within the respiratory system; 

n Acute poisoning if pesticides are 

transported into the bloodstream 

through the lungs; 

n Long-term health effects resulting 

from pesticides being brought into 

the body. 

Wear a good quality respirator to 

protect yourself from the risks of 

pesticides entering the respiratory system. A properly fitted and 

maintained respirator will help protect you from the damaging effects of 

airborne pesticides. 

How does a respirator work? 

A respirator is a protective device used to keep pesticides out of the lungs. 

Respirators work in one of two ways: they either purify the air or supply 

clean air. 

Air purifying respirators filter the air you breathe. Air supplying 

respirators provide you with clean fresh air from outside, either through a 

pressurized air tank (often carried on the user’s back) or through an air 

hose. 

There are many variations of respirator designs within these two 

categories (air supplying and air purifying). To be fully effective, the 

respirator should be used only in the way the manufacturer recommends. 

When should a respirator be worn? 

Wear a respiratory protective device if there is any risk of inhaling 

pesticide vapors or fumes, especially if the label states “Do not breathe 

vapors or spray mist” or “Harmful or fatal if inhaled.” The risk of inhaling 

pesticides is greatest: 

n If you are exposed to pesticides for long periods. 

n If you dilute or mix concentrates. 

n If you use sprays or dusts.


Example of "TC-23" 

cartridge respirator. 

Exploded view of cartridge 

respirator. 

n If you work with highly toxic pesticides. 

n If you work in an enclosed area. 

The Worker Protection Standard (WPS) says that the product label must 

specify when a respirator is to be used and what type should be used. For 

example, the label might state that “A dust/mist respirator (MSHA/NIOSH 

approval number prefix TC-21C) is required when handling or mixing this 

product.” The devices can be obtained from farm supply stores and safety 

equipment companies (located mainly in larger cities). Make sure the 

equipment has a NIOSH/OSHA seal of approval. This indicates that the 

item has been tested and certified to provide protection against the listed 

contaminants. 

Even if the label does not require one, wearing a good, properly fitted 

respirator can help minimize your overall exposure potential. 

Types of Respiratory Devices 

There are several types of respiratory devices. Each type is useful for 

certain activities. There is no all-purpose device. Make sure you use the 

correct one. Always read and follow instructions on the product label. 

How to choose the right type of respirator 

The label will specify the type of respirator for a given pesticide and task. 

In the previous example, notice that the respirator type was given 

including a “TC” (Tested and Certified) number. This number shows that a 

respirator has been tested and certified by the Mine Safety and Health 

Administration (MSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety 

and Health (NIOSH). The number following the TC designation specifies 

the actual type of respirator (examples are described below). Only approved 

respirators carrying the MSHA/NIOSH certification should be used. 

Noncertified respirators are often available in hardware or department 

stores, but will not provide adequate protection. 

Dust/mist respirators 

A TC-21C is a mask designed to screen out solid dust and liquid mist 

particles. An approved dust/mist respirator will have two straps to assure a 

tight fit and adequate seal. Some models also have an exhale valve and a 

“nose clip” to help prevent leakage and improve comfort. 

Cartridge respirators 

A TC-23C is a respirator with cartridges. These cartridges contain 

charcoal or other material that selectively “grabs onto” the organic vapors 

found in many pesticides, while allowing a supply of clean, fresh air to pass 

through. A NIOSH-approved cartridge respirator for most pesticides will 

have a black label or band on the cartridge. Most cartridge-style respirators 

can also be fitted with dust/mist prefilters that snap onto the top of the 

cartridge for added protection against dusts and mists. You can also buy the 

TC-23C respirator as a “full-face” respirator that combines the respiratory 

protection provided by the cartridges with eye and face protection. 

Full-face chemical cartridge respirator 

This is a cartridge respirator that also protects eyes and face. It may be 

used with a pesticide cartridge when you are exposed to pesticides for a 

short time, such as when diluting or mixing pesticide concentrates or


spraying or dusting animals. Use it with an ammonia cartridge when 

transferring anhydrous ammonia to nurse tank or from nurse tank to 

applicator. 

Full-face chemical gas mask with canister 

Pesticides with a higher level of toxicity may require either a TC-14G gas 

mask respirator or a TC-13F self-contained breathing apparatus. Gas 

mask respirators (TC-14G) are similar in function to cartridge respirators 

but have a much greater capacity to absorb toxic substances. Gas masks 

also generally provide eye and face protection. 

Warning: The respirators described thus far (dust/mist and gas masks) must 

NOT be used in areas where there is a lack of oxygen (less than 19.5%) or where 

toxic gases are present. Such areas include, but are not limited to, silos, manure 

pits, and fumigated grain storage areas. 

Devices for Fumigants or Other Toxic Gases 

If you are using fumigants, or are exposed to toxic gases, or are working in 

an area where there is a lack of oxygen you must use an air supplying 

respirator. Two of the most common types of air supplying respirators are 

described below. 

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) 

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) respirators (TC-13F) supply the 

user with clean, fresh oxygen. This differs significantly from the masks 

previously described (dust masks, cartridge respirators, and gas masks). 

Air is supplied through a tube and face piece, which is fed by an air tank 

on the user’s back. An SCBA is the only type of respirator that can be used 

in conditions where oxygen is low (below 19.5%) or where contaminant 

levels are “Immediately dangerous to life and health.” Examples include 

silos, manure pits, or areas where grain has been fumigated and levels of 

phosphine gas exceed 15 ppm. 

Positive-pressure air system with emergency escape cylinder 

Another type of respirator, often used in greenhouse operations, is the 

continuous flow, supplied air respirator (TC-19C). It uses a full face piece, 

similar to an SCBA, but has a remotely located pump to supply air through 

a hose to the user. With a positive-pressure system, it is extremely 

important to locate the pump in an uncontaminated area, since the pump 

does not filter contaminated air! 

Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) 

Other types of respirators are sometimes used when mixing, handling, or 

applying pesticides. For example, people who are not comfortable with a 

standard dust/mist respirator mask may choose to wear a powered air 

purifying respirator (PAPR). PAPR units use a motorized blower to bring cool 

air in through a filter that removes dust or mist particles. Generally, 

certified PAPR respirators carry the TC-21C designation. PAPR respirators 

are not a replacement for an air supplying respirator (such as a selfcontained 

breathing apparatus or positive pressure system). 

Example of "TC-14G" gas 

mask respirator 

Chemical cartridge and gas 

mask respirators


Wrong Right 

Long sideburns, a beard, 

or glasses may prevent a 

good seal. 

Simple fit check. 

Fit test procedure 

Proper cleaning is crucial 

How to Assure a Proper Respirator Fit 

Select a respirator that fits properly. Most pesticide respirators come in 

different sizes to fit different face sizes and shapes. Beards, sideburns, and 

mustaches make it impossible to wear a respirator properly. You don’t get 

an adequate seal. Glasses can cause problems, too (especially with full face 

respirators). There are two ways to determine whether your respirator fits 

properly: a fit check and a fit test. 

Fit check 

A simple “fit check” should be done whenever you put the respirator on. It 

only takes a few seconds. To check for fit, cover the exhalation valve of the 

respirator tightly with the palm of your hand. Blow out gently for several 

seconds. The respirator face piece should bulge out slightly, and you should 

not feel air leakage around the seal. If you do feel air leaking, readjust the 

straps, and make sure that the seal touches your face all the way around. 

If you simply cannot get a good fit, try a different size or different style 

respirator. 

Fit test 

The fit test is required by most industries with a formal respiratory 

protection program under OSHA regulation 1910.134. In most fit tests, the 

user wears the respirator and is exposed to a harmless substance in an 

enclosed area. If the wearer can smell or taste the substance, the 

respirator does not fit properly. The references given at the end of this 

chapter can provide additional information on fit testing procedures and 

equipment. 

How to Care For and Maintain a Respirator 

Proper care and maintenance of respirators will help them work 

effectively. Cleaning helps to reduce the possibility of exposure to 

pesticides and other substances that can accumulate on respirator parts. 

The respirator should be disassembled and cleaned when the face piece 

appears dirty or daily when handling more toxic pesticides. Instructions for 

cleaning usually come with your respirator. Generally, you should remove 

the cartridge and wash the face piece with warm soapy water, then rinse 

and dry it. Always store your respirator in a clean, dry location out of 

sunlight. 

Replace cartridges or canisters as directed by the respirator’s instructions. 

Exclusive use 

People should never “share” a respirator, since certain illnesses and 

disease can be spread through contact with a respirator parts, especially 

when not properly cleaned. If you must share a respirator, properly clean 

and sanitize the respirator. 

Storage 

Respirators should be stored in a clean, dry location, preferably in a plastic 

bag. Sunlight is also detrimental to respirator performance and can cause 

rubber or silicone face pieces to crack and weather prematurely. 

Remember: Since a respirator protects only your breathing passages and 

lungs, you still need to wear protective clothing on other parts of your body.

Heat Stress 


Heat stress occurs when your body is subjected to more heat than it can 

cope with. Heat stress is not caused by exposure to pesticides, but may 

affect pesticide handlers who are working in hot conditions. Personal 

protective equipment worn during pesticide handling activities can 

increase the risk of heat stress by limiting your body’s ability to cool down. 

Signs and Symptoms of Heat Stress 

Mild forms of heat stress will make you become tired sooner, feel weak, be 

less alert, and be less able to use good judgment. Severe heat stress is a 

serious illness. Unless victims are cooled down quickly, they can die. 

Severe heat stress is fatal to more than 10 percent of its victims, even 

young, healthy adults. Many who survive suffer permanent damage, and 

sometimes remain sensitive to heat for months. Learn the signs and 

symptoms of heat stress and take immediate action to cool down if you 

suspect you may be suffering from even mild heat stress. 

Signs and symptoms may include: 

n Fatigue (exhaustion, muscle weakness); 

n Headache, nausea, and chills; 

n Dizziness and fainting; 

n Severe thirst and dry mouth; 

n Clammy skin or hot, dry skin; 

n Heavy sweating or complete lack of sweating; 

n Altered behavior (confusion, slurred speech, quarrelsome or irrational 

attitude). 

First Aid for Heat Stress 

It is not always easy to tell the difference between heat stress illness and 

pesticide poisoning. The signs and symptoms are similar. Don’t waste time 

trying to decide what is causing the illness. Get medical help. First aid 

measures for heat stress victims are similar to those for persons who are 

overexposed to pesticides. 

n Get the victim into a shaded or cool area. 

n Cool the victim as rapidly as possible by sponging or splashing skin, 

especially face, neck, hands, and forearms, with cool water or, when 

possible, immersing in cool water. 

n Carefully remove equipment and clothing that may be making the 

victim too warm, 

n Have the victim, if conscious, drink as much cool water as possible. 

n Keep the victim quiet until help arrives. 

Clean all parts of the 

respirator face piece 

Store respirators in a clean 

location


Heat Cramps 

Heat cramps can be quite painful. These muscle spasms in the legs, arms, 

or stomach are caused by loss of body salt through heavy sweating. To 

relieve cramps, have the victim drink lightly salted water or “sports 

drinks.” Stretching or kneading the muscles may temporarily relieve the 

cramps. However, if you suspect that stomach cramps are being caused by 

pesticides rather than heavy sweating, get medical help right away. 

Causes of Heat Stress 

Several factors work together to cause heat stress. Before you begin a 

pesticide handling task, think about whether any of these factors are 

likely to present a problem, including: 

n Heat factors: temperature, humidity, air movement, and sunlight 

n Workload 

n Personal protective equipment 

n Water 

n Scheduling 

Consider what adjustments you may need to make in the task itself or in 

the working conditions. 

Mixing and Loading Pesticides 

The most hazardous part of using pesticides occurs when you mix and load 

them. At these times, you are handling the pesticide in its most 

concentrated form, and there is a great risk of exposure and poisoning. 

Protect yourself and others by following these precautions: 

n Read the label before opening the container to be sure that you are 

thoroughly familiar with current use directions. 

n Don’t work alone if at all possible. Let someone—a spouse or a 

neighbor—know where you are spraying and which pesticides and 

chemicals you are using. 

n Never eat, drink, or smoke while handling pesticides. Before eating or 

drinking, always wash with soap and water—away from the house, if 

possible. 

n Do not handle pesticides if you are taking medication that might 

make you dizzy. Dizziness can cause accidents. Also, the dizziness could 

be mistaken for a symptom of pesticide poisoning. 

n Make sure you wear the right protective clothing and equipment. 

n Have a plentiful supply of clean water and detergent available in the 

mixing and loading area. 

n Work outdoors when pouring and mixing pesticides. If you must work 

indoors or at night, be sure there is good ventilation and enough light.


n If there is any wind, always stand in the crosswind so that the wind 

blows across your body from either side. Don’t stand with the wind 

against your back or face. 

n Open pesticide containers carefully. Never tear them open—use a 

sharp knife. Clean the knife afterwards and do not use it for other 

purposes. 

n Always measure materials accurately. Use only the amount stated on 

the label. 

n When pouring a pesticide, keep the container well below eye level to 

protect your eyes and face from exposure. 

n Always use a pump or threaded and valved piping if the concentrate 

has to be removed from a drum or other large container. 

n Replace pour caps and close bags or other containers immediately and 

return them to the storage area. 

n Consider using formulations of pesticides that reduce applicator risk. 

n When adding water to a spray mixture, keep the hose or pipe above the 

level of the mixture at all times. This will prevent the pesticide from 

backsiphoning into the water source. For extra protection, the water 

hose should be equipped with a check valve or other device to prevent 

backsiphoning. 

n Add emulsifier or spreader-sticker shortly before the tank is 

completely full if you use one. These materials tend to cause foaming. 

n Be extremely careful to avoid overflow. Never leave a spray tank 

unattended while it is being filled. 

n If a metal or plastic container has been emptied, triple-rinse or 

pressure-rinse it and empty the rinse water into the spray tank. 

Measuring cups should also be rinsed and the rinse water emptied into 

the spray tank. 

n Thoroughly clean all mixing and loading equipment after each use. 

(See Part 8— Equipment: Selecting, Calibrating, Cleaning for 

instructions on cleaning equipment.) 

n If you splash or spill a pesticide while mixing or loading, stop what you 

are doing immediately and clean up the spill. If any concentrate has 

spilled on your clothes, remove the contaminated clothing. Remember 

that all spills must be reported to the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture. Speed is essential. 

Closed Handling Systems 

You can reduce exposure to concentrated pesticides by using a closed 

handling system. This system is a series of interconnected equipment 

that allows you to remove a pesticide from the original container, rinse the 

empty container, and transfer the pesticide and rinse solution to the spray 

tank without coming into contact with the pesticide. Closed handling 

systems are also being developed for dry products.


The advantages of a closed handling system are increased safety, less 

need for protective clothing and equipment, fewer spills, and more 

accurate measurement. 

Many different types of closed handling systems are appearing on the 

market. Some involve major changes in container design or package, but 

are very simple to use. Other systems may be more complicated and 

cumbersome. 

Some pesticide labels require the use of closed handling systems. This 

requirement may become more common in the future. 

Storing Pesticides 

The way to store pesticides is almost as important as how they are used. If 

pesticides and pesticide handling equipment are not stored in a safe place, 

accidents can happen: children and livestock can be poisoned, air, water 

and soil can become polluted, pesticide containers can be damaged, and 

pesticides can be ruined. Legal requirements for pesticide storage areas 

may change and the storage of bulk pesticides have additional 

requirements. Contact the Minnesota Department of Agriculture for 

current storage regulations. 

Read the label to see if any special steps should be taken before storing the 

pesticide. Then store the material immediately. 

Storage Containers 

Store pesticides in their original containers with the labels intact. Never 

put pesticides in other containers, such as pop bottles, feed bags, or open 

buckets. 

If you have any unlabeled containers, dispose of them. You can’t expect to 

remember such things as contents, directions, precautions, and antidotes. 

Check periodically for leaking containers. If a container is defective, it 

should be repaired. If this is not possible, then transfer the contents to 

another container with an intact label which has held exactly the same 

product. Then dispose of the defective container in a proper manner. 

Storage Areas 

Store pesticides in a locked storage room or cabinet where children, 

unauthorized people, or animals cannot enter. Make sure the windows are 

tight; board them up if necessary. 

The storage facility can be in a separate building or in a separate area 

within a building. The area should be used only for pesticides and pesticide 

equipment. Never store pesticides with food, feed, seed, planting stock, 

fertilizers, veterinary supplies, clothing, respirators, or other protective 

equipment. 

Locate the storage building downwind and downhill from sensitive areas 

such as houses, recreational areas, schools, or barns. 

The storage area should have a concrete floor which is impermeable (that 

is, it will not let fluids pass through) and easy to wash.


Ideally, the structure should be fire-resistant. If you store large amounts of 

pesticide, install fire-detection devices and have fire extinguishers and 

other firefighting equipment readily available. As an extra precaution, let 

your fire department know that you have large quantities of stored 

pesticides, giving them the location and the kind of pesticides. Post 

warning signs for firefighters and others. 

The storage area should be well lit, well ventilated, and well insulated 

against extremes in temperature. 

Never allow pesticides to become overheated. Do not store them close to 

any source of heat. Heat may cause liquid formulations to expand, and an 

accident could occur when the containers are opened. Some pesticide 

formulations catch fire if they become overheated. 

Protect pesticides, especially liquids, against freezing. Some pesticide 

formulations separate at low temperatures, making it difficult or 

impossible to mix them. Low temperatures can also cause pesticide 

containers to rupture. The labels of most liquid products state the lowest 

temperatures allowed for safe storage. 

Store dry formulations packaged in sacks, fiber drums, boxes, or other 

water-permeable containers on pallets or metal shelves. Do not store dry 

materials below shelves containing liquid material—if the liquids leak, 

they could contaminate the dry formulations. 

Place metal pesticide containers on pallets or shelves to help reduce 

corrosion. 

Have the following supplies available in the storage area: 

n Detergent 

n Hand cleaner 

n Water 

n Absorbent material such as absorbent clay, sawdust, vermiculite, kitty 

litter, or paper to soak up spills 

n Shovel 

n Broom and dustpan 

n Fire extinguisher rated for ABC fires. 

A pesticide storage facility should never be used for other purposes, even if 

pesticides are no longer stored there. It is almost impossible to totally 

decontaminate a pesticide storage facility. 

How Long Can Pesticides Be Stored? 

Before storing pesticides, mark the date of purchase on the container. The 

shelf life is difficult to predict; manufacturers usually recommend no more 

than two years. Once a container is opened, the shelf life is greatly 

reduced. 

One of the best ways to reduce the need for storage is to buying only the 

amount needed for immediate use. If you need to keep a larger inventory, 

use the older materials first.



Under the federal Superfund and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III, 

persons storing, for even a few hours, certain hazardous substances must 

notified the State Emergency Response Commission. This notification will 

help state and local emergency response personnel to plan and respond to 

fires, spills and accidents where hazardous materials may be present. 

Notification is required if large enough amounts of anhydrous ammonia 

and a number of pesticides are stored on a farm at any one time. Part 2— 

Pesticide Laws has more information on notification. 

Disposing of Pesticide Wastes 

Improper disposal of pesticide wastes can create serious hazards for 

humans and the environment. These wastes include excess pesticides, 

empty pesticide containers, and materials containing pesticide residues. 

Excess and Waste Pesticides 

The Minnesota Waste Pesticide Collection Program helps pesticide users 

dispose of waste pesticides safely, economically, and conveniently. About 

340,000 pounds of waste pesticides have been collected and properly 

destroyed in the first three years since the program began in 1990. 

Pesticides become wastes when they become unusable as originally 

intended. Some undergo physical changes as a result of improper storage 

or age. Some pesticide products cannot be used because of state or federal 

restrictions prohibiting their use; an example is DDT. When the label is off 

the pesticide container it is considered a waste pesticide because it is no 

longer possible to know what pesticide the container holds. Dispose of 

unlabeled pesticide containers. Unknown, unlabeled pesticides contribute 

a significant percentage of the waste pesticides brought to collections. 

Waste pesticides must be disposed of according to EPA and state 

regulations. It is illegal to bury, burn, or discard a pesticide or its container 

in a manner inconsistent with instructions found on the label. State 

sponsored waste pesticide collections provide a means for pesticide users 

to remove these wastes and comply with the law while ensuring the safety 

of our environment. 

All waste pesticides are eligible for disposal through the Waste Pesticide 

Collection program. The simple guidelines require an inventory of waste 

and contact with the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. The state 

provides collection opportunities in each county every other year. More 

information about waste pesticide collection programs may be obtained by 

calling the Minnesota Department of Agriculture at 612-297-7102 or 

1-800-657-3986. 

Waste pesticide is a problem. You can help reduce potential problems by 

following the guidelines below.

Practices and Techniques for Waste 

Pesticide Reduction 

n Use Integrated Pest Management practices to avoid unnecessary 

pesticide use. 

n Purchase only the amount needed to reduce the need to store extra 

materials. 


n Store all pesticides in a well ventilated, dry, and safe areas free from 

accidental mechanical contact and temperature extremes. 

n Make sure all containers are labeled. 

Management of Containers 

Rinsing plastic, glass, and metal containers 

Pressure- or triple-rinse all empty containers. All empty rigid plastic, glass, 

and non-pressurized metal pesticide containers must be properly rinsed 

before they can be recycled, disposed, or reconditioned. This is the most 

important step in handling of empty pesticide containers. 

Proper rinsing is required by federal and state regulations and is a good, 

sound agricultural and environmental practice. Containers that have been 

properly rinsed pose less hazard to people and the environment than 

unrinsed containers. 

Rinsing at the time of use allows the rinse water to be added into the spray 

tank. This eliminates the need to store unrinsed containers and to store 

the rinse water. In addition, some pesticides will solidify quickly and be 

difficult to clean from the container if not rinsed immediately. 

Properly rinsed pesticide containers should be stored separate from regular 

pesticide storage areas (preferably indoors), as well as separate from 

containers waiting to be properly rinsed. Container storage locations 

should be managed so that unrinsed containers are not placed with 

properly rinsed containers. 

Empty unrinsed pesticide containers must be capped, stored upright in a 

secure (locked) areas, and placed on an impervious surface. Unrinsed 

pesticide containers must be stored separate from pesticide containers 

that have been properly rinsed. Rinsing empty pesticide containers after 

the contents have dried may require additional steps and/or the use of 

cleansing material for rinsing. The best tactic is to rinse containers when 

the pesticide is used to avoid having any unrinsed containers to store. 

Two different procedures are effective for proper rinsing of pesticide 

containers: pressure-rinsing and triple-rinsing. 

Pressure-rinsing 

In pressure-rinsing, a special nozzle is attached to the end of a hose to 

force the remaining pesticide from the container. Pressure-rinsing, which 

may be faster and easier than triple-rinsing, and can be used with plastic 

and non-pressurized metal pesticide containers. 

To pressure-rinse containers: 

1. Empty contents of container into spray tank, turning the container so 

that any product trapped in the handle is allowed to flow out. Once flow is 

down to a drip, allow the container to drain for an additional 30 seconds.


2. Immediately begin rinsing procedures or the product may become 

difficult to remove. 

3. Hold the container so the opening can drain into the spray tank. 

4. Force tip of the pressure nozzle through the lower portion of the side 

closest to the handle. 

5. Connect nozzle to a clean water source of at least 40 psi. Turn the nozzle 

inside the container to assure good coverage of all sides, including the 

handle. 

6. Rinse for at least 30 seconds. 

7. Drain all rinse water into the spray tank. 

Triple-rinsing 

Rinse the container three times. Triple-rinsing can be used with plastic, 

non-pressurized metal, and glass containers. 

To triple-rinse containers: 

1. Empty contents of container into spray tank, turning the container so 

that any product trapped in the handle is allowed to flow out. Once flow is 

down to a drip, allow the container to drain for an additional 30 seconds. 

2. Immediately begin rinsing procedures or the product may become 

difficult to remove. 

3. Fill the empty container one-fourth full of water. 

4. Replace the cap on the container. With the container opening facing left, 

shake the container left to right over a distance of four to six inches. 

Shake the container about twice per second for 30 seconds. 

5. Drain rinse water into spray tank as described in step 1. 

6. Fill the container one-fourth full with clean water a second time. 

7. Recap the container. With the opening of the container pointed toward 

the ground, shake the container as described in step 4. Then drain the 

rinse water into the spray tank. 

8. Finally, fill the container one-fourth full with clean water a third time. 

9. Recap the container. With the container in the normal, upright position, 

shake the container as you did before. Shake with a four- to six-inch 

vertical motion, twice per second for 30 seconds. 

10. Pour the rinse water into the spray tank. Carefully rinse and spray 

residue from the outside of the container. 

There have been recent changes in Minnesota law affecting on farm waste 

disposal. Currently, the only legal way of disposing of pesticide containers 

is in an approved landfill or recycling and reconditioning. It is illegal to bury 

or burn any type of pesticide container on Minnesota farms. Check with 

local authorities, state agencies, or your local county extension office for 

more information.


Recycle containers 

Properly rinsed containers may be recycled. Large pesticide drums may be 

returned to the manufacturer or to drum reconditioners. Plastic pesticide 

containers (agricultural, home, or garden) should not be recycled with 

household plastic recycling programs. Pesticide containers should only be 

recycled through programs designed for pesticide containers. Dry flowable 

pesticide in rigid plastic containers should be rinsed. 

Safely landfill properly rinsed containers 

Private applicators who cannot recycle rinsed containers should have 

them buried at an approved landfill. Under no circumstances should rinsed 

containers be carelessly discarded. Keep properly rinsed empty containers 

in your pesticide storage area until you recycle or dispose of them at an 

approved landfill. 

Paper and other containers 

Before disposing of paper, plastic, and composite pesticide bags, make sure 

they are completely empty. Thoroughly empty the contents into application 

equipment. Then dispose of the bag at an approved landfill. Do not attempt 

to rinse. If you are not sure whether you should rinse a container or not, 

check the label. 

How to dispose of pesticide containers 

Type of container Disposal options 

Plastic jugs Recycle or landfill 

Metal Recycle or landfill 

Plastic bags Landfill 

Paper bags Landfill 

Aerosol Landfill 

Mini-bulk Check with the dealer 

Note: Landfill operators are not required to and may not accept pesticide 

containers. Landfill operators are legally liable for environmental 

problems that may occur because of unrinsed containers or paper and 

plastic pesticide bags in their landfill. 

Other Pesticide Wastes 

Excess pesticide mixtures 

Excess pesticide mixtures include: 

n Leftover solutions after spraying is done. 

n Water used to wash the outside or rinse the inside of the sprayer. 

n Spray left in the boom or hoses. 

n Haul-back solutions from a spraying job interrupted by weather or 

equipment breakdown.


n Small quantities of material spilled during mixing. 

Excess pesticide mixtures should be collected and used again. They can be 

used on a crop or other site listed on the label or stored for mixing future 

solutions of the same pesticide. To make it easy to collect these excess 

pesticide mixtures, mix pesticides and clean equipment on an asphalt or 

cement pad equipped with an aboveground tank to hold runoff. 

Diluting the pesticide will not solve the hazardous waste problem. In fact, it 

can make it worse. Ten gallons of hazardous waste diluted with 90 gallons 

of water creates 100 gallons of hazardous waste. Likewise, mixing 

hazardous waste with nonhazardous waste makes the whole mixture 

hazardous. 

Other materials 

Other types of materials that must be disposed of properly include: 

n Contaminated material from the cleanup of spills. 

n Clothing on which liquid concentrates have spilled. 

n Pesticides that have been damaged by fire, water, or other substances. 

n Pesticides that have been stored beyond their shelf life. 

n Pesticides with some or all uses canceled. 

Contaminated clothing and similar small items can be enclosed in a 

plastic bag and thrown into the garbage. For other pesticide materials, 

check with the Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) before you 

dispose of them. The MDA may recommend that these materials be used 

in some way according to the label. If the MDA finds that the contaminated 

material cannot be reused, then it will be considered a pesticide waste. 

Information on proper disposal of these pesticide wastes can be obtained 

from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. 

What to Do if There Is a Spill or 

Fire 

Be Prepared 

Pesticide spills can be a serious threat to humans, livestock, and the 

environment. By knowing in advance just to do when a pesticide spill or 

fire occurs you may reduce the danger. While fertilizer spills are also a 

concern and are covered by the same state law requirements this section 

will focus only on pesticides. 

Know your pesticides 

Have available Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or emergency response 

information for the products used so you know how to handle a specific 

pesticide during an emergency. These may be obtained from the 

manufacturer.


Report pesticide spills 

According to state law, you must report incidents involving pesticides, even 

ones that you may consider minor. This includes leaking containers, 

spills, exposure, poisoning, motor vehicle accidents, tornadoes, fires, and 

floods. Under Minnesota law all incidents (releases, spills, etc.) involving 

agricultural chemicals must be immediately reported by the responsible 

party or owner or real property to the Minnesota Department of Agriculture 

Incident Response Program, except for incidents which meet ALL of the 

following conditions: 

1. the responsible party or owner of real property is a licensed commercial 

or certified private applicator; AND 

2. the total amount of pesticide involved in the incident at the site over the 

entire year is less than what can be legally applied (labeled rates) to one 

acre of agricultural cropland; AND 

3. the incident was not into or near public water or ground water. 

Please remember that an agricultural chemical incident must be reported 

to be eligible for Agricultural Chemical Response and Reimbursement 

Account (ACRRA) reimbursement of cleanup costs. 

Important telephone numbers to know 

To report pesticide spills: The Minnesota Department of Public Safety, 

Division of Emergency Management (DEM) can be reached 24 hours a day. 

In the Twin Cities call 651-649-5451 

In Greater Minnesota 1-800-422-0798 

Ask the DEM to notify all appropriate state agencies for you, including the 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture. 

For spills involving large amounts of pesticide, highly toxic chemicals, 

or extensive contamination, additional information may be obtained by 

contacting the Pesticide Safety Team Network through 

CHEMTREC at 1-800-424-9300 

These experts are ready 24 hours a day to give advice on how to handle 

emergencies. 

Local emergency response or fire 

call 911 

Pesticide poisoning call the Poison Center for your area. They can provide 

quick information for treating victims of pesticide poisoning. 

All of Minnesota: 800 - POISON1 (800-764-7661) 

Wear protective clothing 

Whenever you work with pesticides wear protective clothing. If you are 

transporting pesticides, carry protective clothing with you in the car or 

truck in case there is a spill. Always wear protective clothing when 

handling a spill.


If a Spill Occurs 

Here is a list of things to do if a spill occurs. 

1. Act quickly. If a spill occurs, it must be taken care of immediately. Any 

delay could cause serious contamination. It could also be very costly to 

pay someone to clean up a spill that was allowed to spread. 

2. Protect yourself. Do not expose yourself to the chemical. Wear 

protective clothing and equipment as required by the pesticide label. If 

someone is injured, make sure you are properly protected before you try 

to help them. You are not going to be able to help anyone if you become 

injured, too. Safety in responding to a spill is important. If you cannot 

safely control or contain the spill, then do not do it. Obtain expert 

assistance and advice on how to proceed. 

3. Control the spill. The “Three C Program” for spills stands for: Control 

the spill, Contain the spill, and Clean up the spill. Whether you are 

dealing with just one leaking container or with an overturned truck on a 

public highway, always use this basic “Three C Program.” Control the 

spill or leak by stopping it if it is possible to do so safely. If a small 

container is leaking, put it into a larger container to contain the 

pesticide. 

4. Contain the spill. Prevent the spill from spreading if it can be done 

safely. Keep it in as small an area as possible. It is most important to 

keep all chemicals from getting into any body of water, including storm 

sewers and tile lines. Do not hose down the area. This will cause further 

spread of the chemical. 

Construct a dam to prevent the pesticide from spreading. If it is a liquid, 

spread absorbent materials such as fine sand, vermiculite, sawdust, or 

clay over the entire spill. Kitty litter is very useful for containing and 

cleaning up small spills or minor leaks. 

For dusts, wettable powders, or granular materials a light misting with 

water or covering the spill with a plastic cover will help to reduce the 

spill from spreading. The plastic cover must be properly discarded later. 

5. Guard the site. Isolate the contaminated area to keep people away. Rope 

it off if possible. Do not let anyone come any closer than 30 feet. It may 

be necessary to evacuate people downwind from the spill. Avoid any drift 

or fumes that may be released. Do not use road flares if the leak may be 

flammable. 

6. Notify the authorities. For any kind of pesticide spill, the Minnesota 

Department of Agriculture (MDA) must be notified immediately. If the 

spill occurs on a public road, also have someone alert state, county, or 

local police using 911. 

When you call, give the following information: 

n Your name. 

n Where you can be reached. 

n Where the spill is.

n Type of pesticide. 

n What time the spill occurred. 

n The source of the spill. 

n How much material was spilled and for how long. 

n Whether the material is spreading. 

n Nearby surface water or wells. 


7. Clean up the spill. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture will give 

you guidance and assistance on cleaning up a spill and handling 

contaminated materials. Cleaning up some spills may be easy. Other 

spills may require more complex procedures. The MDA will give you 

recommendations on each of these steps. The procedures will vary, 

depending on the following factors: 

n The pesticide involved in the spill. 

n The extent of the spill. 

n The location of nearby wells, surface waters, and other vulnerable sites. 

n Soil type. 

n Materials contaminated. 

In general, there are three steps in cleaning up pesticide spills: 

1. Remove the spilled pesticide. 

2. Decontaminate the spill area. 

3. Clean contaminated equipment. 

It may be possible to reuse some of the spilled or contaminated materials. 

The MDA will provide information and recommendations on handling 

these materials. The recommendations may include applying the 

materials to labeled sites at or below labeled rates for that pesticide. If the 

materials cannot be used, then they are considered waste and come under 

the jurisdiction of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (PCA). The PCA 

will provide information on how to dispose of these waste materials. 

Clean up all vehicles and equipment involved in an accident or cleanup. 

Be sure to wear protective clothing as required by the pesticide label. Use a 

solution of liquid bleach and alkaline detergent (dishwasher detergent) to 

clean equipment. Porous material and equipment such as brooms, leather 

shoes, and cloth hats cannot be decontaminated, they must be discarded or 

destroyed after clean up. 

If a Fire Occurs 

Most of the active ingredients in pesticides are not flammable. But many 

of the solvents used in liquid formulations are highly flammable. All liquid 

pesticides and some wettable powders are potential fire hazards. 

If you store large quantities of pesticides, it is recommended to install firedetection 

devices and have fire extinguishers handy. Inform your fire 

department about any large quantities of stored pesticides. This is an


important safety precaution to follow in case a fire breaks out when you 

are not available. 

In the event of a fire, the main goals are: 

Protect people from smoke and fumes. 

Contain the fire. 

Prevent contamination of surrounding areas. 

As soon as you detect a fire, call the fire department. Tell them what 

pesticides are involved and give specific information that may help fight 

the fire and protect themselves and others from injury. 

Remove all people from the area to a safe place upwind of smoke and 

fumes. Isolate the entire area. Keep spectators away. 

Fighting pesticide fires require extreme caution. Fire fighters should follow 

these guidelines: 

Wear protective clothing and equipment, including liquidproof gloves, 

boots, full body covering, and a hat. Respirators may be necessary. If a 

burning structure must be entered to rescue someone, the rescuer must 

use a self-contained breathing apparatus to protect against toxic vapors 

and lack of oxygen. 

Always approach the fire from the upwind side and from a safe distance. 

Be aware that pesticide containers might explode. Nearby containers 

should be moved or kept cool. 

Do not attempt to save burning chemicals. 

Be especially careful about using water to fight the fire. Contaminated 

runoff may create a more serious problem than the fire. It is sometimes 

better to simply let a fire burn in order to avoid massive problems with 

contaminated runoff. A fog spray often works better than a straight stream 

of water and usually results in less contamination. Whenever possible, use 

foam or carbon dioxide instead of water. If water is used, build dikes to 

prevent flow of contaminated runoff into lakes, streams, sewers, or other 

bodies of water. 

Avoid smoke, fumes, mist, and runoff as much as possible. If you suspect 

that someone has been poisoned by a pesticide, move the person from the 

fire area, call a doctor or ambulance, and give appropriate first aid (see Part 

6—Pesticide Poisoning). 

Minnesota’s Agricultural Chemical Response 

and Reimbursement Account 

The Agricultural Chemical Response and Reimbursement Account 

(ACRRA) was created by the 1989 Minnesota Ground Water Protection Act. 

The ACRRA fund was established primarily to reimburse persons for costs 

incurred after July 1, 1989, in cleaning up agricultural chemical (pesticide 

and fertilizer) incidents. 

The account is funded by annual surcharges on pesticide and fertilizer 

manufacturers, distributors, applicators, and dealers. The amount of 

surcharges levied will largely be determined by the current ACRRA fund 

balance. The account has a required statutory minimum balance of 

$1,000,000 and a maximum balance of $5,000,000. It is the Commissioner


of Agriculture who determines if the surcharge must be increased. 

Moneys from the ACRRA fund can be used for reimbursement of costs 

resulting from cleanup of sudden incidents, such as fire or transportation 

accidents, or can be used to reimburse persons for cleaning up sites 

contaminated with agricultural chemicals. 

Before any reimbursement can be made, the board must determine the 

following: 

n The Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) was given proper 

notice by reporting the incident as required under Minnesota Statues, 

Chapter 18D. 

n The costs of investigation and cleanup were reasonable and necessary; 

and 

n The eligible person complied with corrective action requests or orders 

issued by MDA, or the eligible person took all reasonable action 

necessary to minimize and abate the incident, and the corrective action 

was subsequently approved by MDA. 

If these conditions are met, the Board may reimburse an eligible person 

for: 

n Ninety percent (90%) of the total reasonable and necessary correction 

action costs greater than $1,000 and less than $100,000; and 

n One hundred percent (100%) of the costs equal to or greater than 

$100,000 and less than $200,000. 

The Board has authority to reduce reimbursement if the incident was 

caused by a violation of Minnesota Statues, Chapters 18B, 18C, or 18D. 

For further information about ACRRA, how to participate in the program, 

and what costs may be covered, contact: 

Sharon Huber, ACRRA Administrator 


651-297-3490 

Checklist for Preventing 

Agricultural Chemical Accidents 

Experienced pesticide applicators may become so used to their pesticide 

equipment and materials that they become careless or take shortcuts. 

Then an accident can happen. 

The following checklist is based on data showing the common causes of 

pesticide accidents. Check it against the way you handle pesticides and 

see how many accidents are waiting to happen to you. Just one “No” 

answer may be the one that gets you in trouble! 

Clothing and protective equipment 

n Wear the protective clothing and respiratory protection equipment 

recommended on the pesticide label. 

n Start each spraying day with clean clothing.


n Throw away rubber gloves that have tiny holes in them. 

n Clean and maintain protective equipment often. 

Splashes and spills 

n Know what to do if you spill a pesticide while mixing it. 

n Always watch the sprayer tank when filling it so it won’t run over and 

spill on the ground. 

n Have absorbent clay, sawdust, vermiculite, kitty litter, or other 

absorbent material on hand to soak up spills. 

n Do not drain leftover spray mixtures on the ground. 

Application equipment 

n Equip the sprayer tank and water supply hose with air gap equipment or 

other device to prevent backsiphoning into the water supply. 

n Maintain the equipment so it doesn’t leak. 

n Discard an old high-pressure hose instead of reinforcing it and hoping 

that nobody will be nearby when it bursts. 

n Clean nozzles with a soft brush and by rinsing. 

n Keep spray equipment clean so that those touching it will not be 

contaminated. 

n Always release pressure on the equipment so that spray guns won’t be 

triggered accidentally. 

Pesticide application 

n Check wind direction and the area downwind before applying pesticide. 

n Consider substituting a safer chemical if spraying near a sensitive 

area. 

n Check for the possibility of rain showers and damaging runoff before 

applying pesticides. 

n Plan pesticide application so it will have little or no effect on bees, birds, 

fish, or other wildlife. 

n Remove, turn over, or cover up pet dishes, sand boxes, and plastic pools 

before spraying near residences. 

n Make sure that children and pets are out of the area being sprayed and 

that they stay out for the re-entry interval. 

Storage 

n Have a separate space to store pesticides. 

n Keep the storage area locked and windows tight, barred, or boarded over. 

n Keep all your pesticides in this storage area rather than in the garage, 

feed room, basement, porch, kitchen, or refrigerator. 

n Protect pesticides from freezing or overheating.


n Place signs on the storage area so firefighters and others are warned. 

n Always keep pesticides in the original container instead of in old bottles, 

milk cartons, or other food containers. 

n Have a label handy to remind you of precautions, antidotes, and 

directions when you put pesticides in unlabeled transfer containers or 

sprayers. 

n Safely dispose of unlabeled pesticides rather than take a chance with 

your memory. 

n Keep your spray equipment where children cannot play on it. 

Disposal 

n Limit the amount of pesticide waste material you produce. 

n Follow the current federal, state, and local guidelines, laws, and 

regulations for proper disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. 

n Pressure-rinse or triple-rinse empty liquid containers and dump the 

rinse water into the tank. 

n Collect all containers for proper disposal before leaving a job instead of 

leaving them in the field or at your tank filling station. 

n Keep used containers in your storage area until disposed of. 

n Puncture, break, or crush containers so they can’t be reused. 

n Use returnable containers or recycle or recondition empty containers 

whenever possible. 

Summary 

Because pesticides may be a hazard to humans, animals, and the 

environment, you must take special precautions when you handle 

pesticides and any clothing or equipment that have been exposed to them. 

Before you handle any pesticide, read the label carefully and follow the 

safety recommendations. 

To protect your skin and eyes, always wear protective clothing. If there is 

any risk of inhaling pesticides, wear a respiratory protective device. 

All clothing worn while handling pesticides should be washed daily. If an 

undiluted emulsifiable concentrate spills on clothing, discard the clothing 

unless it is made of rubber or neoprene. 

Be especially careful when you mix and load pesticides. In their 

concentrated forms they can cause the most harm if they splash or spill. 

Always stay with a spray tank while it is being filled. Do not let a spray 

mixture backsiphon into the water supply. 

When you apply pesticides, be careful to use the correct amount, to avoid 

contaminating water, to avoid pesticide drift, and to protect people and 

animals from exposure.


Thoroughly clean all mixing and loading equipment after each use to 

remove pesticide residues. Store your equipment where children cannot 

play on it. 

Store pesticides in their original containers with the label intact. Keep 

them in a separate, locked storage area. Check stored pesticide containers 

regularly for leaks. 

Disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers must be done according to 

federal and state regulations. Properly rinse empty plastic, glass, and metal 

pesticide containers and then either recycle them or bury them at an 

approved landfill. Collect all pesticide container rinse water to use again. 

Thoroughly empty paper containers before disposing of them. 

If a spill occurs, you must control, contain, and clean it up immediately. Do 

not let it spread to any body of water. Keep people upwind and away from the 

area. Notify the Minnesota Department of Agriculture by contacting the 

Division of Emergency Management. 

If a fire breaks out, inform the fire department of the type of pesticide. 

Protect people from smoke and fumes. Avoid using water to put out the fire 

because of the risk of contaminated runoff. 

References 

American National Standards Institute. 1980. Publication Z88.2-2. New 

York. 

National Safety Council. 1983. Pocket Guide to Respiratory Protection. 

Chicago. 

Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. A Guide to Heat Stress in 

Agriculture. 

Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Applying Pesticides Correctly: A 

Guide for Private and Commercial Applicators. Revised. 

Stachecki, J. 1994. Pesticide Applicator Core Training Manual: Certification, 

Recertification and Registered Technician Training. East Lansing: Michigan 

State University Extension.

Equipment: Selecting, Calibrating, Cleaning Page 8-125 

Part 8: 

Equipment: Selecting, 

Calibrating, Cleaning 


Different Ways to Apply Pesticides 

Types of Application Equipment 

Parts of a Sprayer 

Types of Nozzles 

Calibrating Equipment 

Broadcast Boom Sprayer 

Liquid Band Sprayer 

Handgun and Knapsack Sprayers 

Granular Applicators 

Maintaining and Cleaning Pesticide Equipment 

How to Clean Sprayers 

How to Clean Granular Applicators 

How to Maintain and Clean Equipment Parts



Equipment 

n What is the best way to apply a pesticide? 

n How do you know what nozzle to use? 

n How do you calibrate application equipment? 

n Why is it important to keep equipment clean and well maintained? 

Different Ways to Apply Pesticides 

The type of equipment needed depends on the method used to apply 

pesticides. There are several different methods. Your goal is to choose a 

way that will control the pest most efficiently without harming the 

environment. When choosing a method of application, consider the 

product being applied, the targeted pest, and the cost of other methods. 

Pesticides can be applied directly on the plant (called foliar application) or 

on the soil. Types of application include the following: 

Directed-spray application: spraying a pesticide directly at the target 

plants. 

Spot treatment: applying a pesticide to a small area or spot in a field. 

Broadcast application: covering an entire field or area with the pesticide 

(before or after plants emerge). 

Band application: placing the pesticide in a strip or band over a row or on 

the soil next to the row (before or after crop or weed emerges). 

Furrow application: placing an insecticide or fungicide in a narrow line or 

furrow in the soil directly over the seed at planting time. Some insecticides 

can kill seeds if applied this way, so be sure to check the label. 

Aerial application: spraying a field from the air to provide better coverage 

than ground applications. This can be important when the crop canopy 

has closed or with certain fungicides or other pesticides that require good 

coverage to be effective. 

A broadcast or band application can be mixed into the soil. This is called 

soil incorporation. 

Types of Application Equipment 

Adapted in part from Applying Pesticides Correctly: A Guide for Private and Commercial 

Applicators. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

The equipment you use to apply pesticides is perhaps as important as the 

pesticides you choose. Many problems—such as pesticide drift, irregular 

coverage, or failure of the pesticide to reach the target—are due to the


equipment used. New application techniques and equipment can help 

reduce these problems. 

When choosing equipment ask: 

n Will it apply the pesticide effectively? 

n Will the application cause excessive drift? 

n Will it do the job at a reasonable cost? 

n Is it easy to operate and clean? 

Most pesticides are applied with sprayers or spreaders. Sprayers are used 

with liquid solutions or suspensions. Spreaders are used with granular 

formulations. 

The most common types of equipment are described below, including: 

n A brief description of how the equipment works. 

n The types of crops or pests for which the equipment is best suited. 

n Advantages and disadvantages. 

If you apply pesticides through an irrigation system (chemigation), you 

need other equipment. See Part 9—Chemigation for information on 

chemigation equipment. 

Sprayers 

Hydraulic sprayers 

Hydraulic sprayers use a liquid, usually water, to move the pesticide out to 

the target area. The liquid is called a “carrier” because it carries the 

pesticide. The usual procedure is to mix the pesticide with enough liquid 

to get a volume that can be controlled accurately and that will provide the 

coverage wanted. The solution is then forced out under pressure as a 

liquid spray. Hydraulic sprayers operate at low or high pressures. 

Low-pressure sprayers operate at pressures of 10 to 80 pounds per 

square inch (psi). They use roller pumps or centrifugal pumps. They are 

used with herbicides and insecticides, but are not generally used with 

fungicides because the droplets are too large. 

Low-pressure sprayers are useful on field and forage crops and pastures 

that can be covered by a low-pressure spray. They are not good for thick 

foliage because the pressure is not strong enough to penetrate the leaves. 

High-pressure sprayers operate at pressures as high as 700 psi. They use 

piston pumps and can deliver up to 25 gallons of spray per minute. If they 

are fitted with a proper pressure regulator, they can also be used at low 

pressures. 

Because they may penetrate dense foliage, high-pressure sprayers are 

used mainly on fruits and vegetables. They are also ideal for spraying tall 

trees, reaching target plants that are far away, and cleaning equipment 

with a high-pressure water spray. 

Advantage: can be used at low pressures if fitted with proper regulators. 

Disadvantages: expensive to buy and operate; uses large amounts of water; 

produce small droplets that may drift. 

Low pressure sprayer 

High pressure sprayer


Air blast sprayer 

Hand sprayer 

Air-blast sprayers 

Air-blast sprayers use a blast of air instead of large amounts of water to 

move the spray. Nozzles direct the pesticide solution into a fast-moving 

airstream created by a fan. The airstream breaks the spray into fine 

droplets and carries them to the target area. 

The most common uses for air-blast sprayers are in orchards and in 

narrow row crops where a boom sprayer cannot be used. 

Advantages: easier to operate than high-pressure sprayers; uses less 

water; uses lower pump pressures. 

Disadvantages: requires large tractors; produces a finer spray that is more 

subject to drift and is difficult to confine to a limited target area. 

Hand sprayers 

Most hand sprayers use compressed air to force the spray through a 

nozzle. They hold 1 to 5 gallons and use low pressures. The different types 

of hand sprayers include: 

Pressurized cans (aerosols): capacity usually less than 1 quart; not 

reusable. 

Trigger pump sprayer: capacity ranges from 1 pint to 1 gallon; handsqueezed 

pump. 

Hose end sprayer: attaches to a hose; capacity 1 quart of concentrate, but 

because it mixes with water, may deliver 20 gallons of diluted pesticide 

before refilling. 

Push-pull hand pump sprayer: capacity 1 quart or less; hand-operated 

plunger creates suction to siphon out pesticide. 

Compressed air sprayer: capacity usually 1 to 3 gallons; pressure created 

by a self-contained manual pump. 

Backpack sprayer: capacity less than 5 gallons; similar to push-pull 

sprayer, except it is a self-contained unit (tank and pump) and is carried 

on the operator’s back; a mechanical agitator plate may be attached to the 

pump plunger. 

Bucket or trombone sprayer: capacity 5 gallons or less; pressures up to 

150 psi; double-action hydraulic pump with separate tank. 

Wheelbarrow sprayer: capacity less than 25 gallons; similar to backpack 

sprayer but with a larger tank and longer hose line; tank is mounted on a 

wheel for easy transport. 

Hand sprayers are used for spot treatments, home and garden pest 

control, small tree and nursery spraying, and other smaller areas. 

Advantages: inexpensive; easy to operate; easy to clean and store. 

Disadvantages: problems with agitation and screening for wettable 

powders; the rate of application may change as the operator moves. 

Small motorized sprayers 

These sprayers have the components of large field sprayers but are not 

usually self-propelled. They may be mounted on wheels or on a small 

trailer for pulling behind a small tractor or skid-mounted for carrying on a 

small truck. They may be low- or high-pressure, depending on the pump 

and other components.


These models are used in relatively small outdoor areas, such as small 

orchards, ornamental and nursery plantings, and golf course greens. 

Advantages: larger capacity than hand sprayer; low- and high-pressure 

capability; built-in hydraulic agitation; small enough for limited spaces. 

Disadvantages: not suitable for general field use; relatively high cost. 

Ultra low volume (ULV) sprayers 

These use special pesticide concentrates and may be hand-held or 

mounted on ground equipment or aircraft. 

They are used in agricultural, ornamental, turf, forestry, right-of-way, and 

some structural pest-control operations. 

Advantages: requires less time and labor because water is not needed; 

equal control with less pesticide. 

Disadvantages: coverage is not thorough; hazards of using high 

concentrates; chance of overdosage; small number of pesticides registered 

for ULV use. 

Spinning disc sprayers 

These special sprayers use a spinning disc powered by a small electric or 

hydraulic motor as the “nozzle” to “fling” out the pesticide with centrifugal 

force, producing uniform-size droplets. These sprayers range from a small 

hand-held type to large units mounted on tractors or trailers. 

Advantages: low drift; droplet size can be adjusted by speed of rotation; 

low-pressure pump and components. 

Disadvantages: relatively high cost; not suitable for windy conditions. 

Recirculating sprayers 

Recirculating sprayers direct solid streams of highly concentrated 

herbicides directly across rows above the crop. Spray material that does 

not make contact with weeds is caught in a box or sump on the opposite 

side of the row and recirculated. 

These sprayers are used to apply contact herbicides to weeds that are 

taller than the crop in which they are growing. 

Advantages: uses small amounts of pesticide; treats weeds that have 

escaped other control measures; less pesticide moves into surrounding 

environment; protects susceptible nontarget plants from injury. 

Disadvantages: only for special situation; relatively high cost.


Granular applicator 

Granular Applicators (Spreaders) 

Granular applicators are used mainly for applying pesticides to the soil in 

a broadcast or band application. 

A granular applicator consists of a hopper for the granules, a mechanical 

agitator at the base of the hopper, a meter to control the flow of the 

granules, and a spreading device. Drop-through spreaders drop the 

granules through a gate. Rotary spreaders use a spinning disc or fan to 

distribute the granules. They may be hand- or power-driven. 

Choose a unit that is easy to clean and fill. It should have good agitation 

over the outlet holes and should spread the granules uniformly. The 

granule flow should stop when the forward motion stops, even if the 

outlets aren’t closed. 

Seed Treaters 

Seed treaters are used to coat seeds with a pesticide. The amount of 

pesticide the seeds receive is important—too little will not control the pest 

but too much can injure the seed. 

There are three basic types of commercial seed treaters. 

Dust treaters mix seed with a pesticide dust in a mechanical mixing 

chamber until every seed is thoroughly covered. 

Slurry treaters coat seeds with wettable powder pesticide formulations in 

the form of a slurry. Only a small amount of water is used with the 

pesticide so that the seed does not start to germinate or deteriorate. 

Liquid or direct treaters are designated to apply a small amount of 

pesticide solution to a large quantity of seeds. 

Advantages: allows more choice in the variety to be treated and in the 

pesticides to be used; treats only as many seeds as you need. 

Disadvantages: requires purchase of equipment instead of just buying 

pretreated seeds; pretreated seeds are easier to use; more chance of seed 

injury. 

Animal Application Equipment 

Three kinds of equipment are generally used to treat livestock for external 

parasites: dipping vats, spray-dip machines, and face and back rubbers. 

Dipping vats are large trailer-mounted tanks containing liquid pesticide 

mixtures. The animals are driven up a ramp and forced into the tank so 

that they are completely immersed. The animal’s head may have to be 

pushed under the surface. It is very important to maintain the proper 

concentration of pesticide in the vat. 

With spray-dip machines, a pesticide mixture is sprayed on each animal 

from a trailer-mounted chute equipped with nozzles. Surplus spray falls 

into a shallow tank where it is filtered and recycled back to the nozzles. 

Face and back rubbers are bags or other containers of dry or liquid 

formulations that are hung in areas where there is high livestock traffic. 

When the animal rubs against them, the pesticide is transferred to the 

animal’s face, back, side, or legs.


Parts of a Sprayer 

Sprayer parts should be made of materials that can withstand the abrasion of 

wettable powders and the corrosive effects of some pesticides. 

Tanks should be made of stainless steel or fiberglass. If the tank is made of 

mild steel, it should have a protective lining or coating. The tank should have a 

large opening for easy filling and cleaning and a large drain. It should allow 

straining during filling and provide for mechanical or hydraulic agitation. All 

outlets should be sized to the pump capacity. All tanks should have a gauge to 

show liquid level and a shutoff valve. 

Pump. The most commonly used pumps are roller, piston, and centrifugal 

pumps. For some applications, gear, vane, and diaphragm pumps are also 

used. 

Two things to look for when you choose a pump are: 1) the pressure ranges 

the pump can handle, and 2) the gallons per minute the pump can supply. It’s 

a good idea to choose a slightly oversized pump. This ensures that the relief 

valve will operate and also that, even with wear and tear, the pump will still do 

the job. 

Hoses. Select neoprene, rubber, or plastic hoses that: 

n Have burst strength greater than peak operating pressure. 

n Have a working pressure at least equal to the maximum operating pressure. 

n Resist oil and solvents present in pesticides. 

n Are weather resistant. 

Suction hoses should be reinforced to resist collapse. They should be larger 

than pressure hoses, with an inside diameter equal to or larger than the inlet 

part of the pump. Replace hoses at the first sign of deterioration (cracking or 

checking). 

Pressure regulator. The pressure regulator controls the pressure in the 

system. This protects sprayer parts from damage due to excess pressure. The 

pressure range and flow capacity of the regulator must match the pressure 

range you plan to use and the capacity of the pump. The bypass line from the 

pressure regulator to the tank should be kept fully open and unrestricted and 

should be large enough to carry the total pump output with excess pressure 

buildup. 

The type of regulator needed depends on the type of pump: Throttling valves 

are used with centrifugal pumps; spring-loaded bypass valves are used with 

roller, diaphragm, gear, and small piston pumps; and unloader valves are 

used on larger piston and diaphragm pumps. 

Electronic systems.New systems using electronics have been developed to 

improve pesticide application. These systems can monitor and guide the spray 

equipment in various ways. 

Some systems sense the travel speed and the total flow of spray to the boom. 

The operator enters the swath width, and the system continuously displays 

the application rate. 

Some systems tell the nozzle flow, the area covered, the total volume sprayed, 

and the amount left in the tank. Still others maintain a constant application 

rate regardless of travel speed. There are also monitors that tell when a nozzle 

has clogged. 

Roller pump 

Piston pump 

Centrifugal pump 

Pressure regulator


Pressure gauge 

Pressure Gauge. Every sprayer system needs a pressure gauge to tell you 

how much pressure is being used. The gauge will indicate any failures in 

the sprayer by showing changes in pressure. Use a gauge designed for the 

pressure range of the sprayer. A high-pressure gauge will not give an 

accurate reading of a low-pressure sprayer. 

Control Valves. Quick-acting cutoff valves should be located between the 

pressure regulator and the nozzles to provide on/off action. Cutoff valves 

should be within easy reach of the operator. These control valves should 

be rated for the pressures you plan to use. They should be large enough so 

that they do not restrict flow when open. 

Agitator. Many spray mixtures must be agitated (stirred up) to keep the 

pesticide and carrier mixed. For most mixtures, the liquid returning from 

the regulator bypass line provides enough agitation. But additional 

agitation is needed for wettable powders to keep them in suspension. This 

can be done by using paddles in the tank to stir up the mixture. A more 

common method is jet agitation. 

Paddle agitator 

Jet agitator 

A jet agitator uses a nozzle inside the tank. The nozzle continuously 

sprays some of the spray mixture in the tank to keep it stirred. The line to 

the jet agitator is connected between the pump and the shutoff valves to 

the nozzles. In this way, when spraying is stopped for a few minutes, the 

agitation will continue inside the tank.


The amount of liquid needed for jet agitation depends on the size of the 

tank and the formulation. For mixtures that foam at high agitation rates, a 

control valve on the agitation line may be needed to reduce the amount of 

flow. 

Strainers. Strainers, also called screens, are used to catch anything that 

could damage or clog the system. There are three places where strainers 

are used. Each one requires a different size strainer: 

Size of strainer to use in sprayer 

Placement Size 

At the entrance to the pump intake hose 25 to 50 mesh screen 

In the line from the pressure regulator 

to the boom 

50 to 100 mesh screen 

In each nozzle Follow manufacturer’s directions 

For wettable powders All screens should be 50-mesh or coarser 

Sprayer system 

Types of nozzles. When choosing a nozzle, think about: 

n The size of droplets needed. 

n The spray pattern wanted. 

n The rate of application. 

The label may recommend a droplet size and spray pattern. Select nozzles 

that meet those requirements and also provide the rate of application 

required by the label. 

Nozzle charts, found in nozzle manuals available from dealers, show the 

application rate at certain pressures and ground speeds. You can change 

the application rate by varying the pressure and ground speed. But there 

are limits to how much change you can make. Too much pressure may 

make the droplets too small and distort the spray pattern, which may 

cause drift. Too little pressure may produce droplets that are too large or 

an incomplete spray pattern.


Flat spray 

Even spray 

Solid cone spray 

Hollow cone 

spray 

Flooding spray 

Flat spray nozzles produce droplet sizes that vary from very fine to coarse 

depending on the nozzle style and pressure. Many advances have been 

made in nozzle design to aid in the reduction of drift. 

Standard flat fan spray nozzles are made to operate in a range of 

about 30-60 psi operating pressure and produce very few coarse 

droplets. They require an overlap of 30-50% to give full coverage. 

Extended range flat fan nozzles were designed to provide uniform 

spray patterns even if the pressure drops to 15 psi, increasing droplet 

size and reducing drift. These tips work well for sprayers with 

automatic rate controllers that will adjust pressure when the ground 

speed changes. 

Reduced drift flat fan nozzles use a design to create larger droplets at 

the same operating pressures and flow rates as standard flat fans (30- 

60 psi). Some newer designs are combining the extended range and 

the reduced drift technologies to give applicators a nozzle that operates 

from 15-90 psi with droplet sizes that reduce drift. 

Even flat fan nozzles are used for band applications since the spray 

distribution is the same across the entire spray pattern. 

Twin flat fan nozzles have two orifices on each tip. This provides a 

more thorough coverage on contact post-emergence sprays 

Cone nozzles produce smaller droplets in a round pattern. Depending on 

the design the spray may only be on the outside fringe of the round 

pattern or throughout the circle. They are used most often in directed 

sprays to apply insecticides and fungicides since smaller droplets are 

needed in those applications. Some of the cone nozzles use technologies 

that will produce even enough patterns for soil incorporated, preemergence, 

and systemic post-emergence herbicides. 

Flooding spray nozzles produce large droplets in a wide pattern. They are 

used close to the ground and at low pressures. They can be mounted on a 

boom to provide even coverage. Because they are used close to the ground 

and produce large droplets, they are excellent for preventing drift. 

Spinning nozzles or rotary spray nozzles use spinning cups and 

centrifugal force to produce evenly sized droplets. 

Controlled droplet applicators are one kind of spinning nozzle that has 

been shown to produce fairly uniform droplets. They spray in a round 

pattern. If they are mounted on a boom, they should be tilted backward at 

a 30o angle

Equipment: Selecting, Calibrating, Cleaning Page 8-135


Calibrating Equipment 

Before mixing or loading pesticides, calibrate the equipment. Calibration 

means adjusting the equipment so that it applies the right amount of 

pesticide in the right place. It should be done every time you switch 

chemicals or change application rates. 

There are several reasons for calibrating equipment: 

The settings given on pesticide labels are only a guide. Actual settings 

needed to deliver the rate wanted may differ. 

Applicators are not all identical. Small differences in equipment may 

cause changes in the application rate. 

Nozzle wear may increase the application rate and change spray patterns. 

This may cause streaking, resulting in poor control or drop injury. For this 

reason, spot-check the calibration rate during the season, even if the 

pesticide or the application rate has not changed 

Even though pesticide granules seem similar, they are not. Each pesticide 

has its own flow characteristics, which can change with moisture and 

temperature changes. You must calibrate your applicator when these 

conditions change as well as when you switch pesticides. 

There are different ways to calibrate equipment. The important thing is to 

select a method you understand and perform it faithfully. Four methods of 

calibrating application equipment commonly used by private applicators 

are described here: 

n Calibrating broadcast boom sprayers. 

n Calibrating liquid band sprayers. 

n Calibrating handgun and knapsack sprayers. 

n Calibrating granular applicators. 

The directions given on the following pages include these abbreviations: 

GPA = gallons per acre. Application rates for sprayers are usually given in 

GPA. 

MPH = miles per hour. The sprayer speed is measured in MPH. 

GPM = gallons per minute. The output of nozzles is stated in GPM. 

GPH = gallons per hour. The output of nozzles or pump may be given in 

GPH. 

Check the Nozzle Pattern and Flow Rate 

The amount of spray that flows through a spray nozzle is determined by 

the size of the tip and the nozzle pressure. The flow can be increased by 

increasing the size of the tip or by increasing the spray pressure. Since it 

takes large increases in pressure to significantly change the flow, an 

applicator should always make a nozzle choice that best fits the need of 

the pesticide being sprayed and then use pressure changes to make the 

final minor adjustments. 

Start your precalibration check of a broadcast boom sprayer by being sure 

the same size and style of nozzles are used across the entire boom. It is


very easy to mistakenly install a slightly different nozzle during a busy 

spray season so be sure each letter and number match. 

Fill the sprayer about half full of clean water and operate the sprayer at 

the pressure you intend to use in the field. Stand behind the sprayer and 

see if the spray angles appear uniform. If a spray pattern shows a heavy 

stream, a skip, or an abnormal angle, then you should stop the sprayer 

and clean those tips again. If cleaning does not solve the problem discard 

that nozzle and replace with a new nozzle of the same size and style. 

After replacing the obviously worn nozzles, make sure that there is at 

least one new nozzle in each section of the boom. Operate the sprayer 

again and check the water flow coming from one of the new nozzles in each 

boom section. This can be done quickly by using a flow meter that slips 

over a nozzle. In a matter of seconds the flow meter indicates the rate of 

flow in gallons per minute (gpm). An alternative is to collect the amount of 

flow for a set period of time (such as 60 seconds) and measure the amount 

of water for each nozzle. The flow should be about equal from each of 

those new nozzles. If it is over 5% different from the average of the new 

nozzles, it may mean that a spray hose or other plumbing problem may be 

constricting the flow to that section of boom or dirty screens are restricting 

flow to a nozzle. 

If the flow from each of the new nozzles is within 5% of the average 

proceed to check the rest of the nozzles in the boom. If the flow of any 

nozzle is outside of the 5% range, replace it. 

Note: By collecting the nozzle output for 1 minute, you can check how 

accurate your pressure is at the boom. If you divide the ounces collected 

in 1 minute by 128 you have the nozzle output in gallons per minute 

(gpm). Your spray nozzle catalog has a chart that shows what the gpm 

should be for your nozzle size at several operating pressures. If the 

measured flow rate varies greatly from the predicted flow rate it may mean 

you have a faulty pressure gauge or are losing pressure between the pump 

and booms. 

Amount of pesticide per tankful. In addition to calibrating your 

equipment, you need to calculate how much pesticide will be needed for 

each tankful. To do this, find out how many acres each tankful will cover. 

Here are the formulas to use: 

Acres per tankful = tank capacity 

GPA 

Amount of pesticide to add per tankful = acres per tankful × rate of pesticide per acre 

How to Calibrate a Broadcast Boom 

Sprayer 

Step 1. Measure the distance, in inches, between nozzles. 

Step 2. Locate this width in Table 2 below and note the corresponding 

course distance. 

Step 3. Mark off this distance in a field to be sprayed. Select the tractor


gear and mark the throttle setting to be used during spraying. Start a 

distance back from the beginning of the course to get up to operating 

speed, then record the time it takes to travel the marked distance. Travel 

the marked distance at least 3 times to get an average time. 

Step 4. With the sprayer stationary, run the sprayer at the desired 

pressure with clean water. Collect the water from a nozzle for the same 

number of seconds it took to drive the test course. The ounces of water 

collected will equal the sprayer output in gallons per acre. 

Example: A broadcast boom sprayer has nozzles every 20 inches. The test 

run distance according to Table 2 for a 20 inch spacing is 204 feet. After 

marking the 204 feet in the field, the applicator finds that it takes an 

average of 22 seconds to travel that distance. With the tractor stationary, 

the applicator turns on the sprayer 

and finds that an average 24 ounces 

Table 2 Calibration Distance, 

ounces to gallons 

Nozzle 

Course 

spacing or distance 

band width 

(inches) 

(feet) 

8 510 

10 408 

12 340 

14 291 

16 255 

18 227 

20 204 

22 185 

24 170 

26 157 

28 146 

30 136 

32 127 

34 120 

36 113 

38 107 

40 102 

are collected from each nozzle in 22 

seconds. The application rate in 

gallons per acre equals ounces 

collected. In this case, it is 24 gallons 

per acre. 

Note: If the desired application rate 

in the example were 25 gallons per 

acre, the pressure could be increased 

so that the output in 22 seconds 

averaged 25 ounces. For desired 

changes of more than 10 percent, the 

applicator should change the speed of 

the tractor or change the nozzle size 

and repeat the calibration procedure. 

Do not change pressures outside of 

the normal operating range for the 

nozzle or ones that increase drift. 

How to Calibrate a Band Sprayer 

Step 1. Measure the width of the sprayed band. 

Step 2. & Step 3. Same as those steps for the broadcast sprayer. 

Step 4. With the sprayer stationary, run the sprayer at the desired 

pressure with clean water. Collect the water from all of the nozzles in the 

band for the same number of seconds it took to drive the test course. The 

ounces of water collected will equal the sprayer output in gallons per acre. 

Note: The method for calibrating the band sprayer determines the GPA 

within the sprayed band. Keep in mind that there is a difference between 

the total area of the field and the treated area. If a 60 acre field with 30 

inch rows is treated with a 10 inch band, the total field size is 60 acres but 

only 20 acres are treated. The amount of pesticide put into the sprayer 

should only be for the 20 treated acres.


How to Calibrate a Handgun or Knapsack 

Sprayer 

Step 1. Add a measured amount of clean water to the sprayer. Three to 4 

gallons should be adequate. 

Step 2. Spray a measured area exactly 1,000 square feet (for example, 25 x 

40 feet). Maintain a constant nozzle height and walking speed while 

evenly spraying the entire test area. 

Step 3. Measure the amount of water remaining in the sprayer. Subtract 

this amount from the amount of water with which you started. The 

difference is the amount you sprayed over 1,000 square feet. Your rate is 

measured in gallons per 1,000 square feet. Multiply the rate in gallons per 

1,000 square feet by 43.56 if you need to know the rate in gallons per acre. 

Example: 3 gallons of clean water are added to an empty backpack 

sprayer. After spraying the 1,000 square foot test area, 2 gallons remain in 

the sprayer. Three gallons minus 2 gallons = 1 gallon per 1,000 square 

feet. This also equals 43.56 gallons per acre (1 x 43.56). 

Step 4. If the calibrated sprayer does not fit within the recommended 

guidelines of the pesticide label, it may be necessary to change the speed 

that you walk or change spray nozzles. 

Note: More uniform coverage will be obtained if the applicator makes 2 

passes over the same area at perpendicular angles. 

How to Calibrate a Granular Applicator 

Calibrate a granular applicator in a field that has already been worked, 

because field conditions as well as ground speed affect the application 

rate. 

1. Set each applicator to the setting suggested in the equipment operator’s 

manual or on the pesticide control label. 

2. Fill the hoppers at least half full and run them until they all begin to 

feed. 

3. Remove the feed tubes and attach a calibration bag or premarked 

calibration tube. 

4. Select a ground speed and travel a measured course at that speed. The 

longer the course, the more accurate the calibration. 

5. Collect granules from all spouts. 

6. Weigh and record the amount of pesticide collected in each container. 

Weigh in ounces, using an accurate scale, such as a postage scale. 

Remember to subtract the weight of the empty container. 

7. Calculate the application rate, using one of the following formulas. Note 

that insecticides and herbicides have slightly different formulas.


Insecticide formulas 

For insecticide applications, band width is not considered in calibration. 

Therefore, insecticides are applied at a constant rate per length of row. 

Application rate = 1,000 × ounces collected 

(ounces per 1000 row feet) distance traveled (feet) 

or 

Application rate = 43,560 × pounds collected 

(pounds per acre) distance traveled (feet) × row width (feet) 

Herbicide formulas 

Herbicides are applied in a band at a constant rate. Therefore, band width 

is critical for proper calibration. 

Application rate = 1,000 × ounces collected 

(ounces per 1000 row feet) distance traveled (feet) × band width (feet) 

or 

Application rate = 43,560 × pounds collected 

(pounds per acre) distance traveled (feet) × row width (feet) × band width (feet) 

To do a rough check on application rates during the season, you can use 

this simple method: 

1. Place a vertical strip of tape inside each hopper. 

2. Fill the hopper one pound at a time. After each pound is added, level the 

pesticide by shaking the hopper. Then mark the new level on the tape. 

3. Before and after treating a known acreage, check the levels. This will 

give you a rough estimate of the amount applied. 

Maintaining and Cleaning Pesticide 

Equipment 

There are two important reasons for maintaining and cleaning equipment: 

To save money. Proper maintenance of equipment will reduce the need 

for replacement parts. Good maintenance makes it easier to control the 

application of pesticides. Before any sprayer can be reliably calibrated, it 

must be in good mechanical condition. In fact, inspecting your equipment 

is the first step in calibration. 

To prevent pesticide poisoning. Pesticide application equipment will 

normally have some residual pesticide left in the tank, hoses, and boom, 

and on the surface of the equipment. This residue can harm humans, 

animals, and crops. If someone comes into contact with this residue, it can 

result in serious poisoning. If you mix a pesticide in equipment that has a 

residue of a different pesticide, you may damage your crops or injure your 

livestock. For these reasons, you should clean all pesticide equipment 

immediately after use. 

Inspect Your Equipment 

Inspect your equipment frequently—each time you use it. Check hoses 

and transmission lines for general condition and evidence of leaks. Inspect 

strainers and screens and clean them if necessary. Make sure there are no 

loose bolts or connections. Replace any parts that are worn or damaged.


Safety Precautions 

Clean all equipment immediately after use. Remember that pesticide 

residues on equipment can be harmful, so you must use the same safety 

precautions as when you handle the pesticide itself. Wear protective 

clothing when you clean equipment that has been used with pesticides. 

Pesticide application equipment should be cleaned in an area with a wash 

rack, cement apron, and sumps to catch the contaminated rinse water. 

The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency or the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture can supply you with details on how to construct such a facility 

properly and in accordance with state guidelines. 

Private pesticide applicators who do not have a washing facility to collect 

rinse water may clean the sprayer equipment in a field with a crop labeled 

for that pesticide. If more than a small amount of rinse water is produced 

when cleaning a sprayer in the field, the rinse water should be collected 

and reused. 

Rinse water can be disposed of by spraying it on a labeled crop, following 

label directions, or as part of the spray solution for other pesticide 

applications. It is recommended that no more than 5 percent of a spray 

solution consist of rinse water. This is, in effect, tank mixing of pesticides. 

All pesticides in the mixture, including the pesticide in the rinse water, 

must be labeled for the crop to which the mixture is applied. If any of the 

pesticide labels prohibit tank mixing, the labels must be followed. When 

using rinse water as part of a spray solution, be sure to take into 

consideration pesticide incompatibility, increases or decreases in 

effectiveness, and possible crop injury. 

Part 7—Safe Handling of Pesticides has more detailed information on 

handling pesticides and disposing of contaminated wastes. 

How to Clean Sprayers 

1. Check the pesticide label for any specific cleaning instructions. 

2. Drain all pesticide solution from the sprayer. Save to use again. 

3. Flush the sprayer with clean water. 

4. Fill the sprayer with water plus one cup of trisodium phosphate or 

household ammonia for each 10 gallons of water. 

5. Wash the tank and pump parts by running the sprayer for about five 

minutes with the nozzles closed. 

6. If possible, let the cleaning mixture stand in the sprayer overnight. Note: 

household ammonia will corrode aluminum sprayer parts. 

7. Discharge the mixture from the tank, letting some of it out through the 

nozzles. When you use this procedure, the mixture should flow into a 

sump so that it does not contaminate the area or the groundwater. 

8. Always flush a new sprayer before you use it. When your sprayer will 

not be used for awhile, coat exposed metal parts with light oil to prevent 

rust.


How to Clean Granular Applicators 

1. Remove all granules and store in the original container. 

2. Remove rust on the feeder plates or agitator with a wire brush, a file, or 

sandpaper. 

3. Tighten all nuts and bolts. 

4. Oil the equipment following the manufacturer’s directions. 

How to Maintain and Clean Equipment 

Parts 

Dirt and solid pesticide deposits trapped in strainers, screens, or other 

equipment parts can affect the output of a sprayer. If the solids are 

discharged during spraying, there could be a sudden increase in the 

application rate. 

Pumps. Lubricate the pump properly. Fill it with antifreeze or light oil 

when it is not in use. 

Hoses. Keep hoses from kinking or being rubbed. Rinse them often, inside 

and outside, to prolong life. During the off season, store hoses out of the 

sun. Check the hose surface for cracks or checking and replace at the first 

sign of deterioration. 

Screens. Remove dirt and pesticide solids that are trapped in strainers or 

screens. Do not use clogged screens when applying pesticides. 

Nozzles. Use a soft brush to clean nozzles. Do not use wire or any metal 

object to clean nozzles because metal can distort the nozzle and distort the 

spray pattern. Do NOT blow through a nozzle to clear it—you can be 

poisoned. 

Summary 

Application equipment includes sprayers and granular spreaders. There 

are several kinds of sprayers including low-pressure hydraulic, highpressure 

hydraulic, air-blast, and hand sprayers. Each type has special 

uses. Granular applicators are used mainly for soil furrow or band 

applications. 

Choose equipment that will apply the pesticide effectively without harming 

the environment, that will do the job at a reasonable cost, and that is easy 

to operate and clean. Choose sprayer parts that are suitable for the 

pressures, application rates, and spraying patterns you require. 

Before mixing or loading pesticides, calibrate equipment to make sure that 

it will apply the right amount of pesticide in the right place. Formulas are 

available to help you calculate the correct application rates for each piece 

of equipment. 

Proper maintenance of equipment will ensure good control when applying 

pesticides and will reduce the need for replacement parts. Inspect 

equipment regularly for leaks or loose parts.

Chemigation Page 9-143 

Part 9: 

Chemigation 


What Is Chemigation? 

Advantages, Limitations, and Risks 

To Chemigate or Not to Chemigate? 

Irrigation Systems 

Chemigation Equipment 

Injection Equipment 

Required Antipollution Devices and Safety Measures 

Calibration 

Summary of Chemigation Management Practices 

For More Information


Key Questions About 

Chemigation 

n What are the pros and cons of chemigation? 

n What do you need to know and what do you need to install before 

chemigating? 

n How do you calibrate? 

n What should you do before, during, and after a chemigation event? 

This chapter provides information for producers who irrigate and are 

considering chemigation as a way to apply some pesticides. The chapter 

will help you decide if a given irrigated field and irrigation system can use 

chemigation and, if so, what practices to follow. While irrigation systems 

may also be used to apply fertilizers, this chapter will discuss only 

chemigation of pesticides. 

General chemigation safety measures and management practices are 

discussed. These practices can help minimize the possibility of creating a 

public health problem. They reducing the risk of accidentally allowing any 

injected chemical to flow back into the irrigation well or surface water 

sources, or discharge onto the land where not intended. Owners/operators 

of any chemigation system today must have a Minnesota Department 

of Agriculture chemigation system user permit, install several safety 

antipollution and safeguard devices, comply with Minnesota 

Department of Health’s well separation distance rules, and implement 

several management measures. Details about specific chemigation 

systems must be obtained from their respective manufacturers. 

This chapter does not discuss every protection requirement for 

chemigation systems connected to a potable well or public water supply 

system. For specific details on required safety devices and measures for 

systems connected to public water supplies contact the Minnesota 

Department of Health. 

The discussion on chemigation in this chapter can also be partially reviewed via three 

video tapes: “Chemigation Management,” “Chemigation Equipment,” and “Chemigation 

Calibration.” Videotapes can be rented from the University of Minnesota Extension Service 

Distribution Center (612-625-8173) at 3 Coffey Hall, University of Minnesota, 1420 Eckles 

Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108. These video tapes do not discuss requirements under 

Minnesota laws and regulations. 

What Is Chemigation? 

Chemigation is the process of applying an agricultural chemical (fertilizer 

or pesticide) to the soil or plant surface with an irrigation system by 

injecting the chemical into the irrigation water. Depending on the type of 

agricultural chemical being applied, chemigation may be referred to as 

fertigation, herbigation, insectigation, fungigation, etc. Only pesticides 

labelled for chemigation and certain fertilizer solutions can be applied by 

injecting them into an irrigation system. It is estimated that less than 1

percent of the conventionally irrigated land in Minnesota has the proper 

equipment to apply a pesticide (usually insecticides or fungicides) by 

chemigation. However, more than two-thirds of the sprinkler irrigation 

systems in Minnesota have been used to apply liquid nitrogen at one time 

or other. 

In 1987 the Minnesota legislature directed that chemigation regulations 

and a permit program be developed for pesticide application. In 1989 

chemigation regulations were expanded to include fertilzers. The MDA put 

the pesticide chemigation regulations in effect in January 1989, and 

adopted fertilizer regulations in fall of 1992. The Minnesota Department of 

Health (MDH) also has adopted rules for the chemical storage tanks, 

chemigation systems, and water wells (irrigation, potable, and public water 

systems) referred to in the MDA regulations. 

Advantages, Limitations, and 

Risks 

Chemigation, like other methods of application, has advantages, 

limitations, and risks that a producer must consider when deciding the 

best way to apply the desired pesticide. Chemigation can be an effective 

way of applying certain agricultural chemicals to some irrigated crops if 

the irrigation system can apply the pesticide/water mixture uniformly and 

at the proper amount. The greatest risk of chemigation is the potential for 

accidental backflow of chemical into the irrigation water source. To 

minimize this risk to the water source, you must use all of the required 

anti-pollution safety devices and the chemigation system must be properly 

set up, operated, and maintained. 

Limitations and risks 

n Uniform chemical application depends on uniform water distribution 

from the irrigation system. 

n Application time is longer than most other chemical application 

methods. 

n Most pesticide compounds are not approved for application with 

irrigation water. 

n Potential risk exists for all or a part of the chemical to flow back into the 

irrigation water source (ground or surface) if two or more of the required 

safety devices malfunction while chemigating. 

n Farm managers/operators must take time to learn about chemigation 

safety devices, calibration, and management practices. 

n Extra investment must be made for chemigation system and for safety 

equipment. 

n A chemigation permit from the MDA is required. 

Chemigation Page 9-145


Advantages and benefits 

n Provides uniform distribution of chemicals when the irrigation system’s 

nozzling package is properly selected and maintained. 

n Offers more flexibility in timing the chemical application, especially 

when the field is too wet for a tractor or an aircraft is unavailable. 

n May increase pesticide activity and effectiveness for some compounds. 

n May reduce the application cost in some situations. 

n May reduce mechanical damage to plants caused by ground sprayer 

wheels. 

n May reduce the risk of soil compaction caused by ground application 

methods. 

To Chemigate or Not to 

Chemigate? 

In deciding whether or not to use chemigation many factors must be 

considered. Consider at least the following factors before deciding to 

chemigate: 


Some, but not all, pesticides can be applied through an irrigation system. 

Check the pesticide label. In April 1988, the EPA required all pesticide 

labels to state if they are allowed to be applied through an irrigation 

system. The label also lists minimum safety devices needed for the 

irrigation system (for states that do not have their own regulations). 

First decide which pesticide product is best to use to protect the crop from a 

potential problem, regardless of application method. Chemigation then can 

be considered if the label of the chosen pesticide allows for chemigation. If 

you only consider those products that are labeled for chemigation, you may 

limit your options for the most effective, economical, or safest control. 

Chemigation is an application option for only some irrigated fields and 

situations and will not be right for all situations. 

Effectiveness of any chemigated pesticide depends on the ability of the 

irrigation system to apply the recommended amount of water uniformly 

throughout the field. For example, a pre-emergence herbicide may work 

with 0.4 to 0.75 inch of water, while some fungicides will only work best 

with 0.15 inches of water. 

Regulations 

Regulations governing pesticide applications sometimes change. Before 

you do any chemigation, check with the Minnesota Department of 

Agriculture (651-297-2614) or with the Minnesota Extension Service. 

Minnesota pesticide and fertilizer chemigation regulations require that 

the owner/operator of any irrigation system who intends to chemigate 

obtain a MDA chemigation system user permit, pay a fee, install several

safety antipollution and safeguard devices, comply with MDH’s well 

separation distance rules, and implement several management measures. 

A chemigation user permit application form and details on safety equipment requirements 

is available from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture— Pesticide and Fertilizer 

Management Division at 625 Robert Street, St. Paul, MN 55155. Phone 218-863-2984. 

The MDA staff will help identify the proper equipment and will inspect 

chemigation systems on both a routine and a complaint basis. 

Field posting 

Minnesota chemigation rules require that the treated field be posted at all 

times during the chemigation and for the specified re-entry time on the 

label. See page 9 - 12 in this chapter for more information on posting 

chemigated fields. 

Site location 

Do not chemigate with pesticides if the irrigation system will cause offtarget 

spray or drift on adjacent homes or occupied buildings, surface water 

sources, wetlands, neighboring crops, or roadways. 

Land and soil characteristics 

Certain soils and topographies are not suitable for chemigation. For 

example, if the land is very hilly with a lot of variation in elevation the 

irrigation system may not distribute the chemical-water mixture 

uniformly on the plant or soil surfaces. 

Hilly land may also cause the chemical-water mixture to run down the 

sloping areas and cause injury to the crop where it ponds. This situation 

may also cause some chemical either to leach into the groundwater in the 

areas where the water ponds or to run off the field into surface water. 

Type of irrigation system 

Pesticide application with irrigation water should only be done with 

systems that can apply water uniformly over the entire field at an 

application rate that does not exceed the intake rate of the soil. 

Distribution of an injected pesticide through an irrigation system is no 

better than the same system’s water distribution. 

An irrigation system which causes water to flow down plant rows is 

exceeding the intake rate of the soil and will not provide an adequate 

distribution of soil-applied pesticides. This may cause some chemical to 

either leach into groundwater in the areas where the water ponds or to 

run off into adjacent surface waters. 

An irrigation system should be able to apply water at various application 

depths. Some pesticides only work when applied with a very light 

application depth of water (.15 to .25 inches). If an irrigation system is 

three or more years old, evaluate the water distribution pattern with an infield 

catch can test before using chemigation. Specific characteristics of 

different types of irrigation systems are discussed later in this chapter. 

Injection and antipollution equipment 

Special equipment is needed for injecting chemicals into the irrigation 

system to prevent accidental backflow of pesticides into the water supply. 

The MDA’s chemigation regulations require that anyone who intends to 



chemigate must install several safety (antipollution and safeguard) 

devices, comply with MDH’s well separation distance rules, and implement 

several management measures. Specific safety equipment is described 

later in this chapter. 

Note: The owner/operator of the injection equipment and safety devices 

must take the time to regularly inspect, maintain, and when 

necessary repair each component to assure correct and safe 

application of the pesticide. 

Calibration 

The chemigation operator must be able to calibrate the irrigation and 

chemigation systems to achieve an accurate application of pesticide. The 

injection pump must be easy to calibrate and adjust during application. An 

in-line calibration tube should be used to assist in calibration. Details on 

how to calibrate are given later in this chapter. 

Weather 

Winds can cause irrigation water droplets to drift. Strong winds will also 

cause uneven application of water and chemicals. Do not chemigate if 

winds are strong enough to cause drift onto non-target areas. 

Irrigation Systems 

Sprinkler systems like the center pivot (electric or oil drive) and the linear 

move can provide a very even distribution of water and chemical if the 

sprinkler package is properly selected and maintained. Water-driven 

center pivots, however, should not be used because the rate of application 

around each drive tower is usually much higher than between the towers. 

Center pivots and linears can be equipped with several types of sprinkler 

packages (10 to 60 psi) and both can provide adequate water distribution. 

Spray packages that direct the flow of water downward to the plant or soil 

surface give the least risk of wind drift. 

The end gun on a center pivot should be operated during chemigation only 

if it can provide uniform application of water and can be controlled to spray 

within the field boundaries. 

Traveling guns and set move sprinkler systems (sidewheel roll, hand move 

lateral) produce overlapping water patterns between moves and therefore 

do not distribute water over the whole field as evenly as center pivots. 

These systems should not be used to apply pesticide, but may be used to 

apply fertilizer when the wind is very low and no other method is available. 

Trickle systems can provide adequate distribution of water when properly 

designed and operated, but can only be used to apply soil contact pesticides. 

Note: Always check the pesticide label to see if a particular type of 

irrigation system can be used to chemigate.

Chemigation Equipment 

For safe and effective chemigation, the irrigation system must be equipped 

with the correct chemical injection system and MDA-approved 

antipollution devices and safeguards. The system must also be able to 

apply the pesticide uniformly to the targeted field only and be easily 

calibrated. 

Chemigation can potentially pollute the irrigation water source if not 

protected with the proper functioning safety devices. Three main ways 

pollution could occur are: 

n The chemical in the supply tank and in the irrigation pipeline could flow 

or be siphoned back into the water source when the irrigation system 

shuts down (Figure 1 and Figure 4, page 9-7). 

n The chemigation system could continue to inject chemical into the 

irrigation pipe line when the irrigation system shuts down. This causes 

the chemical solution to flow back into the water source or spill onto 

ground (Figure 2). 



n The chemigation system could shut down while the irrigation system 

continues to operate and force water back into the chemical supply 

tank. This would cause the tank to overflow and spill onto the ground 

(Figure 3). 

The chemigation operator and farm manager/owner are responsible for seeing that these 

and other pollution risks are minimized by using proper injection equipment, safety 

devices, and management measures. Before injecting any pesticide, always do a trial run 

with water to check the performance of the irrigation system, injection equipment, and 

safety devices. 

Injection Equipment 

A chemical injection system consists of an injection meter/pump, 

chemical supply hose, supply tank, calibration equipment, and 

antipollution and safety devices. Any equipment that comes in contact 

with chemicals, including hoses, seals, and gaskets, must be resistant to 

all formulations being applied. This includes emulsifiers, solvents, and 

other carriers as well as the active ingredient. 

Injection meter/pump 

The chemical injection meter or pump should be easy to adjust for 

different injection rates. It should be sized to meet the injection rates of 

the specific system and chemical. No single pump can do all jobs, since 

application rates may range from pints to several gallons an hour. Do not 

operate a pump at its maximum or minimum setting. This may result in 

inaccurate injection rates. A strainer should be always be located on the 

inlet side of the suction line to prevent the pump and injection hose check 

valves from clogging. 

The main types of metering devices are diaphragm pumps, piston pumps, 

and venturi injectors. Diaphragm pumps are the best all-round metering 

device for chemigation, even though they are more expensive than piston 

or venturi units. They have fewer moving parts, are less subject to 

corrosion and leaks, and are easily adjusted during chemigation. 

Piston pumps can not be easily recalibrated during a chemigation event 

and the piston parts are more likely to wear faster where they come in 

contact with the chemical. They must be stopped to make a calibration 

adjustment. Venturi injection units are usually lower in cost, but it may 

be harder to maintain an accurate or consistent injection rate with this 

type of pump. 

Supply tank 

The chemigation supply tank should be made of noncorroding materials 

such as stainless steel, fiberglass, nylon, or polyethylene. Avoid materials 

like iron, steel, copper, aluminum, or brass, which can corrode. Depending 

on the pesticide formulation used, the tank may need mechanical or 

hydraulic agitation to keep the chemicals mixed. The outlet of the tank 

should contain a manual control valve.

Injection line strainer 

A chemical resistant strainer should be located on the chemical suction 

line/hose to remove foreign materials that could plug or damage the 

injection meter/pump or chemical injection line check valve. 

Hoses, clamps, and fittings 

All components that come in contact with the chemical mixtures should be 

constructed of materials that are resistant to chemicals and to sunlight 

degradation. The pressure rating of all components should be adequate to 

withstand all operating pressures. Hoses and fittings should be protected 

from mechanical damage. 

Calibration equipment 

A calibration tube or in-line flow meter installed on the chemigation 

injection hose line provides an easy way to measure the rate of flow of the 

chemical being injected into the irrigation system. The tube, with the 

necessary valves and fittings, should be placed on the suction side of the 

injection device so the injection rate can be checked during a 

chemigation. A calibration tube is typically a clear tube with markings in 

milliliters or fluid ounces. It is used with a stop watch to measure the flow 

rate. 

An in-line flow meter can be used on either the suction or discharge side 

of the injection device. It is typically marked in flow units of volume per 

time. 

Required Antipollution Devices 

and Measures 

MDA Required Devices and Safeguards 

The Minnesota pesticide and fertilizer chemigation regulations of 1992 

require that the owner/operator of any irrigation system who intends to 

chemigate (pesticide or fertilizer) obtain a MDA chemigation system user 

permit, install several safety (antipollution and safeguard) devices, comply 

with MDH’s well separation distance rules, and implement several 



management measures. The safety devices are necessary to prevent 

pollution of the water supply via the ways described in Figures 1-4 on page 

9-149. 

Figure 5 shows a typical arrangement of the basic safety devices. Some 

installations will have different requirements depending on the kind of 

water supply system and the location of the water source. Alternative 

safety devices can only be used if approved in advance by MDA staff. The 

actual MDA chemigation regulations can be found in Minnesota Rules, 

parts 1505.2100–1505.2800. MDH regulations relating to well separation 

distances from potential contamination sources are listed in Minnesota 

Rules, part 4725.4450. 

Figure 5. Chemigation safety equipment arrangement when applying a pesticide with an 

irrigation system connected to an irrigation well. (Diagram adapted from South Dakota 

Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet 860). 

Copyrighted by, and reproduced with the permission of, the University of Minnesota 

Extension Service, University of Minnesota, from the publication FO-6122 Chemigation 

Safety Measures, 1993. 

Basic safety devices and measures outlined in the MDA chemigation 

regulations to protect the irrigation water source from pollution are: 

Irrigation main pipeline check valve 

An MDA-approved reduced pressure zone (RPZ) backflow preventer, or two 

check valves in series, must be installed in the main irrigation water 

supply pipeline of any system that will be injecting pesticide that is directly 

connected to an irrigation water well or a surface water source. A single 

MDA-approved check valve may be used in the main pipeline only if you 

intend to inject fertilizer solely. 

The check valve(s) or RPZ assembly must be located between the point of 

chemical injection and the irrigation water supply pump. Their main 

purpose is to keep the water and chemical mixture from flowing back or 

being siphoned back into the water source. Check valves should be 

installed with fittings that allow you to easily remove them for 

maintenance or repair. The check valve(s) assembly may be installed as a 

portable unit and moved to other irrigation systems where permitted by 

MDA. 

Each check valve assembly must contain an air vacuum relief valve and 

an automatic low pressure release drain immediately upstream of the 

check valve flapper. The check valve assembly must also have an 

inspection port that is easy to open to inspect the check valve flapper and 

the low pressure drain when the irrigation system is shut down. 

The vacuum relief valve allows air to enter the pipeline when the water 

stops flowing. This prevents the creation of a vacuum that could cause 

siphoning of the water-chemical mixture downstream of the check valve 

back into the water supply. 

The low pressure drain must be located on the bottom of the pipeline on 

the supply side of the check valve and have a fully functioning drain 

opening at least 3/4-inch in diameter. It must open automatically 

whenever the irrigation water flow stops. This provides a secondary safety 

backup to prevent any chemical and water mixture from entering the 

water source if the check valve should leak. The drain outlet must be

positioned, or the drainage directed to flow, away from the well or surface 

water source during shutdown. A hose, pipe, or open conduit can be used to 

direct the drain discharge. 

Approved check valve assemblies must meet MDA design and operating 

standards and be certified by an independent testing laboratory. A list of 

currently approved check valve models can be obtained from the MDA. 

Check valve assemblies must be quick-closing by spring action and must 

provide a watertight seal. They must be constructed of material resistant 

to corrosion, or be protected to resist corrosion, and be easy to maintain 

and repair. 

System interlock 

The chemigation injection system must be interlocked with the irrigation 

system’s power or water supply so it will shut down any time the irrigation 

system or pumping plant stops operating or the water flow is disrupted. In 

all cases this measure must prevent chemical from the supply tank being 

injected into the main irrigation pipeline after the water supply stops 

flowing. 

If electric motors are used for both the irrigation and chemigation 

systems, the control panels for the two systems must be interlocked. This 

interlock must be set up so the injection pump motor stops whenever the 

irrigation system or pump stops. 

Irrigation pumps driven by an internal combustion engine can be 

interlocked with an injection pump by being belted to the drive shaft or an 

accessory pulley on the engine. If the injection pump is electrically 

powered, it should be connected to the engine’s generator or electrical 

control system. 

Some chemigation systems use flowing water or water pressure to power 

the injection meter or pump. In most cases these systems will stop 

injecting a chemical when the irrigation water supply stops flowing. 

If chemical flow from the supply tank could possibly continue after 

shutdown, a normally closed solenoid valve should be installed in the 

chemical injection line, preferably on the suction side of the injection 

meter. The solenoid valve must be interlocked with and powered by the 

irrigation system control panel, water supply pressure, or the injector 

power supply. 

Chemical injection line check valve 

The chemical injector’s discharge line/hose must contain a positivelosing 

check valve that will not allow flow either way when the injection 

system is not operating. The check valve must be located between the 

injection meter and the point of the chemical injection into the irrigation 

pipeline. 

This valve should: 1) stop flow of water from the irrigation system into the 

chemical supply tank if the injection system stops; and 2) prevent gravity 

flow from the chemical tank into the irrigation pipeline following an 

unexpected shutdown. To provide two way protection the valve must have a 

watertight sealing check valve with a minimum opening (cracking) 

pressure of 10 pounds per square inch. It should also be constructed of an 

agricultural chemical corrosive-resistant material. 

If irrigation water is allowed to flow back into the chemical supply tank it 

could overflow the tank causing chemical to spill onto the ground. If 



chemical in the supply tank is allowed to flow into the irrigation pipeline by 

gravity or be siphoned when the irrigation system is not operating, it could 

damage the crop or leak on the ground, possibly getting into a surface 

water or groundwater source. 

Low pressure shutdown switch 

The irrigation system must contain a low pressure shutdown switch or 

device with similar operating characteristics on the main pipeline. This 

will shut down the irrigation system and the chemigation system if the 

operating pressure drops to an unsatisfactory level for proper agricultural 

chemical distribution. 

Chemical supply tank 

The chemigation supply tank must not be located closer to an irrigation 

well than the distance specified in the MDH rules chapter 4725, and must 

be safeguarded according to the MDA specifications described in the 

following paragraphs. All preparation or filling of a chemical tank must be 

done at least 150 feet from a wellhead unless properly safeguarded. 

The separation distance from a surface water source must likewise be no 

less than that specified for an irrigation well unless other state/federal 

regulations are more applicable. The supply tank should be placed away 

from the water source in such a way that, if a spill occurs, the chemical 

will not move directly to the source. 

According to MDA chemigation rules, a chemigation supply tank must be 

housed in a secondary containment unit if the tank storage meets at least 

two of the following conditions: 1) the supply tank has a rated capacity of 

more than 1,500 gallons; 2) the tank is located within 100 feet of a water 

supply; and 3) the supply tank storage is located at the site for more than 

30 consecutive days. 

The minimum required capacity for a secondary containment unit is 125 

percent of the tank capacity (110 percent if it is under a roof). Its walls and 

base may be made of ferrous metal, reinforced concrete, solid reinforced 

masonry, synthetic lined earth or prefabricated metal, or synthetic 

materials. Synthetic liners must have a minimum thickness of 30 mils. 

The unit must be leakproof and built to withstand the hydrostatic pressure 

from the release of a full tank. The walls or base must not contain a drain. 

Design specifications for some types of units are described in MidWest 

Plan Service Bulletin #37 Designing Facilities for Pesticide and Fertilizer 

Containment. This bulletin is available at county extension offices. 

The chemical supply tank must be constructed from material such as 

fiberglass, polyethylene, or stainless steel that is resistant to the chemical 

being stored and resistant to degradation by sunlight. If not contained in a 

secondary unit, the tank should be located and landscaped so if a leak 

develops it will direct any leakage away from entering the water source. 

The tank should also be protected from damage from farm machinery and 

livestock. 

Posting of field 

All sites being treated with a pesticide through the irrigation water must 

be posted with signs during the entire chemigation treatment. Signs must 

contain the signal word from the pesticide label, name of the pesticide, 

date of treatment, and re-entry date as described by the pesticide label. An 

example of a sign can be obtained from the MDA.

Signs must be posted at usual points of entry and at property corners 

immediately adjacent to public transportation routes or other public or 

private property. Signs must be placed no farther than 100 feet apart for a 

field that is located adjacent to a public area such as a park, school, or 

residential area. If more restrictive instructions for posting are described 

on the label, those restrictions must be followed. 

The new federal Worker Protection Standards sometimes require posting 

as well as notifying any agricultural employees of the pesticide application. 

See Worker Protection Standard in Part 2—Pesticide Laws and check with 

your local county extension office or the MDA for more information. 

Additional Protection Measures 

There are several other devices and measures that make management of 

the chemigation operation easier and also reduce the potential risks to 

the environment. These include: 

Portable chemigation system and chemical supply tank: Install the 

chemigation injection meter/pump and chemical supply tank on a 

portable trailer or truck. Construct a secondary containment unit of 

appropriate size on the bed of the trailer or truck. 

Injection meter/pump: Place the injection meter or pump within the 

chemical supply tank containment unit when possible. 

Chemigation system location: When developing a new irrigation system 

always try to locate the irrigation water supply at least 150 feet from the 

chemigation system, chemical supply tank, injection port, and power 

interlock controls. 

Bleed valve: Locate a bleed valve upstream from and next to the injection 

line check valve to assist in relieving any “locked-in” pressure in the 

chemical injection line when the injection line is disconnected. This will 

prevent the operator from being sprayed with the chemical in the line 

during line removal. 

Injection port location: When possible, locate the port for chemical 

injection higher than the chemical supply tank but lower than the lowest 

sprinkler outlet to prevent siphoning from the tank. In all cases the 

injection port must be located downstream from the main pipeline check 

valve. 

Injection line flow sensor: An injection line flow sensor installed just 

upstream from the chemical injection line check valve and interlocked 

with the injection device can be used to shut down the injection system if 

flow in the injection line ceases. This safety measure will prevent 

continuous operation if the injection device loses prime or fails, the supply 

tank is emptied, the injection port becomes plugged, or the lines or hoses 

rupture or become disconnected. The flow sensor could also be interlocked 

with the irrigation system to shut down the whole system if injection line 

flow stops. 

Two-way interlock: A two-way interlock arrangement between the 

irrigation system and the injection system will stop either system if the 

other system also stops. This eliminates untreated areas in the field 

because it stops the irrigation pump and sprinkler system if the injection 

system stops or malfunctions. The interlock can be done electrically or by 

using a flow sensor on the discharge side of the chemical injection device. 



When there is no flow in the injection line, the irrigation system and 

pumping plants will shut down. 

Solenoid valve: A normally closed solenoid valve installed on the suction 

side of the injection device can provide a good back-up. It acts as an 

automatic shutoff valve on the injection line when the injection pump is 

not in use. The solenoid valve must be interlocked with the injection 

device power supply to open or close properly. 

Calibration 

Proper calibration of the irrigation system and chemigation injection pump 

is essential for a effective, safe, and economical application. Minor 

differences in calibration and application rate over a period of time can 

cause the pesticide application rate to be too high or too low. Too high a 

rate is potentially damaging to the crop or the environment. Too low an 

application rate may make the pesticide treatment ineffective. 

It is important to have accurate in-field measurement of the field size, 

travel time to cover the field at the desired water depth, and amount of 

chemical required per acre for accurate calibration of the equipment and 

the whole system. 

Listed below are the typical steps to take to calculate the proper 

chemigation injection rate for a center pivot with a given situation. 

Examples are given for fertilizer and pesticide. 

Steps Examples Yours 

Nitrogen Pesticide 

1. Number of acres under center pivot 128 acres 128 acres 

__________ 

2. Amount of chemical/acre (example: 30 lb 

of 28% N per acre = 10.0 gal and pesticide of 10.0 gal 2 qt __________ 

2 pt + 2 pts of oil = 2 qts per acre) (30 lbs) 

3. Multiply step 1 by 2 1,280 gal 256 qt __________ 

4. If chemical needs some dilution with water, ---- 175 gal __________ 

enter total amount of solution 

5. Select water application depth per product 0.75 inch 0.2 inch __________ 

recommendation 

6. Determine travel time of center pivot for 72 hr 1,153 min __________ 

one revolution to apply water depth in step 5 (19.2 hrs) 

7. Determine injection rate by dividing step 3 9.11 gal/hr 

or 4 by step 6 (1 gal = 3,785 ml) 12.7 gal/hr (575 ml/min)**__________ 

(100 ml in 10.4 sec)*** 

**ml per min: 9.11 gal/hr × 3,785 ml/gal = 575 ml/min 

60 min/hr 

***sec per 100 ml: 100 × 60 seconds/min = 10.4 sec per 100 ml (100 ml in 10.4 sec) 

575 ml/min 

8. Select injection pump dial per manufacturer’s

curve for step 7 and check delivery rate of the 

injector with calibration tube to make certain 7.5 90% __________ 

it is injecting at the proper rate. Adjust rate dial 

as needed to obtain calculated injection rate. 

Notes for Calibration Step 1: If acreage of field is not known, the area 

should be calculated. For example, for a center pivot that runs a full circle, 

the area covered in acres can be found by the following formula. 

Area covered = Wetted radius (ft) × Wetted radius (ft) × 3.14 = Acres 

43,560 ft 2 per acre 

Where the area covered is only a part of a circle, multiply the full circle 

area by the percentage of the coverage. If an end gun or corner system is 

used, calculate the area of both wetted radii and estimate the percentage 

of each operation. For example, assume 2/3 of the circle with normal 

sprinklers and 1/3 with end gun. 

If further assistance is needed in calculating the area, contact your 

equipment dealer, local Extension office, or SWCD office. 

Notes for Calibration Step 6: Knowing the correct travel time to cover the 

field is very important in making an accurate calibration. There are two 

methods that can be used to time the application of a center pivot. 

First method: operate the system wet at the same travel speed (% timer 

setting) that is planned for chemigation and measure the time to make 

one revolution or to cover the desired part of the field. 

Second method: measure the distance from the pivot point to the outer 

tower wheel tracks. Then operate the system wet at the desired travel 

speed (% timer setting) that is planned for chemigation and measure the 

time it takes the outer tower to travel a preset distance, say 100 feet. To 

calculate the time to cover a circle, use the following formulas: 

Wheel track circumference (ft) = 3.14 × 2 × distance from pivot to outer wheel track. 

Rotation time = Wheel track circumference (ft) × time (min) between stakes 

Distance traveled between stakes (ft) 

For example: A center pivot with a 1,250 ft length to the outer track takes 14.69 

minutes to travel 100 feet. Wheel track circumference = 3.14 × 1250 

× 2 = 7,850 ft. 

Rotation time = 7,850 × 14.69 min = 1,153 minutes or 19.2 hrs = 1,153 min 

100 ft 60 min/hr 

Summary 

A chemigation system requires regular maintenance and supervision to 

apply a pesticide safely and effectively. The owner or operator is 

responsible for making sure that all equipment and components function 

properly and the pesticide application is done according to label directions. 

Listed below are several management tips that should be reviewed each 

time a chemigation system is used to apply a pesticide. 

Review operation of irrigation system 

Periodically observe the irrigation system’s water distribution pattern and 

conduct a water distribution test of the spray pattern. Remember that the 



uniformity of the chemical distribution will be no better than the 

distribution of the water. 

Adjust the irrigation system (such as the end gun) to prevent spray going 

beyond the boundaries of the target field. Shut down the irrigation system 

if wind will carry chemical drift off target. Manage the irrigation system so 

runoff or deep percolation of the water-chemical mixture does not occur. 

Do not chemigate in areas containing wetlands and other surface water 

bodies. Do not apply any pesticide that is not labelled for use in an 

irrigation system. Such applications are illegal and may adversely affect 

wildlife, non-target plants, and water quality. 

Inspect safety and antipollution equipment before each use 

Inspect all components of the chemigation and irrigation system before 

each use. Components not working at the time of inspection should be 

repaired or replaced before chemigating. Routine inspections should 

minimize the potential for failure of any component during chemigation. 

To inspect the irrigation pipeline check valve, low pressure drain,injection 

line check valve, low pressure switch and the power interlock follow the 

procedures listed below. RPZ backflow preventers and some other types of 

check valves will require a different approach to inspection. Contact MDA 

staff for directions on inspecting if assistance is needed. 

n Connect the chemigation system to the irrigation system, but leave the 

chemical injection line/hose disconnected from the injection port check 

valve. 

n Start the irrigation pump and pressurize the irrigation system to its 

normal operating pressure. 

n Observe the injection line check valve to see if any water is leaking 

back out the inlet side of the check valve. There should be no leakage 

observed when the irrigation system is operating or when shut down. 

n Connect the chemical injection hose to the injection check valve and 

start up the chemigation system. The chemigation system should be 

operated only with clean water or nothing. 

n Close the main pipeline control valve (reducing the operating pressure) 

until the low pressure switch shuts down the irrigation system. The 

pressure switch should be set to cause the irrigation pump and system 

to shut down when the normal operating pressure has been reduced by 

15 to 25 percent. If no flow control valve is present, shut power off to the 

pump and/or irrigation system and go to the next step. 

n Immediately after shutdown, observe if any water is flowing from the low 

pressure drain(s). Some drainage for a short period of time after 

shutdown is normal, but then drainage should stop. 

n Check to see if the chemigation injection device has stopped operating. 

This device should stop when the irrigation system and pump shut 

down. If the chemigation system has an agitation system this unit does 

not have to shut down when the injection device stops. 

n Open the inspection port at the main pipeline check valve assembly 

after the low pressure drain has stopped flowing. Inspect for any leakage 

from the check valve flapper. There should be no leakage from the

downstream flapper. Also check for proper functioning of the flapper 

valve assembly. 

Fill supply tank and mix agricultural chemicals 

Chemigation supply tanks should be located at least 150 feet from any 

water well during filling unless housed in the appropriate safeguard unit 

defined by the MDA and MDH. The supply tank condition and plumbing 

fixtures should be inspected closely each time before it is filled. Fill supply 

tank no more than 95 percent of capacity. Monitor the supply tank during 

chemigation for development of any leaking. 

Triple-rinse pesticide containers at time of use and add the rinse water 

into the supply tank. Rinse over the opening of the supply tank to 

minimize risk of spilling on the ground. 

Keep the chemigation site uncontaminated 

To make monitoring the chemigation operation safe and easy, do not allow 

the irrigation system to spray water and chemical into the chemigation 

equipment area. This may mean plugging a few nozzles on the irrigation 

system near the chemigation site. 

Calibration 

Accurate calibration of the chemical injection device is essential for 

proper application. Recheck the calibration setting of the injection device 

periodically. Follow calibration procedures described by the chemical label, 

chemigation equipment manufacturer, or the Minnesota Extension 

Service. Minor differences in injection rate over an extended period can 

cause too high or too low a chemical application rate. This may produce 

unsatisfactory results when too low, or cause potential pollution or crop 

damage when too high applications are made. 

Empty chemigation supply tank 

Leftover pesticide mixtures should be removed from the supply tank and 

stored in an appropriate place for later use or immediately applied to 

another crop or site listed on the label. The empty tank should be rinsed 

out and rinsing water applied to the irrigated crop or another labelled site. 

Flush injection equipment 

Flush the chemigation injection device, hoses, and check valve with clean 

water after each use. Flush cleaning water into the irrigation system 

while it is operating so the cleaning water will be applied to the field. Clean 

strainer after each chemigation. 

Flush irrigation system 

After chemigation is completed and the chemigation system is cleaned 

and flushed, operate the irrigation pump as long as necessary to flush the 

irrigation system free of chemical. This may take 10 to 15 minutes for 

most systems. 

Report accidental spills 

If an accident occurs, regardless of size, avoid personal contamination. 

Take action to keep the spill to a minimum, and report the incident to the 

MDA immediately. Phone 1-800-422-0798 for assistance. 



For More Information 

______. 1993. Minnesota Rules, parts 1505.2100-2800 (MDA chemigation) 

and 4725.3350 and 4450 (MDH water well cross-connection and separation 

distances from pollution sources). 

______. 1985. Proceedings of the Chemigation Safety Conference. 

University of Nebraska. 

______. 1992. Safety Devices for Chemigation. ASAE Engineering Practice 

EP409. St. Joseph, MI. 

Hay, D. R., et al. 1986. Using Chemigation Safely and Effectively. USDA 

Extension Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and University 

of Nebraska. 

Ogg, A. J., et al. 1983. Application of Herbicides Through Irrigation Systems. 

USDA Extension Service Bulletin. 

Threadgill, E. D. 1985. “Chemigation Via Sprinkler Irrigation: Current 

Status and Future Development.” ASAE Applied Engineering in Agricultural 

Journal. Vol. 1(1): June. 

Werner, H. 1990. Chemigation Safety. South Dakota State University 

Cooperative Extension Service. Fact Sheet 860. 

Werner, H. 1993. Chemigation Calibration. South Dakota State University 

Cooperative Extension Service. Fact Sheet 863. 

Witkowski, J. F., et al. 1984. Applying Insecticides Through Center Pivots. 

University of Nebraska. NebGuide G84-703. 

Related Minnesota Extension Service 

Publications 

Hutchinson, B., et al. 1992. Commercial Vegetable Pest Management 

Production Guide. Bulletin AG-BU-1880. 

Rehm, G. W., G. L. Malzer and J. A. Wright. 1989. Managing Nitrogen for Corn 

Production on Irrigated Sandy Soils. Bulletin AG-FO-2392. 

Rosen, C. J. and R. Munter. 1992. Nutrient Management for Commercial Fruit 

and Vegetable Crops in Minnesota. Bulletin AG-FO-5886. 

Wright, J., et al. 1993. Chemigation Safety Measures. Bulletin AG-BU-6122. 

Wright, J., et al. 1993. Nitrogen Application in Irrigation Water: Chemigation. 

Bulletin AG-BU-6118.

Appendices - Page 161 

Appendices 

Appendices 

What's What's What's in in this this Chapter: 

Chapter: 

Appendix A - Pesticide Toxicities 

Appendix B - Glossary 

Appendix C - Insecticide and Herbicides Chemical Families 

Appendix D - Factsheets 


an Incident Response Plan 

On Farm Storage of Bulk Liquid Fertilizer 

Transporting Pesticides Requiring Placquarding 

and Security Plans 

Federally Registered Restricted Use Pesticides

Page A - 162 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

Appendix A - Pesticide Toxicities 

Relative comparisons of human 

toxicological risks* 

Appendix A Page - 163 

ties 

For a pesticide to exert a toxic effect on an organism, it must first enter 

the body. In humans, the following are major routes of pesticide entry 

into the body: 

Oral Ingestion. The pesticide is swallowed and enters the 

gastrointestinal tract. 

Inhalation. The pesticide is breathed into the lungs. 

Dermal Absorption. The pesticide passes through the skin. 

Both acute and chronic toxicity of pesticides are of concern. Acute 

toxicity is expressed in a relatively short period of time and may occur 

after exposure to a single dose of the pesticide. Acute toxicity may differ 

according to the way the pesticide enters the body. Chronic toxicity is 

expressed over a long period of time, when an organism is exposed to 

single or repeated dosages of a pesticide and is difficult to assess. 

Description of Toxicological Information** 

Some toxicological data on pesticide effects on humans is available, often 

from accidental poisonings. More useful data are available from studies 

of animals which have been exposed to pesticides under controlled 

conditions. These data can be used to estimate exposures which are 

harmful to humans. 

LD 50 and LC 50 

To estimate pesticide exposures which may be harmful to humans, a 

commonly used unit of measurement for oral or dermal acute toxicity is 

the LD 50 of “L”ethal “D”ose. The LD 50 is the dose of a pesticide which kills 

one-half of the animals tested. For the inhalation route of exposure, the 

“L”ethal “C”oncentration or LC 50 , is the concentration of a pesticide in air 

for a predetermined length of time, which kills one-half of the test 

population. Pesticides with greater acute toxicities have lower LD 50 / 

LC 50 values. That is, it requires less of the pesticide to kill 50% of 

the test population. Acute LD 50 /LC 50 s, determined for animals such as 

rats or rabbits, are used to estimate the toxicity of a pesticide to 

humans. 

Acute Oral LD 50 : The orally ingested dose of a pesticide which kills 50% of 

the test population of animals. 

Acute Dermal LD 50 : The dose of a pesticide applied to the skin which kills 

50% of the test population of animals. 

* From AG-BU-3911 1989 Pesticides: Surface Runoff, Leaching and Exposure Concerns. R. L. Becker, 

D. Herzfeld, K. R. Ostlie and E.S. Stamm-Katovich. Minnesota Extension Service. A major concern 

about pesticide use is the risk of exposure and possible impact on human health. 

** Always read and follow all pesticide label directions. Data presented in this appendix will require 

updating periodically.

Page A - 164 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

Acute Inhalation LC 50 : The concentration of a pesticide in air over a predetermined 

period of time that kills 50% of the test population of 

animals. 

Signal Words 

A pesticide product is assigned a signal word based on the most toxic 

route of entry (acute oral, dermal, or inhalation), or level of skin or eye 

corrosiveness. For example, a pesticide may be given a “Danger/Poison” 

signal word if it has a high acute inhalation toxicity despite a low acute 

oral toxicity. Signal words are specific for each formulated product. 

Signal words are prominently displayed on the pesticide label and are 

designated as follows: 

Danger and Danger/Poison: The product is highly hazardous. 

Generally, the most acutely toxic pesticides will have the symbol skull 

and crossbones and the words “Danger/Poison” on the label. Products 

with concerns for severe skin or eye corrosiveness will generally only 

have the word “Danger.” 

Warning: The product is moderately hazardous. 

Caution: The product is slightly hazardous to nonhazardous. 

These signal words and their corresponding ranges of toxicity, or skin or 

eye effects are given in Table 1. 

Table 1: Signal words 

Signal Word Toxicity Relative Oral Dermal Inhalation 

Category Toxicity LD 50 LC 50 LC 50 Eye Skin 

Ranking (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (ug/I) Effects Effects 

DANGER/POISON I Highly toxic 0-50 0-200 0-200 Corrosive Corrosive 

or DANGER 

WARNING II Moderately 59-500 200-2000 200-2000 Irritation Severe 

Toxic for 7 days Irritation 

CAUTION III Slightly 500-5000 2000-20000 2000-20000 Irritation Moderate 

Toxic for < 7 days Irritation 

CAUTION IV Relatively >5000 >20000 >20000 None Mild 

Irritation 

Health Risks Limits* 

*Adapted from "What Are the Health-Based Groundwater Standards—Health Risk Limits?" 

and "How a Health Risk Limit Is Calculated" fact sheets, Minnesota Department of Health, 

Section of Health Risk Assessment. 

The Minnesota Department of Health was directed by the 1989 

Minnesota Comprehensive Groundwater Act to develop health risk limits 

(HRL). HRLs are health-based groundwater standards that set a 

maximum allowable concentration for contaminants in groundwater

considered safe for people to drink. All chemicals found in Minnesota 

groundwater, including pesticides, will be subject to HRL's except 

chemicals naturally present. How HRLs will be used has not yet been 

completely determined. However, state agencies may use HRL's as health 

standards in their groundwater regulatory activity. For more information 

contact: 

Minnesota Department of Health 

Health Risk Assessment Unit 


PO Box 64975 

St. Paul, MN 55164-0975 Phone: 651-201-4899 

Appendix A Page - 165

Page A - 166 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

Appendix B - Glossary 

abrasion: The process of wearing away by rubbing. 

absorbent: Ability to soak up liquids. 

absorption: The uptake of a chemical by plants and animals (including 

humans), microorganisms, or soil. 

acid: A chemical compound that, when mixed with water, produces a 

solution with pH less than 7.0. 

acid equivalent: The amount of active ingredient in a pesticide 

formulation given in terms of the acid from which it was made. 

active: The chemical in a pesticide formulation that has a ingredient 

direct effect on a pest. 

acute exposure: A single exposure to a pesticide, usually with a larger 

dose. 

acute toxicity: The measure of the capacity of a pesticide to cause injury 

as a result of a single exposure. 

additive: A chemical added to a pesticide formulation to increase its 

effectiveness or safety. 

adjuvant: Same as additive. 

adsorption: The binding of pesticides to surfaces of soil particles or 

organic matter. 

agitation: The stirring or mixing of a spray solution in a sprayer. 

alkali: A chemical compound that, when mixed with water, produces a 

solution with a pH greater than 7.0; alkali and acids can be used to 

neutralize each other. 

allelopathy: The production of compounds by one plant which retard or 

inhibit the growth of another plant. 

annuals: Plants that live 12 months or less. 

antagonism: An effect that occurs when two or more pesticides are mixed 

together and their combined activity is less than if they were used 

separately. 

antibiotics: Chemical compounds, produced by microorganisms, that are 

toxic to other microorganisms. 

antidote: A substance used to counteract poisoning. 

application rate: The amount of pesticide applied to a site; usually 

expressed as the amount of liquid or dry material to apply per acre, 

square foot, animal, etc. 

artificial respiration: Making someone breathe by mechanically forcing air 

into and out of the lungs. 

Appendix B Page - 167

Page B - 168 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 

backsiphon: A reverse flow that can draw a spray mixture from the tank 

into the water supply. 

bacteria: Microscopic, single-celled microorganisms, some of which can 

cause disease in plants and animals. 

bactericide: A chemical used to control bacteria. 

band application: The placement of a pesticide in a narrow row either 

over or alongside the crop row. 

beneficial insects: Those insects that are useful or helpful to humans, for 

example, insects that feed on or become parasites of pests. 

biennials: Plants that live for two years, typically producing a small 

rosette plant the first year and flowering the second year. 

biological control: Control of pests by using living organisms. 

biological degradation: The breakdown of a pesticide in the soil due to the 

activities of living organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, in the soil. 

broadcast application: The uniform application of a pesticide to an entire 

area or field. 

calculate: To determine application rates, sprayer calibration, and other 

amounts by using mathematics. 

calibrate (calibration): To measure and adjust pesticide application 

equipment to the proper pesticide delivery rate. 

canister: A container used in respirators to absorb fumes and vapors 

from the air before you breathe them; provides more protection than a 

cartridge. 

carcinogen: A substance that can cause cancer. 

carrier: A liquid, dust, gas, or granule to which a pesticide is added to 

move the pesticide to the target site. 

cartridge: A cylinder-shaped part of a respirator, which absorbs fumes 

from the air before you breathe them. 

certification: A license to purchase or apply certain pesticides. 

chemigation: Applying pesticides to a field through an irrigation system. 

chlorosis: The yellowing of green plant tissue. 

cholinesterase: An enzyme that helps to control the transmission of 

nerve impulses in animals. This enzyme can be injured by exposure to 

organophosphate pesticides. 

chronic exposure: Repeated or continuous exposure to very small doses of 

a pesticide over an extended period of time. 

chronic toxicity: A measure of the capacity of a pesticide to cause injury 

as a result of small, repeated exposures over a period of time. 

closed handling system: A system that moves and mixes pesticides while

keeping them inside hoses and containers to minimize exposure. 

common name: The standard, commonly used name of the active 

ingredient in a pesticide. 

compaction: The poor drainage and limited plant root development in 

soils resulting from heavy equipment traffic and working the soil when 

it is too wet. 

compatible: Able to effectively combine or mix with something. 

compatibility agents: Chemicals that enhance the effective mixing of two 

or more pesticide products. 

competency: Having ability or knowledge. 

compounds: Materials made from two or more elements. 

concentrate: A pesticide as it is sold or before it is diluted; usually 

contains a high percentage of active ingredient. 

contact poison: A pesticide that kills when it touches or is touched by a 

pest; it need not be absorbed or ingested. 

contaminate: To pollute; to make something impure or harmful by 

exposing it to a pesticide. 

corrosion: The process of wearing away by chemical means. 

cultural control: Control of pests with non-chemical production practices. 

cumulative: Increasing in quantity or strength because of additions, such 

as the buildup of pesticides in the body or the soil. 

decontaminate: To remove harmful chemicals or materials. 

depletion: Removal or loss. 

dermal toxicity: A measure of the capacity of a pesticide to cause injury 

when absorbed through the skin. 

device: A thing made for a special purpose, such as a respiratory 

protective device. 

diffusion: The gradual mixing of two substances by passive means. 

dilute: To reduce the concentration of a pesticide by adding water, oil, or 

other material. 

dispose of: To get rid of. 

economic damage: The value of preventable crop damage which exceeds 

the cost of control. 

economic injury level: The lowest pest population density at which 

economic damage occurs. 

economic threshold: The population density of a pest at which control 

measures should be started to prevent the increasing pest population 

from reaching the economic injury level. 



emulsifiable: A chemical property that allows you to mix two liquids 

which normally do not mix, such as oil and water. 

entomologist: An expert on insects. 

enzyme: Proteins that increase the rate of specific chemical reactions. 

exoskeleton: The rigid external covering of insects. 

exposure: To be brought into contact with a pesticide. 

FIFRA: The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act; the 

federal law regulating most pesticides and their uses. 

flammable: Able to burn easily. 

foliar application: Application of a pesticide to the aboveground portions 

of a plant. 

formulation: The pesticide product as purchased, usually consisting of a 

mixture of active ingredients, inert ingredients, adjuvants, and 

carriers. 

fumigation: Application of pesticides in the form of vapors or fumes. 

fungus (plural: fungi): A small, sometimes microscopic organism that 

lives on organic matter or as a parasite. 

genetic: Influenced by inherited traits. 

geology: The study of the origin, structure, and composition of the earth. 

hazard: A possible source of danger or injury. 

hydraulic: Moved or operated by the use of pressurized fluids. 

impermeable: Not permitting fluids to pass through. 

incompatible: Unable to mix or combine with. 

induce: To cause. 

inert: Not active. 

ingest: To swallow. 

inhale: To breathe in. 

inoculum: The parts of a pathogen which are capable of initiating 

disease. 

instar: The stage in the development of an insect between two successive 

molts. 

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): A systematic plan which brings 

together different pest control strategies into one program that is 

economically sound and that minimizes environmental problems. 

invert emulsion: A mixture in which water is dispersed in oil rather than 

oil dispersed in water; invert emulsions are normally quite thick and 

thus less susceptible to drift.

leach: To draw out or rethrough the soil as a result of water movement. 

lethal: Deadly. 

mechanical control: Pest control measures using physical means. 

metamorphosis: The process by which insects change their body 

structures as they develop. 

monitor: To keep track of. 

nematode: A microscopic, wormlike organism that lives in the soil or 

water as a parasite of plants, animals, or fungi. 

neoprene: A synthetic rubber characterized by high resistance to oils, 

heat, or other substances. 

neurological: Having to do with the nervous system of animals. 

nonselective herbicide: An herbicide that affects all or most plants. 

oxidizer: A substance that provides oxygen in a chemical reaction; can be 

a fire hazard when combined with combustible materials. 

parasite: A living organism that obtains all or part of its food while living 

on or in another living organism. 

pathogen: An organism that can cause disease. 

permeable: Allowing substances, such as liquid pesticides, to pass 

through a membrane. 

persist: To remain in the soil or environment for a long period of time. 

pheromone: A hormone secreted by an animal, including insects, that 

stimulates others of the same species. 

porous: Full of pores or small holes through which substances can pass. 

precaution: Safety measures taken in advance; a warning. 

psi: Pounds per square inch; a measure of pressure. 

re-entry interval: The period of time following a pesticide application 

before people can enter a treated site without personal protective 

devices. 

registration: The process by which a pesticide becomes labeled for use by 

the EPA. 

residue: Any pesticide remaining in or on raw farm products or 

processed foods. 

respirator: A device that covers the nose and mouth to protect you from 

breathing in poisonous gases and particles. 

respiratory tract: The parts of the body that are involved with breathing. 

restricted use: A classification by the Environmental Protection Agency of 

pesticides that are subject to special rules governing their purchase 

and use. 



resuscitate: To restore consciousness. 

sanitation: Removal or destruction of plants or other materials that may 

attract or harbor pests. 

selective: A pesticide that is effective only against certain species and 

that can control unwanted pests without serious injury to desirable 

species. 

siphon: To draw a liquid from a higher level to a lower level through a 

pipe or tube. 

slurry: A watery mixture. 

solubility: The ability to dissolve in water or other liquids. 

susceptible: Easily affected by outside forces, such as a disease. 

symptom: An outward signal of a disease or poisoning in a plant or 

animal. 

toxic: Poisonous at certain doses. 

triple-rinse: Washing procedure required before properly disposing of 

plastic and metal pesticide containers. 

turbulent: Agitated or stormy. 

vertebrate: An animal that has a backbone. 

volatile: The ability of a solid or a liquid to turn to a gas (or vapor) under 

ordinary temperatures when exposed to air.

Appendix C - Insecticide and 

Herbicides Chemical Families 

Insecticides by Family 

Common Name Brand Name 

Organophosphates 

acephate Orthene 

azinphos-methyl Guthion 

chlorpyrifos Lorsban, Dursban 

chlorpyrifos-methyl Reldan 

coumaphos CoRal 

crotoxyphos Ciodrin 

diazinon 

dichlorvos Vapona, No-Pest Strip 

dimethoate Cygon 

disulfoton DiSyston 

ethoprop Mocap 

ethyl parathion Parathion 

famphur Worbex 

fenthion Tiguvon 

fonofos Dyfonate 

isazophos Triumph 

malathion Cythion 

methamidophos Monitor 

methidathion Supracide 

methyl parathion Penncap-M 

oxydemeton-methyl Metasystox-R 

phorate Thimet 

phosmet Imidan 

phosphamidon Swat 

pirimiphos-methyl Actellic 

sulfotep 

terbufos Counter 

trichlorfon Dylox, Nequvon 

Carbamates 

aldicarb Temik 

bendiocarb Turcam, Dycarb, Tempo 

carbaryl Sevin 

carbofuran Furadan 

methomyl Lannate 

oxamyl Vydate 

thiodicarb Larvin 

trimethacarb Broot 

Appendix C Page - 173

Page C - 174 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 


Pyrethroids 

bifenthrin Capture, Talstar 

cyfluthrin Baythroid 

cyhalothrin Karate 

cypermethrin Ammo, Cymbush 

esfenvalerate Asana 

fenvalerate Pydrin 

flucythrinate Pay-Off 

fluvalinate Mavrik, Spur 

permethrin 

resmethrin 

Ambush, Pounce, Pramex 

tefluthrin Force 

tralomethrin Scout 

Bacterial or microbial agents 

Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis 

Gnatrol 

Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki DiPel, Javelin, Thuricide, Cutlass, DiBeta, 

MVP, Biobit 

Bacillus thuringiensis var san diego 

M-1 

Nosema locustae NOLO bait, Semaspore 

Insect growth regulators 

cryomazine Citation 

diflubenzuron Dimilin 

kinoprene Enstar 

methoprene Actosin 

Chlorinated hydrocarbons 

dicofol Kelthane 

lindane 

methoxychlor Marlate, Prentox 

Cyclodiene chlorinated bicyclic sulfide, aryl hydrocarbon 

endosulfan Thiodan 

Organiosulfur 

propargite Comite, Omite 

Antibiotic 

abamectin Avid 

Inorganics 

aluminum phosphide Phostoxin, Delta, Fumitoxin, Gastoxin, Phostex 

magnesium phosphide Magtoxin 

methyl bromide Meth-O-Gas 

sodium fluoaluminate Kryocide, Cryolite


Botanicals 

azadirachtin NEEM, Margosan 

pyrethrin 

rotenone 

sabadilla 

Herbicides by Mode of Action and Chemical 

Family 

Growth Regulators 

Phenoxy acetic acids 

MCPA MCPA Ester, MCPA Amine, others 

2,4-D 2,4-D Ester, 2,4-D Amine, others 

2,4-DB Butyrac 

Benzoic acids 

dicamba Banvel, Clarity 

Pyridines 

clopyralid Stinger 

picloram Tordon 22K 

triclopyr Crossbow 

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors 

Imidazolinones 

imazaquin Scepter 

imazamethabenz Assert 

imazethapyr Pursuit 

Sulfonylureas 

chlorimuron Classic 

chlorsulfuron Glean 

metsulfuron Ally 

nicosulfuron Accent 

primisulfuron Beacon 

thifensulfuron Harmony, Pinnacle 

tribenuron Express 

tribenuron plus thifensulfuron Harmony Extra, Matrix 

Sulfonamides 

flumetsulam Broadstrike 

Amino acid derivatives 

glyphosate Honcho, Jury, Mirage, Ranger, Rattler, 

Rodeo, Roundup, rule, Show-Off, 

Silhouette 


Page C - 176 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 


Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors 

Cyclohexanediones 

clethodim Select 

sethoxydim Poast, Poast Plus 

Aryloxyphenoxypropionates 

diclofop Hoelon 

fenoxaprop Whip, Option II 

fluazifop Fusilade 2000 

fluazifop plus fenoxaprop Fusion 

quizalofop Assure II 

Seedling Growth Inhibitors 

Root inhibitors - Dinitroanilines 

benefin Balan 

ethalfluralin Sonalan 

fluchloralin Basalin 

pendimethalin Prowl 

trifluralin Treflan, Trific, Trillin 

Shoot inhibitors - Acetanilide 

acetochlor Harness Plus 

alachlor Lasso 

metolachlor Dual 

propachlor Ramrod 

Thiocarbamates 

butylate plus safener Sutan+ 

EPTC Eptam 

EPTC plus dichlormid Eradicane 

EPTC plus dichlormid plus deitholate 

Eradicane Extra 

triallate Far-Go


Photosynthesis Inhibitors 

Triazines 

ametryn Evik 

atrazine Atrazine 

cyanazine Bladex 

cyanazine plus atrazine Extrazine II 

hexazinone Velpar 

metribuzin Lexone, Sencor 

simazine Princep 

Phenylureas 

linuron Linex, Lorox 

tributhiuron Spike 

Uracils 

terbacil Sinbar 

Benzothiadiazoles 

bentazon Basagran 

Nitriles 

bromoxynil Buctril 

Cell Membrane Disrupters 

Activated by photosystem I - Bipridyliums 

difenzoquat Avenge 

paraquat Cyclone, Gramoxone Extra 

Inhibit protoporhyrinogen oxidase - Diphenylethers 

acifluorfen Blazer 

fomesafen Reflex 

lactofen Cobra 

Pigment Inhibitors 

clomozone Command 

norfluazon Zorial 


Page C - 178 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

Appendix D Page - 179 

Appendix D - Factsheets 

What's in this Appendix 


an Incident Response Plan 


Transporting Pesticides Requiring Placquarding 

and Security Plans 

Federally RegisteredRestricted Use Pesticides 

Water Quality Best Management Practices for Agricultural 

Herbicides

Page D - 180 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

Minnesota Department of Agriculture 625 Robert Street North • St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-2538 

Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division Telephone: 651/201-6061 • Fax: 651/201-6117 

www.mda.state.mn.us/incidentresponse/responseplan.htm 

Guidelines for Developing and Maintaining an 

Incident Response Plan 

What is an incident response plan and 

who is required to have a plan? 

An incident response plan is a document you develop to 

help you prepare for and deal with pesticide and/or 

fertilizer releases (incidents) quickly and effectively. A 

plan describes the pesticide and/or fertilizer storage, 

handling, disposal and incident handling practices of 

your business. 

Some businesses are legally required to develop and 

maintain an incident response plan. If your business is 

engaged in one or more of the following, it must 

establish and maintain an incident response plan: 

� Commercial pesticide application; 

� Noncommercial pesticide application; 

� Structural pest control; 

� Storage of bulk pesticides; and/or 

� Storage of bulk fertilizers, including anhydrous 

ammonia. 

Regardless of whether or not you store these products in 

bulk, an incident response plan is part of good 

emergency planning. 

What information should be included in 

the plan? 

An incident response plan should describe in detail your 

storage, handling, disposal practices and procedures for 

pesticide, fertilizer, soil amendment, plant amendment, 

and anhydrous products being stored. 

If your site stores bulk pesticides, your plan is required to 

include, but is not limited to the following: 

� Identity and telephone numbers of persons and 

agencies to be contacted in the event of a release; 

� Complete copy of the container label for each bulk 

pesticide stored at the facility; 

� Complete copy of the material safety data sheet 

(MSDS) for each bulk pesticide stored at the 

facility; 

� Procedures and equipment to be used to control 

and respond to a release and to recover released 

product; 

� Identification and location of each bulk pesticide 

container located at the facility, as well as the type 

of pesticide stored in each. (NOTE: The plan 

does not need to identify each individual mini-bulk 

container if it identifies a general location within the 

facility where all mini-bulks are stored.) 

Location maps are effective tools for illustrating much of 

this information. See suggested format on the other side 

of this fact sheet. 

Where should I keep the plan? 

The incident response plan must be kept in a prominent 

location at the storage facility or business, accessible to 

all employees. We recommend that another copy of the 

plan be kept at a different location so that if an incident 

makes the site or plan inaccessible, you will still be able 

to obtain a copy of the plan. 

If you store pesticides, you are also required to provide a 

copy of the plan to the local fire and police departments 

so they can appropriately plan for incident response at 

your facility. 

All persons working with agricultural chemicals should 

be familiar with incident response, health and safety 

aspects of product labels and MSDS’s. Experience at 

actual incident sites has shown that the most important 

information to have available during an incident are 

product labels, MSDS’s, product inventory records and 

location of the product at the facility. Keep in mind that 

the incident response plan should be reviewed with all 

employees working with agricultural chemicals prior to 

each application season. 

References 

Appendix D - page 181 

� Minnesota Statutes 

Section 18B.37, subdivision 4 (storage, handling and 

disposal plan); Section 18C.235, subdivision 1 

(contingency plan for storage of bulk products) 

� Minnesota Rules 

Part 1505.3100 (release response plan); Part 

1510.0372, subpart 2.P.; and Part 1510.0402, subpart 

2.L. 

In accordance with the Americans With Disabilities Act, an alternative form of communication is available upon request. TTY: 1-800-627-3529 forms/IncidentResponsePlan (2/06) Page 1


Suggested Format for an 

Incident Response Plan 

1. Emergency response contact list 

a. Facility personnel 

b. Other facilities familiar with site 

c. Emergency assistance 

d. Major chemical company representatives 

2. Product labels 

A complete copy for each pesticide and fertilizer 

product stored at the facility. 

3. Product material safety data sheets (MSDS) 

A complete copy for each pesticide and fertilizer 

product stored at the facility. 

4. First aid information 

5. Pre-fire planning 

Invite local fire department to inspect facility 

annually. Familiarize them with the facility and its 

storage areas as well as drainage at and adjacent to 

the facility; brief them on precautions and tactics for 

fighting agricultural chemicals fires; and provide 

them with names and numbers of persons to be 

contacted in case of fire. 

6. Maps 

a. Map of facility that includes: 

(1) Buildings; 

(2) Pesticide/Fertilizer storage areas; 

(3) Mixing, loading and rinsate recycling areas; 

(4) Vehicle parking and washing areas; 

(5) Sanitary sewer inlets, storm sewer inlets 

and outlets, tile inlets and outlets; and 

(6) Wells. 

For wells within 150 feet of any existing or 

proposed loading (rinse pad) and secondary 

containment (diked) areas, include the year 

installed and depth. 

b. Facility map key and scale. 

c. Map of surrounding area. 

d. Surrounding area map key. 

7. Use and handling procedures 

Procedures should thoroughly detail the facility’s 

pesticide/fertilizer handling practices and rinsate 

use, including container rinsing and disposal 

methods and equipment (e.g. type of backflow 

prevention device being used.) 

8. Emergency equipment and supplies for 

pesticide and fertilizer incidents 

a. Identify available, working personal protective 

equipment and supplies. Specify location(s) at 

facility where these materials are stored. 

b. Identify available, working emergency equipment 

and supplies. Specify location(s) at facility 

where these materials are stored. 

c. List of emergency contractors. 

9. Release procedures 

Thoroughly describe the facility’s pesticide and/or 

fertilizer release response procedures and 

practices, including use and/or disposal of spilled 

materials. 

10. Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3) equipment 

Identify NH3 equipment and specify location of this 

equipment at the facility. 

11. Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3) procedures 

Thoroughly describe procedures and practices for 

handling NH3 and dealing with releases. 

12. Employee release response training 

Document employee name and date they completed 

training. 

13. Date last revised/updated 

The incident response plan must be kept current. It 

should reflect any changes in storage, handling or 

disposal practices and procedures. This is 

especially important when there are frequent 

changes in personnel, product being stored, and/or 

site safeguards. The MDA recommends that, at a 

minimum, you review and update your plan 

annually. 

In accordance with the Americans With Disabilities Act, an alternative form of communication is available upon request. TTY: 1-800-627-3529 Page 2

Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division, Ph: 651-201-6121, Fx: 651-201-6221 FACT SHEET 


This fact sheet was prepared by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture to provide guidance to those persons who store 

bulk liquid fertilizer at their facilities. This guidance is intended to supplement - not replace - Federal and State laws 

In recent years, the number of reported spills or releases 

from liquid fertilizer tanks at farm sites has increased. 

In many cases these spills could have been prevented had 

there been: a) containment for the tank(s), b) stainless 

steel plugs and connections to and including the fi rst valve, 

c) stainless steel connections and valves for sight gauges 

that normally operate in a closed or locked position, d) 

adequate tank integrity. 

A. All bulk liquid fertilizer storage tanks must be stored in 

proper containment that is permitted by the Minnesota 

Department of Agriculture (MDA). This containment 

usually consists of concrete, metal, or synthetic lined 

earth, metal, wood, or concrete. The MDA does not 

recommend earthen clay liners due to a history of 

failure in Minnesota when the liners are not properly 

constructed and maintained. 

The capacity of the containment area (dike) should be 

125% of the largest tank plus the displacement of other 

tanks stored inside the dike. Applications to construct 

and permit bulk liquid fertilizer storage containment 

systems on farms are available on the MDA’s website 

– (www.mda.state.mn.us). 

B. MDA highly recommends stainless steel plugs, 

connections, and valves. Mild steel/black steel/ 

galvanized steel plugs, connections, and valves have 

failed (without adequate containment) resulting in 

signifi cant losses of product and extensive cleanups. 

C. Construct stainless steel sight gauge connections and 

valves using a valve type that normally operates in 

a closed position. This reduces the likelihood of a 

release due to a sight-gauge hose failure when the 

valve was not completely closed. 

D. Tanks used to store bulk liquid fertilizer must be in 

proper condition. Do not use or purchase 1. Previously 

used underground tanks (their construction was not 

designed to store product above ground); 2. Previously 

used above ground petroleum tanks (construction 

along with current condition may not be adequate to 

support bulk liquid fertilizer ;) 3. Poly tanks over 10 

years old; 4. Any other tank being disposed of where 

the condition of the tank and future suitability for 

continued service is questionable. 

As part of the permit process MDA will assist you in 

choosing the type of dike that works best for your situation 

and help, locate the dike to meet minimum well setback 

distances required by the Minnesota Department of Health. 

FOR MORE INFORMATION 

In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, an alternative form of communication is available upon request. 

TTY: 1-800-627-3529. MDA is an equal opportunity employer and provider. 


Contact Greg Harding at 651-201-6274 or email greg. 

harding@state.mn.us. 

pest fert stor on farm.indd 

July 2006

Transporting Pesticides Requiring 

Placarding and Security Plans 

Since Spetember 25, 2003, agricultural producers who ship or transport 

certain hazardous materials in quantities that require placards must now 

develop and implement a transportation security plan. This Federal 

Department of Transportion rule affects transportation of hazardous 

materails needed to support commercial activities like farming and 

ranching. Its aim is to deter terrorist and other illegal acts while at the 

same time limiting a producer's exposure to liability in the event that an 

illegal act occurs. 

If you do not ship or transport hazardous materials in amounts that 

require placards you do not need a security plan. Also, if suppliers 

delivershazardous materials to your opperation, it is their responsibiltiy 

to have a plan. 

source: US Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration 

Appendix D Page - 184

Page D - 185 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

Cooperative Extension 

Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources 

University of Nebraska 

Federally Registered 

Restricted Use Pesticides 

August 2003 

Appendix D page - 186 

University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension EC03-2500-A 

Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department 

of Agriculture. Elbert Dickey, Dean and Director, University of Nebraska, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 

The University of Nebraska-Lincoln does not discriminate on the basis of gender, age, disability, race, color, religion, marital status, veteran’s 

status, national or ethnic origin, or sexual orientation.

The list of federally registered restricted use pesticides published herein is intended 

solely to assist applicators, educators and consumers in recognizing products 

which may be classified for such use. The “Restricted Use” classification restricts a 

product or its uses, to use by a certified and/or licensed pesticide applicator or 

under the direct supervision of such applicator. (For detailed information on the 

“Restricted Use” Classification, consult 40 CFR Subpart I, 152.160). 

This publication is based on the Restricted Use Products (RUP) Report database 

as maintained by the Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (see http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/rup/). This publication follows the 

EPA report format and lists the active ingredients as cross-referenced with the 

restricted use pesticides / product trade names. The official list of Restricted Use 

pesticides is subject to periodic change. 

The active ingredient, isoxaflutole (Balance and Epic herbicides), holds a conditional 

registration and is not included by the EPA in its federally registered restricted 

use pesticides list. For a current list of federally registered restricted use 

pesticides, contact the nearest EPA office. In addition, individual state lead agencies 

must register these products before sale and use in their respective states. 

Those active ingredients identified by an asterisk (*) have product trade names 

registered for restricted use in the state of Nebraska by the Nebraska Department 

of Agriculture. 

Additional pesticide-related information is available on the “Pesticide Education 

Resources” web site at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. See http://PestEd.unl.edu 

for this site. 

I extend my appreciation to Judy Johnson of our Pesticide Education Office for her 

assistance in the review of the EPA database and revision of this publication. 

Larry D. Schulze 

Extension Pesticide Education Specialist 

University of Nebraska-Lincoln 

Appendix D page - 187


Restricted 

Active Ingredient Trade Name Pesticide Type Formulations Use Pattern 

Avitrol (Editor’s note: Avitrol Bird control All formulations All uses 

Non-EPA sources list 

A.I. as aminopyridine*) 

Azinphos-methyl* Guthion, Ketokil No. 52, Insecticide All liquids with a All uses 

Azinphos M, Dutox, others concentration greater 

than 13.5%, all other 

formulations on a 

case by case basis 

Bendiocarb* Turcam,Turcam Plus Insecticide Granular and wettable Turf 

powder 

Bifenthrin* Capture, Brigade, Talstar Insecticide, miticide Emulsifiable Cotton 

concentrate 

Bis(tributyltin) oxide Interlux Micron, Interswift Biocide Solution, ready to use Antifouling paint 

BKA007, Super Sea Jacket, 

Hempel’s Antifouling 

Combic, Navicote 2000, 

AF-SeafloZ-100 

Carbofuran* Furadan Nematicide, All formulations, All uses 

insecticide except pellets/tablets 

Chlorethoxyfos* Fortress Insecticide Granular Corn: pop, field, sweet, 

forage 

Chlorophacinone* Rozol Tracking Powder, Rodenticide Tracking powder, dust Inside buildings 

Rozol Blue Tracking Powder and ready-to-use 

formulations 0.2% 

Chloropicrin* Timberfume, Chlor-O-Pic, Fumigant, fungicide, All formulations All uses (greater than 2% 

Tri-Con, Brom-O-Gas, Terr- rodenticide greater than 2% and including rodent 

O-Gas, Pic-Brom, Bro- all formulations for control) 

Mean, Pic-Chlor, Dowfume rodent control 

MC-33, Metabrom, Metapicrin, 

Methyl Bromide mixtures, 

Hi Yield 98-2, Telone, others 

Chlorpyrifos* Lorsban, Cyren TC, Dur-O- Insecticide Emulsifiable Wheat 

Cap, Dursban, Pkylrifox, concentrate 

Super Brand D, Strikeforce, 

Reside, Killmaster II, Pestban, 

Pryinex, Nufos, Navigator, 

Chlorpyrifos, Chlorfos, Pilot, 

Empire, Equity,Lentrek, 

Ditox, Termiticide T/C 

Chromic acid* CCA (Chromated Copper Wood preservative All formulations except All wood preservative 

Arsenate), Osmose K-33, brush-on uses 

Chromic Acid, Timberfume, 

Osmoplastic, Timberlife, 

Wolmanac, others 

Clofentezine Apollo SC Miticide Apollo SC All uses 

Coal tar 60/40 Creosote Coal Tar Wood preservative Solution, ready to use Wood preserving 

Solution compounds 

Coal tar creosote Creosote Oil, Creosote Coal Wood preservative All formulations Wood preservative uses 

Tar, Creosote Solution, 

Smoplastic-F, Osmoplastic, 

Osmoplastic SD 

- 2 -


Restricted 


Coumaphos* CO-RAL Insecticide Flowable concentrate Indoor food and indoor 

nonfood 

Creosote oil Original Carbolineum, Wood preservative All formulations Wood preservative 

Osmoplastic SD 

Cube Resins Other NUSYN, Noxfish, Insecticide Emulsifiable Small fruits, currants, 

Than Rote PM Rotenone Fish Toxicant, concentrate certain berries 

Cube Powder 

Cyanazine* Bladex, Cycle Herbicide All formulations All uses 

Cyfluthrin* Baythroid 2, Aztec, Tempo Insecticide 25% emulsifiable Agricultural 

2, Legend 2.7, Renounce concentrate 

20WP, Leverage 

Cyhalothrin* Karate C50 Insecticide Emulsifiable Cotton 

concentrate 

Cypermethrin* Ammo, Cynoff, Insecticide All formulations All ag. crop uses 

Cypermethrin Technical 

Deltamethrin* Decis, Striker, Deltaguard Insecticide Emulsifiable Cotton 

concentrate 

Diazinon* Diazinon, Knox Out NL, Insecticide Granular, emulsifiable Small fruits, certain 

Diasol, Drexel, others concentrates, berries, currants, grapes 

wettable powders 

Dichlobenil* Sewerout II, Sanaform Herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile Terrestrial 

Vaporooter 

Dichloropropene* Telone, Tri-Form, Pic Clor, Soil fumigant All formulations (94% All uses 

Inline, Brom 70/30, liquid concentrate is the 

only formulation) 

Diclofop methyl* Hoelon 3 EC, Brestan H Herbicide All formulations All uses 

Dicrotophos Chiles’ Go-Better, Mauget Insecticide All liquid formulations All uses 

Inject-A-Cide B 8% and greater 

Diflubenzuron* Dimilin, Micromite Insecticide Wettable powders All uses 

Dioxathion Cooper Del-Tox Delnav Insecticide, miticide All concentrate All uses 

solutions or emulsifiable 

concentrates greater 

than 30%, all solutions 

3% and greater for 

domestic uses 

Disulfoton* Di-Syston, Root-X, Stand- Insecticide All ECs 65% and All uses, commercial 

Aid, Rigo Insyst-D greater, all ECs and seed treatment (nonconcentrate 

solutions aqueous solution 95% 

21% and greater with and greater). 

fensulfothion 43% and 

greater, all ECs 32% 

and greater in 

combination with 32% 

fensulfothion and greater 

Emamectin Proclaim Insecticide, miticide 4-Epimethylamino-4 Insecticide, miticide 

Benzoate* Deoxykavermectin BLA 

and B1b Benzoates 

Endrin Velsicol Endrin 1.6 EC 9.4% Liquid (All Bird perch use 

others cancelled) 

- 3 -


Restricted 


Ethion Ethion Insecticide, miticide Only two products All uses 

Ethoprop* Mocap, Holdem Nematcide, Emulsifiable Aquatic uses (ECs 40% 

insecticide concentrates 40% or greater); All uses 

and greater (aquatic (granular and fertilizer 

uses); all granular and formulations) 

fertilizer formulations 

Fenamiphos* Nemacur Nematicide, Emulsifiable All uses 

insecticide concentrates 35% 

and greater 

Fenbutatin-oxide* Vendex 50 Miticide Wettable powder Grapes 

Fenitrothion Sumithion Insecticide Emulsifiable Only forestry uses 

concentrate, 93% 

soluble concentrate/ 

liquid 

Fenpropathrin* Danitol, Tame Insecticide, miticide 2.4 EC spray Cotton 

Fenthion Mosquitocide 700, Baytex Insecticide Emulsifiable Mosquitocide 

concentrate 

Fenvalerate* Asana XL, Fury 1.5 Insecticide Emulsifiable Outdoor uses 

concentrates (30%) 

Fipronil* Regent, Icon Insecticide All formulations Insecticide, miticide 

Hydrogen cyanamide Dormex Herbicide 50% active ingredient Desert grown grapes 

Isoxaflutole* Balance, Epic Herbicide See Editor’s Note on See label 

inside cover and 

see label 

Lambda cyhalothrin* Karate, Scimitar, Demand Insecticide All formulations All uses 

CS, Warrior 

Lindane* Or-Cal Metam-S.A.U., Insecticide All formulations for Avocados, pecans, 

Purina Hot Dust, Lindane, various uses livestock sprays, 

Dowfume forestry, Christmas 

trees, commercial 

ornamentals, structural 

treatments, dog dusts/ 

shampoos 

Magnesium phosphide* Phostoxin, Fumi-Cel Plate, Insecticide, fumigant All formulations All uses 

Magnaphos 

Methamidophos* Monitor 4 Insecticide Liquid formulation 40% All uses 

and greater, dust 

formulations 2.5% 

and greater 

Methidathion Supracide Insecticide, miticide All formulations All uses except nursery 

stock, safflower and 

sunflower 

Methiocarb* Mesurol Insecticide, All formulations Outdoor commercial 

molluscicide and ag uses 

- 4 -


Restricted 


Methomyl* Lannate, Methomyl 5G, Insecticide As sole active ingredient Non-domestic outdoor 

Lannabait in 1% to 2.5% baits ag crops, ornamentals 

(except 1% fly bait), all and turf; all other 

concentrated solution registered uses 

formulations and 90% 

WP formulations (not 

in water soluble bags) 

Methyl bromide* Meth-O-Gas, Terr-O-Gas, Fumigant All formulations All uses 

Brom-O-Gas, Bro-Mean, 

Pic-Brom, Metabrom, 

Tri-Con, Tri-Brom, Trical 

Telone, Brom-O-Sol, MBC, 

M-B-2, M-33, others 

Methyl isothiocyanate* Mitc-Fume, Degussa methyl Wood preservative Solution, ready to use Fungicide for wood, 

isothiocyanate wood preservative 

Mevinphos Phosdrin, Duraphos Insecticide Emulsifiable All uses 

concentrates, 2% dust 

Niclosamide Bayluscide Molluscicide, 70% wettable powder All uses 

larvicide and greater 

Nicotine Nicotine, 4-Tin, Fulex Insecticide, fumigant Liquid and dry Greenhouse applications, 

formulations 14% and all applications to 

above (greenhouse); cranberries 

all formulations to 

cranberries 

Nitrogen, liquid Liquid nitrogen Insecticide Solution, ready to use Termiticide 

Oxamyl* Vydate Nematicide, Liquid formulations; All uses 

insecticide granular on a case 

by case basis 

Oxydemeton methyl* Dylox/MSR, Inject-A-Cide, Insecticide All products All uses 

Harpoon, Metasystox-R 

Paraquat* Gramoxone, Gramoxone Herbicide All formulations and All uses 

Extra, Prelude, Surefire, concentrations except 

Cyclone, Griffin BOA, for certain mixtures; 

Marman Herbiquat see label 

Parathion, ethyl* Parathion, Phoskil, Insecticide All formulations All uses 

Parawet, Durathion, 

Paraspray, Ethyl-Methyl 

Parathion, others 

Parathion, methyl* Methyl Parathion, MP-4, Insecticide All formulations All uses 

6-3, Methyl 4, others 

Pentachlorophenol* Penta, Pol-NU, Oz-88, Wood preservative All formulations Wood preservative uses 

Pentacon, Osmoplastic-F, 

Forepen, Dura-Treet, 

Penwar, Vulcan, others 

Pentachlorophenol, Mitrol G-ST, Dura Treat II Wood preservative All formulations Wood preservative uses 

Sodium S 

Permethrin* Pounce, Ambush, Ketokil Insecticide All formulations Ag crop uses 

No. 52, Biomist (broadcast spray) 

- 5 -


Restricted 


Phorate* Thimet, Rampart, Phorate, Insecticide Liquid formulations All uses 

Holdem, Milo Bait, others 65% and greater; all 

granular formulations 

on rice 

Phostebupirim* Aztec Insecticide Granular Corn: pop, field, sweet, 

(tebupirimphos) forage 

Picloram* Tordon 22K / K, Grazon PC Herbicide All formulations and All uses 

concentrations except 

Tordon 101R 

Piperonyl Butoxide* Vex, Obilique, Scourge, Insecticide Emulsifiable Small fruits, certain 

NUSYN, Ultra TEC, Prentox concentrate berries, currants 

Profenophos Curacron Insecticide Emulsifiable Cotton 

concentrate 59.4% 

Pronamide* Kerb Herbicide All 50% wettable All uses 

powders 

Propanoic acid Silverado Herbicide Emulsifiable Wheat, cotton, rice, 

concentrate clover, alfalfa, 

wheatgrass, sideoats 

grama, little bluestem, 

edible chrysanthemum 

Propetamphos Zoecon Insecticide Emulsifiable Indoor domestic use 

concentrates 50% 

Pyrethrins Buggone II Insecticide Emulsifiable No uses listed 

concentrate 

Resmethrin* Oblique, Bonide, SBP-1382, Insecticide All formulations Mosquito abatement and 

Scourge, Synthrin pest control treatments 

at non-ag sites 

Rotenone* Rotenone, Noxfish, Fish toxicant 2.5 / 5.0 EC, 5.0% + Fish kill - lakes, ponds 

NUSYN, Synpren, Prenfish, 20% wettable powder and streams 

Chem-Fish, Cube’ (immediately above 

lakes and ponds) 

Simazine Simazine, Printrex, Simazat Herbicide Emulsifiable Berries (cane, black, 

concentrate blue, logan, cran., rasp., 

straw.), grapes 

Sodium cyanide* M-44 Cyanide, DRC-1339 Rodenticide All capsules and ball All uses 

formulations 

Sodium dichromate Osmoplastic SD, CSI 70% Wood preservative All wood preservative All formulations except 

formulations brush-on 

Sodium fluoracetate Compound 1080 Livestock Rodenticide All solutions and dry All uses 

Protection Collar baits 

Sodium hydroxide Augus Hot Rod Herbicide Ready to use solution Control tree roots in 

sewage systems 

Sodium methyl Metam Sodium, Metam Fumigant, herbicide 32.7% anhydrous Soil fumigant to control 

dithiocarbamate S.A.U., Vaporooter, Sodcure soilborne pests to 

ornamentals, food and 

fiber crops 

Starlicide* Gull Toxicant, Compound Bird repellent 98% concentrates Bird repellent 

DRC 

- 6 -


Restricted 


Strychnine* Strychnine, Pocket Gopher Rodenticide Dry baits, pellets and All uses — All uses 

Bait, Gopher Getter, powder formulations, calling for burrow 

Gopher-Rodent Killer, others see label for specifics builders; All uses except 

below ground, hand 

application 

Sulfotepp Dithio Insecticidal Smoke, Insecticide Sprays and smoke All uses 

Plantfume generators 

Sulfuric acid* Sulfuric acid Desiccant Solution, ready to use Desiccant for potato 

vines 

Sulfuryl fluoride* Termafume, Vikane Fumigant All formulations All uses 

Sulprofos Bolstar 6 Insecticide All formulations All uses 

Tefluthrin* Force Insecticide Granular product Corn grown for seed 

Terbufos* Counter Insecticide Granular formulations All uses 

15% and greater 

TFM Sea Lamprey Larvicide, Biocide Impregnated material Aquatic pest control 

TFM Bar 

Tralomethrin* Scout, Striker Insecticide All formulations All ag crop uses 

Tributyltin fluoride Polyflo, KL-990, Pro-Line Biocide Solution, ready to use Antifouling paint 

1077, Vin Clad Super Vinge 

Tributyltin methacrylate Interlux Micron, Interswift Biocide Solution, ready to use Antifouling paint 

BKA007, Intersmooth Hisol, 

M&T Polyflo, Amercoat, 

Biocop, AF-SeafloZ-100, 

Hempel’s, XL 48 

Tri-isopropranolamine Toram 101 Herbicide Emulsifiable All uses 

concentrate 

Triphenyltin Hydroxide* Super Tin, Du-Ter, Brestan Fungicide All formulations All uses 

H, Photon, ProTex, Agri Tin, 

Enable WSP/Agritin 

Zinc phosphide* Ridall-Zinc Rodent Field/Ag Rodenticide All dry formulations All uses — non- 

Bait, ZP Tracking Powder, 60% and greater, all domestic outdoor uses 

ZP Rodent Bait, Orchard bait formulations, all (other than 1-2% 

Mouse Bait, Mous-Con, dry formulations 10% formulation in/around 

others and greater for buildings); domestic 

domestic uses uses 

- 7 -


Active Ingredients of Restricted Use Pesticides with 

Products Listed by EPA as Cancelled 

Active Ingredient Trade Name Pesticide Type 

Acrylonitrile Acritet 34-66 Fumigant, insecticide 

Allyl alcohol Weed Seed Killer Herbicide 

Alpha-chlorohydrin Epibloc Rodenticide 

Brodifacoum Talon G Rodenticide 

Butylate Sutazine Herbicide 

Cadmium chloride Caddy Fungicide 

Calcium cyanide A-Dust, G-Fumigant Insecticide 

Carbon dioxide Makr carbon dioxide Fumigant 

Carbon tetrachloride Dowfume 75, Vulcan Formula 72 Fumigant 

Chlordane Chlordane Termiticide 

Chlordimeform Galecron, Fundal Insecticide, miticide 

Chlorfenvinphos Poultry Premise Larvicide Insecticide 

Chlorobenzilate Acaraben, Benz-o-chlor, Benzilan Insecticide 

Chlorothalonil Dacobre Fungicide 

Copper oxychloride Dacobre DG Fungicide, bactericide 

Creosote BL Coal tar creosote (non pressure) Wood preservative 

Cupric oxide Chapman CCA-50 Fungicide 

Cycloheximide Acti-Aid Fumigant, insecticide 

DBCP Nematocide EM or Solution Fumigant 

Demeton Systox 2, Systox 6, Demox, Stemite Insecticide 

Diallate Avadex Herbicide 

Diphacinone* Gold Crest Tracking Powder Rodenticide 

Dodemorph Milban Fungicide 

E-mevinphos Duraphos, Phosdrin Insecticide 

EPN EPN, Barricade, Powertox, MEPN, Budmor, Insecticide 

Raider, Veto, others 

Ethylene dibromide TRI-X Garment Fumigant, Infuco Dibrome Fumigant 

Fensulfothion Dasanit, BIG-D Granules Insecticide 

Flucythrinate Pay Off, AASTAR Insecticide 

Fluoroacetamide Fluoracetamide/1080 Rodenticide 

Fluvalinate Mavrik, Spur Insecticide 

Fonofos Dyfonate Insecticide 

Hydrocyanic acid HCN Fumigant 

Imazaquin Ala-Scept, Mon-985 (Editor’s note: Sceptor is not an RUP) Herbicide 

Isazofos Triumph 4E Insecticide 

Isofenphos Pryfon 6, Amaze 6 Termiticide 

Monocrotophos Azodrin, DPHMC 5, Chiles’ Go-Better Insecticide 

Phosacetim Gophacide, Gopher-Trol, others Rodenticide 

Phosalone Zolone Insecticide 

Phosphamidon Phosphamidon 8 Insecticide 

Potassium pentachlorophenate Permatox 180 or 182 Wood preservative 

Sodium arsenate Sodium arsenate, Osmosalts Wood preservative 

Sodium pyroarsenate Wolman Salts CCA-Type B Wood preservative 

TEPP Miller Kilmite-40 Insecticide 

Tergitrol Compound PA-14 Bird control 

Toxaphene Toxaphene Insecticide 

Trifluralin Canon Herbicide 

- 8 -

Page D-195 Private Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

Appendix D Page - 196 

Water Quality Best Management Practices 

for AGRICULTURAL HERBICIDES February 2004 

In order to protect Minnesota’s water resources, the 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA), along with 

the University of Minnesota Extension Service and other 

interested parties, has developed a set of core voluntary 

Best Management Practices (BMPs). The core voluntary 

BMPs are provided on the opposite side of this page and 

should be adopted when applying all agricultural 

herbicides in Minnesota. The BMPs may also refer to 

mandatory label use requirements. Always read product 

labels. Additional information and references accompany 

the BMPs. 

The MDA has also developed unique voluntary BMPs (on separate pages) for the use of specific 

herbicides due to their presence in Minnesota’s groundwater or surface water from normal agricultural 

use. The herbicide-specific BMPs should be adopted when using herbicides that have been, or whose 

breakdown products have been, frequently detected in groundwater (acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, 

metolachlor and metribuzin) or those detected at concentrations of concern in surface water (acetochlor 

and atrazine). If the BMPs are proven ineffective, mandatory restrictions on herbicide use and practices 

may be required. For information on monitoring results for herbicides in Minnesota’s water resources, 

refer to the MDA’s Monitoring and Assessment webpage: http://www.mda.state.mn.us/appd/ace/ 

maace.htm 

Careful planning in the use of herbicides – as part of an Integrated Weed Management Plan – can help 

protect water resources from future contamination and help reduce the levels of herbicides currently in 

Minnesota’s waters. Planning also promotes the efficient and economical use of herbicides and may 

result in reduced application rates that can save you money. 

State and federal law can require that the use of a pesticide be limited or curtailed due to the potential 

for adverse impacts on humans or the environment. The Minnesota Pesticide Control Law (Minn. Stat. 

18B) outlines state regulatory authority to prevent these impacts. The Minnesota Groundwater 

Protection Act (Minn. Stat. 103H) outlines a process that can lead to regulations on the use of 

herbicides frequently detected in groundwater. In addition, there are other state and federal laws that 

could lead to restrictions on the use of herbicides contributing to surface water impacts. Adopting these 

BMPs, and a cautious and respectful attitude regarding the proper use of herbicides, will help growers 

to maintain access to a variety of herbicides as important and diverse tools in the effort to control weeds 

and protect water resources. 

Best Management Practices (BMPs) for herbicide use 

• The purpose of voluntary BMPs is to prevent and 

minimize the degradation of Minnesota’s water 

resources while considering economic factors, 

availability, technical feasibility, implementability, 

effectiveness, and environmental effects. 

Integrated Weed Management 

Reducing crop losses by combining cultural, 

chemical and mechanical techniques in ways that 

favor the crop and suppress weed populations and 

vigor. 

See “Additional Information & References” for more 

details and practical examples.Appendix D page - 197 

• From a practical standpoint, these BMPs are intended to reduce the loss of herbicides to the 

environment and to encourage the efficient use of herbicides, chemistry-rotation, and non-chemical 

approaches to weed control as part of an Integrated Weed Management program to save costs, reduce 

development of herbicide resistant weeds and increase profitability.

Effective irrigation management reduces leaching 

of chemicals to groundwater. 

Management Plan. 

* 

For practices related to the use of specific herbicides refer to MDA’s herbicide-specific Best Management Practices. All BMPs are available at 

http://www.mda.state.mn.us/appd/bmps/bmps.htm See “Additional Information & References” for access to detailed guidance on all 

recommended practices. 

8. For Ground Water protection: 

Develop an Irrigation Water 

If you irrigate, implement a water management scheduling plan that uses a soil probe, 

rain gauge, daily crop water use estimations and a soil water balance worksheet. 

7. Consider precision application 

of herbicides. 

Precision application of herbicides (spot spraying or use of variable rate technologies) 

is based on weed scouting and variation in soil properties (soil organic matter and 

texture). Adjust application rates according to weed pressures and soils information. 

Precision applications result in less total herbicide 

applied when compared to broadcast applications; 

this means less potential loss to the environment. 

6. Rotate herbicide modes of 

action (chemistry). 

Avoid more than two consecutive applications of herbicides with the same mode of 

action (chemistry) to the same field. Evaluate this practice in the context of other 

effective control practices in the management system (e.g., use of tank mixes with 

multiple modes of action; crop rotation; planned, periodic use of herbicide-resistant 

crops in a rotation; mechanical weed control; field scouting). 

This practice serves to reduce development of 

herbicide resistance in weeds or weed species 

shifts and, in the long term, can help reduce the 

total annual loss of particular herbicides to water 

resources and the environment. 

5. For Ground Water protection: 

Determine the depth to 

groundwater in your fields 

and consider protective 

practices in vulnerable areas. 

Work with crop consultants and other ag professionals. Study Department of Natural 

Resources groundwater pollution sensitivity maps and Natural Resources Conservation 

Service (NRCS) listings for herbicides and soil properties that contribute to herbicide 

losses by leaching. Consider herbicides that NRCS lists as having low loss ratings for 

leaching from your soils, or consider non-chemical weed control methods in sensitive 

areas. Follow label requirements or recommendations where water tables are shallow. 

Reducing herbicide use in sensitive areas reduces 

the potential for groundwater contamination. 

Adhering to label groundwater advisories and 

exclusions reduces aquifer pollution. 

4. For Surface Water protection: 

Evaluate surface drainage 

patterns in your field and 

install filter strips and 

establish buffer zones for 

streams, sinkholes and tile 

inlets. 

Work with crop consultants and other ag professionals. Study Natural Resources 

Conservation Service (NRCS) listings for herbicides and soil properties that can lead to 

herbicide losses in runoff to surface waters (rivers, streams & lakes). Consider 

herbicides that NRCS lists as having low loss ratings for runoff from your soils, or 

consider non-chemical weed control methods in sensitive areas. Then, in addition to 

required label setbacks or buffers, install vegetative filter strips and establish buffers 

along vulnerable surface waters, karst features, tile inlets and sinkholes. 

Filters and buffers reduce field runoff and setbacks 

eliminate applications where losses are most 

likely. Reducing use of herbicides known to move 

to surface water reduces the potential for surface 

water contamination. 

3. For Surface Water protection: 

Soil incorporate herbicides. 

When the timing of application and the product label allow, incorporate herbicides to 

reduce runoff losses. Use a field cultivator or other implement to incorporate products 

to the greatest recommended depth. Easily adopted when tilling prior to planting. 

Incorporated herbicide is less vulnerable to being 

lost in runoff and reaching nearby streams and 

surface tile inlets. 

2. Evaluate reduced or split 

herbicide application rates. 

Evaluate a reduced-rate herbicide program. Banding – especially in ridge-till rotations 

– can significantly reduce herbicide inputs. Use split applications to reduce the amount 

of herbicide loss in runoff during early spring rains. Consider using the lowest labeled 

rate in a “rate range.” Start on a small area to test what works best on your farm. Be 

prepared for follow-up weed management including post-emergent herbicide 

application, rotary hoeing, or inter-row cultivation. 

In many cases, banding and a carefully planned 

reduced-rate herbicide program can result in 

effective weed control, reduced costs, and a 

reduction in herbicide loss to the environment. 

1. Scout fields for weeds and 

match the management 

approach to the weed 

problem. 

Scout for weeds, then map infestations throughout the year. Determine whether weed 

control will result in significant crop yield benefits. Carefully match weed control 

options – including non-chemical control – to weed pressures. Use herbicides only in 

situations where they are necessary and will be cost-effective. Use herbicides with 

long-lasting effect (“residual control”) only in fields that have high densities of target 

weeds or in fields where weed information is lacking (e.g., newly rented or purchased 

acres). Consider post-emergent weed control alternatives. 

Responding accurately to specific weed pressures, 

using post-emergent control and using alternative 

chemical and non-chemical (e.g., cultivation) 

controls can lower costs and prevent water 

resource impacts. 

Core Practice * 

Description Benefit 

Water Quality Best Management Practices for All Agricultural Herbicides 

February 2004 

The BMPs are provided as a series of options. Producers, crop consultants and educators should select options most appropriate for a given farming operation, soil types and 

geography, tillage and cultivation practices, and irrigation and runoff management. The MDA encourages development of Integrated Weed Management Plans for every Minnesota 

farm (see “Additional Information and References” for more information). Always read the product label. Label use requirements and application setbacks are legally enforceable.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION & REFERENCES 

This information accompanies the State of Minnesota’s voluntary Water Quality Best Management Practices 

(BMPs) for agricultural herbicides. The information and references are not additional BMPs; rather, they provide 

more detailed guidance to support a producer’s management program for the proper use of all herbicides, and 

are provided in support of the voluntary BMPs. 

Applied Weed Research 

University of Minnesota Applied Weed Science Research program (assistance with general weed and herbicide 

information, mode of action, crop injury, pesticide trials and links to many other helpful sources of information) 

http://appliedweeds.coafes.umn.edu/ 

“Herbicide Resistant Weeds” (helpful information on rotating chemistries & herbicide modes of action) J.L. Gunsolus, 

1999, U of M, http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC6077.html 

Pesticide Use 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture: Best Management Practices for pesticide use http://www.mda.state.mn.us/appd/ 

bmps/bmps.htm; Pesticide sales and use information http://www.mda.state.mn.us/appd/pesticides/pesticideuse.htm; 

Plant pest survey information http://www.mda.state.mn.us/pestsurvey/default.htm; and Integrated pest management 

information http://www.mda.state.mn.us/ipm/default.htm 

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) offices (offers access to a helpful document on integrated weed 

management entitled “Protecting Wisconsin’s Resources through Integrated Weed Management” and includes the 

“Minnesota Insert”); the same publication (without the insert) can be obtained at http://ipcm.wisc.edu/pubs/ 

pdf/Int_Weed.pdf Additional helpful information is available at http://www.mn.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/pest/ 

pest.htm 

Iowa State University Extension Service (descriptions of ways in which farmers have saved money in herbicide costs and 

reduced herbicide use while effectively managing weeds), see “Eight Ways to Reduce Pesticide Use,” at 

http://www.pme.iastate.edu/resources/default.htm (publication #IPM 59). 

University of Wisconsin-Extension (information on development and implementation of a reduced-rate herbicide program) 

http://ipcm.wisc.edu/pubs/pdf/a3563-reduced01.pdf 

Soils & Water 

Local SWCD offices (assistance with water table information, soil maps, groundwater and surface water maps) 

http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/directories/index.html 

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (information for some areas of the state for identifying water table depth, 

groundwater pollution sensitivity, karst features) http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/waters/groundwater_section/ 

mapping/index.html 

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (assistance with water table information, soil maps, identification of 

vulnerable soils in your county, pest and weed management planning) http://www.mn.nrcs.usda.gov/ and click on 

“Technical Resources.” To locate offices for local assistance, click on “Find a Service Center” For information on 

protective filter strips, go to http://www.mn.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/agron/crp/cp21.doc 

University of Minnesota Extension Service offices (assistance with Integrated Weed Management Plan development and 

implementation, and soils and water information) http://www.extension.umn.edu/offices/ See also Extension Bulletin 

“Tillage Best Management Practices for Water Quality Protection in Southeast Minnesota,” BU-07694-S (2002) 

http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC7694.html 

University of Minnesota Extension Service (assistance with irrigation water management plans) at 

http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC1322.html Also see the University of Wisconsin’s 

irrigation decision support and record-keeping software “WISDOM” http://ipcm.wisc.edu/apps/wisdom/default.htm 

Minnesota Department of Agriculture (information about pesticide management programs, monitoring and assessment of 

water resources for pesticide impacts, pesticide use and sales, Best Management Practices) http://www.mda.state. 

mn.us/appd/ace/pestmgmt.htm 

February 2004

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION & REFERENCES 

Integrated Weed Management 

Use one or more of the following strategies to help you cost effectively manage weeds while 

protecting the environment. Develop an Integrated Weed Management Plan in consultation with the 

local University of Minnesota Regional Extension Educators, Natural Resources Conservation Service 

and Soil & Water Conservation District personnel, certified crop advisors and local crop consultants. 

� Develop an Integrated Weed Management Plan for your field(s) – The MDA 

encourages the development of Integrated Weed Management plans for every 

Minnesota farm (see opposite side of this page for additional information and 

references). Start slow if you like…try the practices on a few fields and build from 

there! 

� Document recent chemical use. This information is important when planning for 

rotating herbicide chemistries and establishing reduced rate programs. 

� Introduce a post-harvest cover crop, introduce a small grain or perennial 

forage, and rotate among a wider variety of crops to disrupt weed life cycles and 

control weeds while using fewer chemicals. 

� Don’t assume that more is better! It may cost more to achieve 100% elimination 

of weeds than is gained through increased yield. Work with a crop consultant to 

determine the economic level of injury your field can sustain with reduced or no 

herbicide use. 

� Proper application timing. Apply herbicides under optimal environmental 

conditions and at the appropriate time of year, crop growth stage, and weed growth 

stage specified on the label. Doing so can reduce the availability of herbicides for 

runoff or leaching. 

� Use a rotary hoe, harrow or cultivator as part of integrated approaches to weed 

control. Mechanical weed control can reduce herbicide program costs and reduce 

herbicide environmental impacts. 

� Consider planned, periodic use of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops into cropping 

sequences, but don’t rely on this technology to solve all weed problems. HR crops 

should be considered as part of a planned rotation of herbicide chemistries (to 

avoid the buildup of herbicide resistant weeds or weed species shifts). 

� Apply herbicides as split applications to reduce the amount of herbicide on the 

soil surface during periods of higher rainfall intensities. 

� Work with your local crop consultant and regional Extension Educators to 

determine where reduced rates or alternative weed control practices can be 

introduced. 

In accordance with the American Disabilities Act, an alternative form of communication is available upon request. TTY 1-800-627-3529. 

The Minnesota Department of Agriculture is an Equal Opportunity Employer. 

February 2004


for ACETOCHLOR February 2004 

The Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) has 

developed voluntary Best Management Practices (BMPs) 

to address the presence of acetochlor and its breakdown 

products in Minnesota’s groundwater and surface water 

from normal agricultural use (see reverse side of page for 

acetochlor-specific BMPs). If the BMPs are proven 

ineffective, mandatory restrictions on herbicide use and 

practices may be required. The BMPs may also refer to 


labels. For information on monitoring results for 

acetochlor and other pesticides in Minnesota’s water 

resources, refer to the MDA’s Monitoring and Assessment 

webpage: 

http://www.mda.state.mn.us/appd/ace/maace.htm 

The acetochlor BMPs are companions to a set of core BMPs for use with all agricultural herbicides. 

Herbicide-specific BMPs have also been developed for use with alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor and 

metribuzin. If you use any of these herbicides in the production of crops, be sure to consult each 

herbicide-specific BMP prior to applying these herbicides. State and federal law can require that the use 

of a pesticide be limited or curtailed due to the potential for adverse impacts on humans or the 

environment. 

Information about ACETOCHLOR 

Example trade names for products and package 

mixtures containing acetochlor. List is not all-inclusive 

and can change with the introduction of new products; 

always check the label, or consult MDA’s product 

registration database at http://state.ceris.purdue.edu/ 

doc/mn/statemn.html and search for Active Ingredient.* 

Acetochlor is an active ingredient in: 

Confidence products Harness products 

Certainty products Keystone products 

Channel products Ruler products 

Degree products Shot Blast products 

Doubleplay products Stall products 

Fieldmaster Surpass products 

Fortitude products Top Notch products 

FS Acetochlor products Volley products 

FulTime products 

* Reference to commercial products or trade names is 

made with the understanding that no discrimination is 

intended and no endorsement is implied. 

� Acetochlor is a Restricted Use Pesticide that can only be purchased and applied by properly licensed or 

certified individuals. All pre-mixes and tank mixes containing acetochlor are also Restricted Use 

Pesticides. 

� Acetochlor demonstrates the properties and characteristics associated with chemicals detected in 

groundwater. Its use in areas where soils are permeable, particularly where the groundwater is 

shallow, may result in groundwater contamination. Combined detections of acetochlor and its 

breakdown products have been frequently detected in Minnesota groundwater beneath areas with 

coarse-textured soils. 

� Acetochlor has properties that may result in surface water contamination from runoff or erosion. It has 

been found at concentrations of concern in Minnesota surface waters. Acetochlor is toxic to fish. 

� Acetochlor belongs to the class of “chloracetamide herbicides” that manage weeds through a similar 

mode of action (chemistry). Other herbicides in this class include alachlor and metolachlor. 

Herbicides in this class should be considered in the context of an Integrated Weed Management 

(IWM) Plan. All chloracetamide herbicides have similar potential to contaminate water resources. 

Certain soils, regions and watersheds are more vulnerable to losses of acetochlor. 

Sensitive areas include those with highly permeable geologic material, highly erodible 

soils or seasonally high water tables (including areas with drain tiles). Note that portions 

of every Minnesota county may include one or more of these conditions. 

Contact your Natural Resources Conservation Service or Soil & Water Conservation District for further 

information on specific soil and water resource conditions on and near your farm. Then work with crop 

consultants and educators to select and adopt the Best Management Practices that are appropriate for your 

field and farm.

* For core practices and for practices related to the use of other specific herbicides, visit MDA’s Best Management Practices webpage at 



5. Rotate use of acetochlor (and 

alachlor, metolachlor and 

other chloracetamide 

herbicides) with herbicides 

from a different chemical 

class. 

Evaluate this practice in the context of other effective control practices in the 

management system (e.g., use of tank mixes with multiple modes of action; crop 

rotation; planned, periodic use of herbicide-resistant varieties in a rotation; mechanical 

weed control; field scouting). Determine which crop in the rotation is in greatest need 

of chloracetamide herbicides, and reserve their use for that crop. 

With time, this practice will reduce development of 

herbicide resistant weeds or weed species shifts, 

and means less annual availability of these 

herbicides for loss to the environment. 

4. Adopt conservation tillage 

practices appropriate for 

your farm’s topography and 

in SE Minnesota karst areas. 

Conservation tillage controls soil erosion that can contribute to losses of acetochlor 

attached to soil particles during field runoff events and from fields with tile drain 

surface inlets. It also helps slow movement of water across the landscape when 

acetochlor is dissolved in runoff water. Consult your Natural Resources Conservation 

Service and Soil & Water Conservation District offices for current tillage guidelines. 

Controlling loss of soil and runoff helps reduce 

acetochlor losses to surface waters. 

3. Determine your soil’s texture 

and organic matter content, 

then limit acetochlor 

application rates to the 

indicated label 

recommendation. 

The practice is especially important for acetochlor (and other chloracetamide 

herbicides). Weed control with acetochlor is sensitive to differences in soil organic 

matter and texture. Limit unnecessary and costly use of acetochlor and protect the 

environment by carefully reviewing the label and adjusting the application rate to 

match your soil organic matter content and soil texture. 

Proper acetochlor application rates mean costeffective 

use and efficient weed control with 

minimal risk of water resource impacts. 

2. Evaluate surface drainage 

patterns in your field, then 

identify points where surface 

runoff leaves the field and 

consider protective practices 

in vulnerable areas, including 

tile inlets. 

Work with crop consultants and other ag professionals. Identify and implement 

appropriate acetochlor application setbacks and planted buffers for your farm. 

Application setbacks from points where runoff enters perennial or intermittent streams 

and rivers, or around natural or impounded lakes and reservoirs can be adopted to 

help minimize the potential for acetochlor losses in dissolved runoff and/or runoff 

erosion. Setbacks or buffers could also be adopted around surface inlets on tiledrained 

fields for further water quality protection benefits. 

Protects vulnerable streams, rivers, lakes and 

reservoirs from acetochlor impacts. 

1. Adopt the core “BMPs for All 

Agricultural Herbicides” 

when applying acetochlor. 

MDA’s core “BMPs for All Agricultural Herbicides” are designed as the baseline set of 

options to mitigate or prevent losses of herbicides to water resources. The core BMPs 

are available at http://www.mda.state.mn.us/appd/bmps/bmps.htm 

Adoption of core BMPs with those specific for 

acetochlor and adherence to mandatory label use 

requirements and application setbacks result in 

opportunities for multiple water quality protection 

benefits. 

Practice * 

To be used in conjunction with MDA’s core “BMPs for All Agricultural Herbicides” 

Acetochlor-Specific 


Water Quality Best Management Practices for ACETOCHLOR 

February 2004 



farm (see “Additional Information and References” for more information). Always read the product label. Label use requirements and application setbacks are legally 

enforceable.


for ALACHLOR February 2004 

The Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) 

has developed voluntary Best Management 

Practices (BMPs) to address the presence of 

alachlor and its breakdown products in Minnesota’s 

groundwater from normal agricultural use (see 

reverse side of page for alachlor-specific BMPs). If 

the BMPs are proven ineffective, mandatory 

restrictions on herbicide use and practices may be 

required. The BMPs may also refer to mandatory 

label use requirements. Always read product 

labels. For information on monitoring results for 

alachlor and other pesticides in Minnesota’s water 

resources, refer to the MDA’s Monitoring and Assessment webpage: http://www.mda.state.mn. 

us/appd/ace/maace.htm 

The alachlor BMPs are companions to a set of core BMPs for use with all agricultural herbicides. 

Herbicide-specific BMPs have also been developed for use with acetochlor, atrazine, metolachlor and 




environment. 

Information about ALACHLOR 

Example trade names for products and package mixtures 

containing alachlor. List is not all-inclusive and can change 

with the introduction of new products; always check the label, 

or consult MDA’s product registration database at http://state. 

ceris.purdue.edu/doc/mn/statemn.html and search for Active 

Ingredient.* 

Alachlor is an active ingredient in: 

Alachlor Lasso products 

Bronco Micro-Tech 

Bullet Partner products 

Freedom Shroud 

Lariat 

* Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the 

understanding that no discrimination is intended and no 

endorsement is implied. 

� Alachlor is a Restricted Use Pesticide that can only be purchased and applied by properly licensed or 

certified individuals. All pre-mixes and tank mixes containing alachlor are also Restricted Use 


� Alachlor can leach through the soil to groundwater, especially where soils are coarse and groundwater 

is near the surface. Combined detections of alachlor and its breakdown products have been frequently 

detected in Minnesota groundwater beneath areas with coarse-textured soils. 

� Alachlor may reach surface water bodies including streams, rivers and reservoirs following application 

and during rainfall events that cause runoff. 

� Alachlor belongs to the class of “chloracetamide herbicides” that manage weeds through a similar 

mode of action (chemistry). Other herbicides in this class include acetochlor and metolachlor. 

Herbicides in this class should be considered in the context of an Integrated Weed Management 

(IWM) Plan. All chloracetamide herbicides have similar potential to contaminate water resources. 

Certain soils, regions and watersheds are more vulnerable to losses of alachlor. Sensitive 

areas include those with highly permeable geologic material, highly erodible soils or 

seasonally high water tables (including areas with drain tiles). Note that portions of every 

Minnesota county may include one or more of these conditions. 




field and farm.




4. Rotate use of alachlor (and 

acetochlor, metolachlor and 




class. 














Conservation tillage controls soil erosion that can contribute to losses of alachlor 



alachlor is dissolved in runoff water. Consult your Natural Resources Conservation 



alachlor losses to surface waters. 



then limit alachlor 




The practice is especially important for alachlor (and other chloracetamide herbicides). 

Weed control with alachlor is sensitive to differences in soil organic matter and texture. 

Limit unnecessary and costly use of alachlor and protect the environment by carefully 

reviewing the label and adjusting the application rate to match your soil organic matter 

content and soil texture. 

Proper alachlor application rates mean costeffective 





when applying alachlor. 





alachlor and adherence to mandatory label use 



benefits. 

Alachlor-Specific 

Practice * 



Water Quality Best Management Practices for ALACHLOR 

February 2004 




enforceable.


for ATRAZINE February 2004 


developed voluntary Best Management Practices (BMPs) 

to address the presence of atrazine and its breakdown 

products in Minnesota’s groundwater and surface water 

from normal agricultural use (see reverse side of page for 

atrazine-specific BMPs). If the BMPs are proven 

ineffective, mandatory restrictions on herbicide use and 

practices may be required. The BMPs may also refer to 


labels. For information on monitoring results for atrazine 

and other pesticides in Minnesota’s water resources, refer 

to the MDA’s Monitoring and Assessment webpage: 


The atrazine BMPs are companions to a set of core 

BMPs for use with all agricultural herbicides. Herbicide-specific BMPs have also been developed for 

use with acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and metribuzin. If you use any of these herbicides in the 

production of crops, be sure to consult each herbicide-specific BMP prior to applying these herbicides. 

State and federal law can require that the use of a pesticide be limited or curtailed due to the potential 

for adverse impacts on humans or the environment. 

Information about ATRAZINE 


mixtures containing atrazine. List is not all-inclusive 

and can change with the introduction of new products; 

always check the label, or consult MDA’s product 

registration database at http://state.ceris.purdue.edu/ 

doc/mn/statemn.html and search for Active Ingredient.* 

Atrazine is an active ingredient in: 

Aatrex Degree Xtra Lariat 

Atrazine Expert products Leadoff 

Axiom AT Field Master Liberty ATZ 

Basis Gold FulTime products Lumax 

Bicep II products Guardsman Marksman 

Buctril + atrazine Harness Xtra Moxy + atrazine 

Bullet Keystone products Shotgun 

Cinch products Laddok 




� Atrazine is a Restricted Use Pesticide that can only be purchased and applied by properly licensed or 

certified individuals. All pre-mixes and tank mixes containing atrazine are also Restricted Use 


� Atrazine can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can enter groundwater used as drinking water. 

Users are advised not to apply atrazine to sand and loamy sand soils where the water table 

(groundwater) is close to the surface and where these soils are very permeable. Atrazine and its 

breakdown products have been frequently detected in Minnesota groundwater beneath areas with 

coarse-textured soils. 

� Atrazine can also be lost to surface water through field runoff, and has been found at concentrations of 

concern in Minnesota surface waters. Atrazine is toxic to aquatic invertebrates, and runoff from treated 

areas may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in neighboring areas. 

� Atrazine is a photosynthesis inhibiting herbicide that manages weeds through a particular mode of 

action (chemistry). When used in an Integrated Weed Management (IWM) Plan, its use should be 

considered jointly with other photosynthesis inhibiting herbicides. Use of herbicides with different 

modes of action (e.g., plant growth regulators, pigment inhibitors or sulfonylurea herbicides), alone or in 

tank mixes, may be desirable in an IWM Plan to effectively control weeds while protecting the 

environment. 

Certain soils, regions and watersheds are more vulnerable to losses of atrazine. 







field and farm.

Evaluate this practice in the context of other effective control practices in 

6. Rotate use of atrazine (and metribuzin and 

With time, this practice will reduce 

the management system (e.g., use of tank mixes with multiple modes of 

other photosynthesis inhibiting herbicides) 

development of herbicide resistant weeds 

action; crop rotation; planned, periodic use of herbicide-resistant varieties 

with herbicides from a different chemical 

or weed species shifts, and means less 

in a rotation; mechanical weed control; field scouting). Determine which 

class. 

annual availability of these herbicides for 

crop in the rotation is in greatest need of photosynthesis inhibiting 

loss to the environment. 

herbicides, and reserve their use for that crop. 




5. Adopt conservation tillage practices 

appropriate for your farm’s topography and 


Conservation tillage controls soil erosion that can contribute to losses of 

atrazine attached to soil particles during field runoff events and from fields 

with tile drain surface inlets. It also helps slow movement of water across 

the landscape when atrazine is dissolved in runoff water. Consult your 

Natural Resources Conservation Service and Soil & Water Conservation 

District offices for current tillage guidelines. 

Controlling loss of soil and runoff helps 

reduce atrazine losses to surface waters. 

4. Evaluate surface drainage patterns in your 

field, then identify points where surface runoff 

leaves the field and consider protective 

practices in vulnerable areas, including tile 

inlets, wells and sinkholes; follow label 

requirements for application setbacks and 

planted buffers. 

Work with crop consultants and other ag professionals. Identify and 

implement appropriate label-required setbacks and planted buffers for your 

farm. Atrazine, and premixes or tank mixes containing atrazine, may not 

be applied within 66 feet of the points where runoff enters perennial or 

intermittent streams and rivers, within 200 feet around natural or 

impounded lakes and reservoirs, or within 50 feet of wells or sinkholes. 

Setbacks or buffers could also be adopted around surface inlets on tiledrained 

fields for further water quality protection benefits. 

Protects vulnerable wells, sinkholes, 

streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs from 

atrazine impacts. 

3. For Southeast Minnesota: Limit total atrazine 

use per year to 0.8 lbs of active ingredient per 

acre on all soils except on medium and fine 

textured soils, where a total of 1.0 lb of active 

ingredient per year can be used for preemergence 

weed control. 

This practice is important on any soils in the following ten counties in 

southeastern Minnesota with karst geology and features: Dakota, Dodge, 

Fillmore, Goodhue, Houston, Mower, Olmsted, Rice, Wabasha and Winona. 

The slightly higher rate of atrazine for pre-emergence applications on 

medium- and fine-textured soils is allowed to maintain efficacy of early 

season weed control and reduce potential losses from leaching and runoff. 

Effective weed control for many smallseeded 

broadleaf weeds can be obtained 

using premixes and tank mixes with low 

atrazine content. Lower rates mean less 

potential loss to water resources. 

2. Limit total atrazine use per year to 0.8 lbs of 

active ingredient per acre on coarse-textured 

soils by using premixes and tank mixes. 

This practice is especially important on coarse-textured soils (e.g., where 

sand, loamy sand or sandy loam soil textural classifications make up more 

than 25% of the field). These soils are common in central Minnesota, but 

are also present in many other locations. 

Effective weed control for many smallseeded 

broadleaf weeds can be obtained 

using premixes and tank mixes with low 

atrazine content. Lower rates mean less 

potential loss to water resources. 

1. Adopt the core “BMPs for All Agricultural 

Herbicides” when applying atrazine. 

MDA’s core “BMPs for All Agricultural Herbicides” are designed as the 

baseline set of options to mitigate or prevent losses of herbicides to water 

resources. The core BMPs are available at http://www.mda.state.mn.us/ 

appd/bmps/bmps.htm 

Adoption of core BMPs with those specific 

for atrazine and adherence to mandatory 

label use requirements and application 

setbacks result in opportunities for 

multiple water quality protection benefits. 


Atrazine-Specific Practice * 


February 2004 




enforceable. 

Water Quality Best Management Practices for ATRAZINE


for METOLACHLOR February 2004 


developed voluntary Best Management Practices (BMPs) to 

address the presence of metolachlor and its breakdown 

products in Minnesota’s groundwater from normal 

agricultural use (see reverse side of page for metolachlorspecific 

BMPs). If the BMPs are proven ineffective, 

mandatory restrictions on herbicide use and practices may 

be required. The BMPs may also refer to mandatory label 

use requirements. Always read product labels. For 

information on monitoring results for metolachlor and other 

pesticides in Minnesota’s water resources, refer to the 

MDA’s Monitoring and Assessment webpage: 

http://www.mda.state.mn.us/appd/ace/ maace.htm 

The metolachlor BMPs are companions to a set of core BMPs for use with all agricultural herbicides. 

Herbicide-specific BMPs have also been developed for use with acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, and 




environment. 

Information about METOLACHLOR 


mixtures containing metolachlor. List is not allinclusive 

and can change with the introduction of new 

products; always check the label, or consult MDA’s 

product registration database at http://state.ceris. 

purdue.edu/doc/mn/statemn.html and search for 

Active Ingredient.* 

Products containing: 

s-metolachlor metolachlor 

Bicep II products Dual Magnum Stalwart C 

Bicep Lite II Dual II products 

Boundary Expert 

Cinch Lumax 

Camix Medal products 




� There are two categories of metolachlor herbicides: those listing “metolachlor” as a registered active 

ingredient, and those listing “s-metolachlor” as a registered active ingredient. Products in both 

categories contain s-metolachlor as the primary herbicidal chemical. The active ingredient “smetolachlor” 

is considered a reduced risk for potential water resource impacts by the Environmental 

Protection Agency because a lesser amount of the product is needed to achieve the same level of 

weed control as that achieved with the active ingredient “metolachlor.” 

� Products containing metolachlor herbicides have the potential to leach through soil into groundwater 

under certain conditions as a result of agricultural use. Groundwater contamination may result if used 

in areas where soils are permeable, particularly where the water table is shallow. These herbicides 

and their breakdown products have been frequently detected in Minnesota groundwater beneath 

areas with coarse-textured soils. 

� Products containing metolachlor herbicides may, under some conditions, have a high potential for 

runoff into surface water primarily via dissolution in runoff water, for several months post application. 

These conditions include poorly draining or wet soils with readily visible slopes toward adjacent 

surface waters, frequently flooded areas, areas over-laying extremely shallow groundwater, areas with 

in-field canals or ditches that drain to surface water, areas not separated from adjacent surface waters 

with vegetated filter strips, and areas over-laying tile drainage systems that drain to surface water. 

Certain soils, regions and watersheds are more vulnerable to losses of metolachlor. 







field and farm.




5. Rotate use of metolachlor 

(and acetochlor, alachlor and 




class. 














Conservation tillage controls soil erosion that can contribute to losses of metolachlor 



metolachlor is dissolved in runoff water. Consult your Natural Resources Conservation 



metolachlor losses to surface waters. 

3. When using metolachlor 

herbicides, choose products 

with “s-metolachlor” listed 

as the registered active 

ingredient. 

The active ingredient “s-metolachlor” is considered a reduced risk for water resource 

impacts because a lesser amount of the product is needed to achieve the same level of 

weed control as that achieved with the active ingredient “metolachlor.” 

Use of products containing “s-metolachlor” at 

recommended label rates can mean fewer 

potential impacts to water resources. 



then limit metolachlor 




The practice is especially important for metolachlor (and other chloracetamide 

herbicides). Weed control with metolachlor is sensitive to differences in soil organic 

matter and texture. Limit unnecessary and costly use of metolachlor and protect the 

environment by carefully reviewing the label and adjusting the application rate to 

match your soil organic matter content and soil texture. 

Proper metolachlor application rates mean costeffective 





when applying metolachlor. 





metolachlor and adherence to mandatory label use 



benefits. 

Practice * 


Metolachlor-Specific 


Water Quality Best Management Practices for METOLACHLOR 




enforceable. 

February 2004 

� Metolachlor belongs to the class of “chloracetamide herbicides” that manage weeds through a similar mode of action (chemistry). Other 

herbicides in this class include acetochlor and alachlor. Herbicides in this class should be considered in the context of an Integrated Weed 

Management (IWM) Plan. All chloracetamide herbicides have similar potential to contaminate water resources.


for METRIBUZIN February 2004 

The Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) 

has developed voluntary Best Management 

Practices (BMPs) to address the presence of 

metribuzin and its breakdown products in 

Minnesota’s groundwater from normal agricultural 

use (see reverse side of page for metribuzinspecific 

BMPs). If the BMPs are proven ineffective, 

mandatory restrictions on herbicide use and 

practices may be required. The BMPs may also 

refer to mandatory label use requirements. Always 

read product labels. For information on monitoring results for pesticides in Minnesota’s water resources, 

refer to the MDA’s Monitoring and Assessment webpage: 


The metribuzin BMPs are companions to a set of core BMPs for use with all agricultural herbicides. 

Herbicide-specific BMPs have also been developed for use with acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, and 

metolachlor. If you use any of these herbicides in the production of crops, be sure to consult each 

herbicide-specific BMP prior to applying these herbicides. State and federal law can require that the 

use of a pesticide be limited or curtailed due to the potential for adverse impacts on humans or the 

environment. 

Information about METRIBUZIN 

Example trade names for products and package mixtures 

containing metribuzin. List is not all-inclusive and can change 

with the introduction of new products; always check the label, 

or consult MDA’s product registration database at http://state. 

ceris.purdue.edu/doc/mn/statemn.html and search for Active 

Ingredient.* 

Metribuzin is an active ingredient in: 

Axiom products Domain Canopy 

Boundary Sencor 

* Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the 

understanding that no discrimination is intended and no 

endorsement is implied. 

� Metribuzin can travel (seep or leach) through soil and contaminate groundwater which may be used as 

drinking water. Users are advised not to apply metribuzin where the water table (groundwater) is 

close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable i.e., well drained soils such as loamy 

sands. Metribuzin and its breakdown products have been frequently detected in Minnesota 

groundwater beneath areas with coarse-textured soils. 

� Metribuzin is a photosynthesis inhibiting herbicide that manages weeds through a particular mode of 

action (chemistry). When used in an Integrated Weed Management (IWM) Plan, its use should be 

considered jointly with other photosynthesis inhibiting herbicides. Use of herbicides with different 

modes of action (e.g., plant growth regulators, pigment inhibitors or sulfonylurea herbicides), alone or in 

tank mixes, may be desirable in an IWM Plan to effectively control weeds while protecting the 

environment. 

Certain soils, regions and watersheds are more vulnerable to losses of metribuzin. 







field and farm.




3. Rotate use of metribuzin (and 

atrazine and other 

photosynthesis inhibiting 



class. 





of photosynthesis inhibiting herbicides, and reserve their use for that crop. 





- on loamy sands and sandy 

loams to no more than 0.5 lbs 

active ingredient per acre per 

year. 

- on sand soils to no more 

than 0.4 lbs active ingredient 

per acre per year. 

Following these application limits is especially important on coarse-textured and 

irrigated soils (where sand, loamy sand or sandy loam soil textural classifications make 

up more than 25% of the field). These soils are common in central Minnesota, but are 

also present in many other locations. 

By reserving metribuzin for use on the crop/weed 

association most in need of its effectiveness (e.g., 

during the potato year of a corn-bean-potato or 

bean-potato rotation) – and by limiting its annual 

application rate – environmental losses are 

minimized. 

2. Limit total metribuzin rate, 

including amounts in 

premixes and tank mixes: 



when applying metribuzin. 





metribuzin and adherence to mandatory label use 



benefits. 

Practice * 


Metribuzin-Specific 


Water Quality Best Management Practices for METRIBUZIN 

February 2004 




enforceable.

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