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The 21st Century Charter Schools Initiative

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Although the U.S. Department of Education's findings agree with those of the National<br />

Education Association (NEA), their study points out the limitations of such studies and the<br />

inability to hold constant other important factors, and notes that "study design does not allow<br />

us to determine whether or not traditional public schools are more effective than charter<br />

schools."<br />

<strong>Charter</strong>ing Authorities<br />

<strong>Charter</strong>ing authorizers, entities that may legally issue charters, differ from state to state, as do<br />

the bodies that are legally entitled to apply for and operate under such charters. In some states,<br />

like Arkansas, the State Board of Education authorizes charters. In other states, like Maryland,<br />

only the local school district may issue charters. States including Arizona and the District of<br />

Columbia have created independent charter-authorizing bodies to which applicants may apply<br />

for a charter. <strong>The</strong> laws that permit the most charter development, as seen in Minnesota and<br />

Michigan, allow for a combination of such authorizers. As of 2012, 39% of charters were<br />

authorized by local districts, 28% by state boards of education, 12% by State Commissions, with<br />

the remainder by Universities, Cities and others.<br />

<strong>Charter</strong> operators may include local school districts, institutions of higher education, non-profit<br />

corporations, and, in some states, for-profit corporations. Wisconsin, California, Michigan, and<br />

Arizona allow for-profit corporations to manage charter schools.<br />

Notable School Operators<br />

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Achievement First<br />

Algiers <strong>Charter</strong> <strong>Schools</strong> Association (New Orleans)<br />

Arizona <strong>Charter</strong> <strong>Schools</strong> Association<br />

Aspire Public <strong>Schools</strong><br />

BASIS <strong>Schools</strong><br />

Concept <strong>Schools</strong><br />

EdisonLearning<br />

<strong>The</strong> Leona Group<br />

Mosaica Education<br />

National Heritage Academies<br />

SABIS Educational Systems<br />

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