UNIT VII THE APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETISM AND ELEC- TRICITY HAVE GREATLY MODIFIED THE ACTIVITIES OF MANKIND INTRODUCTION TO UNIT VII No better illustration of the impact of Science on the activities of mankind can be found than magnetism and electricity. Suppose that all the sources of electric power were suddenly and permanently cut off; the results would be similar to those experienced in a large city in one of those very rare occurrences when the power is shut ofi for a few hours due to damage produced by an electrical storm. Streetcars cease to run, motion-picture theaters are darkened, stores and ofifices must close, elevators cannot operate, water cannot be pumped through the city's distribution system, and, in general, man would find himself reduced to the life of a backwoods farm, except that he would not be equipped with candles or kerosene lamps and would not have his own private well or spring to furnish water. Modern civilization is built around electricity. Without electricity modern factories could not run; the radio, the telephone, and the telegraph could not exist. Many modern homes would not be prepared for heating, refrigeration, lighting, cooking, washing, ironing, cleaning, or ventilation if the electricity were to be cut off. Even motorcars and airplanes depend on electrical ignition systems. In this Unit we shall study the development of knowledge concerning electricity and magnetism and show how it has been applied in the service of mankind. The revolution in living produced by the application of electricity has, for the most part, taken place during the lifetime of our parents and has become widespread within the lifetime of most of the freshmen in college today. This can be appreciated best by reference to the fact that the wholesale sale of energy increased from 3,254,000,000 kilowatt-hours in 1912 to 44,326,000,000 kilowatt-hours in 1929, or 1360 per cent. Since 1929 the consumption of electric energy has been steadily increasing. 475
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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK •
Revised Edition Copyrighted, 1943.
VI PREFACE the origin and evolution
viii PREFACK which the student sele
Preface Acknowledgments CONTENTS PA
CONTENTS Section 7. Coal Has Become
; INTRODUCTION In so far as man dev
4 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROBL
6 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROBL
. 8 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PRO
10 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
12 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
14 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
16 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
18 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
UNIT I SECTION 3 THE SUPREME CONTRI
22 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
24 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
26 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
UNIT I SECTION 4 OBSERVATIONS MUST
30 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
32 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
34 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
36 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
38 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OP' PRO
40 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
UNIT I SECTION 6 STRAIGHT THINKING
44 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
46 THK INTFLLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
48 THE INTELLIGENT SOLUTION OF PROB
UNIT II THE UNIVERSE IS A VAST SYST
54 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
50 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
58 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
60 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
62 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
64 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
66 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
08 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
70 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
11 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
74 THK UNIVKRSK A VAST SN'STKM OF P
76 THK rMX'ERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
78 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
80 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
82 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
84 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
UNIT II SECTION 5 THE EARTH RECEIVE
; 88 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF
91) THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF P
92 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
94 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
96 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
98 THE UNI\'i:i
100 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF P
102 THK I'MX i:KSh: A VAST SWSri-.M
104 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF P
106 THK UNIX'KRSK A \'AST SYSTEM OF
108 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF P
no THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF PA
; 112 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF
114 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF P
116 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF P
UNIT II SECTION 9 ASTRONOMICAL MEAS
120 THE UNIV^ERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF
122 THK UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF P
124 THE UNIVERSE A VAST SYSTEM OF P
126 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE coolin
128 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE As evi
130 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE It is
UNIT III SECTION 2 THE NATURE OF TH
l.U THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE of the
136 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE Inasmu
UNIT III SECTION 3 THE PRINCIPAL AG
140 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE China
142 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE within
144 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE Zealan
146 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE changi
UNIT III SECTION 4 THE CHARACTERIST
150 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE stream
152 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE majori
154 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE Glacie
156 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE 1891,
158 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE type o
16() THK EARTH AS MAN'S ABOUK The t
162 THK EARTH AS MAN'S ABODF: River
164 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE Tambor
166 THK EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE STUDY
168 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE study
170 THK KARTH AS MAN'S ABODE fossil
172 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE The Hi
174 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE Synops
176 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE the we
; UNIT III SECTION 7 GEOLOGICAL PRO
180 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE minera
182 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE presen
UNIT III SECTION 8 GEOLOGICAL PROCE
186 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE ore (b
188 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE The ma
190 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE sedime
' U. S. Soil Conservation Service.
194 thf: karth as man's abode act o
196 THK KARTH AS MAN'S ABODK The Na
IW Tin: KARTH AS MAN'S ABODE built
200 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODE Man's
202 THE EARTH AS MAN'S ABODI-: full
UNIT IV SECTION 1 MATTER IN THE GAS
MATTER IN THE GASEOUS STATE 207 The
MATTER IN THE GASEOUS STATE 209 by
MATTER IN THE GASEOUS STATE 211 eas
UNIT IV SECTION 2 A KNOWLEDGE OF TH
THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 215 liqui
THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 217 The s
UNIT IV SECTION 3 THE PHYSICAL PROP
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 2
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 2
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 2
THE ABSORPTION OR EVOLUTION OF HEAT
THE ABSORPTION OR EVOLUTION OF HEAT
THE ABSORPTION OR EVOLUTION OF HEAT
UNIT IV SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTI
THE KINETIC- MOLECULAR THEORY 235 2
THE KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY 237 Th
THE KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY 239 cu
REGULARITIES OF SOLUTIONS 241 3. Co
supersaturated solutions. REGULARIT
REGULARITIES OF SOLUTIONS 245 stanc
REGULARITIES OF SOLUTIONS 247 tant
REGULARITIES OF SOLUTIONS 249 4. Wh
CLIMATE AND WEATHER 251 vary becaus
CLIMATE AND WEATHER 253 orbit. For
CLIMATE AND WEATHER 255 refers to t
CLIMATE AND WEATHER 257 high suscep
CLIMATE AND WEATHER 259 twenty-five
CLIMATE AND WEATHER 261 per hour. A
CLIMATE AND WEATHER 263 6. Explain
WEATHER-FORECASTING 265 The cup ane
WEATHER-FORECASTING 267 ditions. Dr
WEATHER-FORECASTING 269 before turn
WEATHER-FORECASTING 271 Air-mass An
which ice will form. WEATHER-FORECA
AIR CONDITIONING 275 Paul then expe
AIR CONDITIONING 277 is merely a de
Silica gel is AIR CONDITIONING 279
AIR CONDITIONING 281 operated by th
AIR CONDITIONING 283 Heat conductiv
AIR CONDITIONING 285 quite comforta
UNIT V MAN HAS DISCOVERED AND HARNE
UNIT V SECTION 1 ENERGY MANIFESTS I
ENERGY MANIFESTS ITSELF IN MANY FOR
ENERGY MANIFESTS ITSELF IN MANY FOR
ENERGY MANIFESTS ITSELF IN MANY FOR
UNIT V SECTION 2 THE PRUDENT UTILIZ
THE CONSERVATION OF OUR ENERGY RESO
THE CONSERVATION OF OUR ENERGY RESO
THE CONSERVATION OF OUR ENERGY RESO
THE CONSERVATION OF OUR ENERGY RESO
UNIT V SECTION 3' MODERN MACHINES H
MACHINES HAVE RAISED LIVING-STANDAR
MACHINES HAVE RAISED LIVING-STANDAR
MACHINES HAVE RAISED LIVING-STANDAR
MACHINES HAVE RAISED LIVING-STANDAR
MACHINES HAVE RAISED LIVING-STANDAR
MACHINES HAVE RAISED LIVING-STANDAR
MACHINES HAVE RAISED LIVING-STANDAR
TRANSPORTATION HAS BEEN REVOLUTIONI
TRANSPORTATION HAS BEEN REVOLUTIONI
TRANSPORTATION HAS BEEN REVOLUTIONI
THE INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE 329
THE INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE 331
THE INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE 333
THE INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE 335
THE INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE 337
THE INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE 339
UNIT V SECTION 6 THE AUTOMOBILE TYP
THE AUTOMOBILE 343 consolidations o
THE AUTOMOBILE 345 same survey show
THE AUTOMOBILE 347 tenance costs in
THE AUTOMOBILE 349 Buying oil on th
THE AUTOMOBILE 351 STUDY QUESTIONS
AIRPLANE A TRIUMPH OF MODERN SCIENC
AIRPLANE A TRIUMPH OF MODERN SCIENC
AIRPLANE A TRIUMPH OF MODERN SCIENC
AIRPLANE A TRIUMPH OF MODERN SCIENC
AIRPLANE A TRIUMPH OF MODERN SCIENC
AIRPLANE A TRIUMPH OF MODERN SCIENC
UNIT V SECTION 8 FLYING AN AIRPLANE
AERODYNAMICS 367 Weight, i.e.^ a me
AERODYNAMICS 369 The Venturi tube i
AERODYNAMICS 371 An airfoil is any
AERODYNAMICS 373 right. After attai
AERODYNAMICS 375 An Airplane Practi
UNIT V SECTION 9 AVIGATION IS THE S
AVIGATION 379 Aeronautical charts a
AVIGATION 381 a chart the distance
AVIGAT ION 383 instructors and comm
UNIT VI ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED TH
388 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAC.AIED BY VI
390 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
392 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
F"iG. 170. Theironsshown in this fi
396 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
UNIT VI SECTION 2 LIGHT MAY BE PROD
400 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
402 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
un ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIBR
406 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
408 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
410 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
412 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
414 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
416 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
418 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
420 ENERGY MAY BE PROPAGATED BY VIB
•5 I o U -a "o ua "o 3 O U s
ELECTRICITY MAY BE CONVERTED INTO H
UNIT VII SECTION 7 THE GENERATION A
; RADIO GENERATION AND RECEPTION 52
RADIO GENERATION AND RECEPTION 531
RADIO GENERATION AND RECEPTION 533
RADIO GENERATION AND RECEPTION 535
RADIO GENERATION AND RECEPTION 537
UNIT VII SECTION 8 THE PHOTOELECTRI
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 541 from e
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 543 is nee
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN GASES 545
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN GASES 547
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN GASES 549
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN GASES 551
UNIT VIII MAN IS MASTERING HIS MATE
UNIT VIII SECTION 1 ALL MATTER CONS
: THE MATERIALS OF THE UNIVERSE 557
THE MATERIALS OF THE UNIVERSE 559 S
UNIT VIII THE ATOM IS SECTION 2 THE
THE ATOM IS THE UNIT OF CHEMICAL CH
THE ATOM IS THE UNIT OF CHEMICAL CH
UNIT VIII SECTION 3 ATOMS ARE COMPL
ATOMS ARE COMPLEX 569 Discharge-tub
ATOMS ARE COMPLEX 571 be determined
ATOMS ARE COMPLEX 573 determined by
ATOMS ARE COMPLEX 575 mutation expe
UNIT VIII SECTION 4 MOLECULES ARE H
THE NATURE OF MOLECULES • 579 ©
THE NATURE OF MOLECULES 581 orbit t
THE NATURE OF MOLECULES 583 Photogr
THE NATURE OE MOLECULES 585 values
ELECTROVALENT REACTIONS 587 tween c
ELECTROVALENT REACTIONS 589 being f
I ELECTRON TRANSFER 591 Oxidation-r
ELECTRON TRANSFER 593 current of el
: : ELECTRON TRANSFER 595 railroad
i gain — ELECTRON TRANSFER 597 Ox
ELECTRON TRANSFER 599 Magnesium is
UNIT VIII SECTION 7 ACIDS ARE PROTO
PROTON CHEMISTRY: ACIDS AND BASES 6
UNIT VIII SECTION 8 THE TRANSFER OF
THE TRANSFER OF PROTONS 607 be dete
THE TRANSFER OF PROTONS 609 A deter
H H H H H H H H COVALENT REACTIONS
COVALENT REACTIONS 613 enter into.
C H H COVALENT REACTIONS 615 H H H
I I I H H I I I H H I I I COVALENT
COVALENT REACTIONS 619
UNIT IX CREATIVE CHEMISTRY HAS CONT
624 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY The use of o
626 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY to sulfur tr
628 C'RKATIVK CHKMISTRV " Life Woul
630 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Silicon carb
632 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY A gel is for
UNIT IX SECTION 2 METALLURGICAL PRO
: 636 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY impurities
638 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY electrons an
640 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Iron is some
642 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY metals, prod
UNIT IX SECTION 3 COMBUSTION FURNIS
646 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Not All Subs
648 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY ammonium pho
650 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY The vaporizi
: 652 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Portland c
654 crp:ative chemistry 10. What co
656 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY The role whi
658 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY The nitrogen
660 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY NO2, which r
662 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Ammonia is f
UNIT IX SECTION 5 CELLULOSE IS THE
666 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY duce a mater
668 ( RKATIVK (^HEMISTRY and other
670 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY All pyroxyli
672 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY 8. ShrinkpTO
UNIT IX SECTION 6 SYNTHETIC PLASTIC
676 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY asbestos, or
678 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Moldings of
' i H i 680 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY comp
682 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Fig. 297. A
N I 684 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY for use
686 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY mable, and t
UNIT IX SECTION 7 COAL HAS BECOME A
' Mustard Gas COOCH3 \y t Methyl sa
" 692 CRKATIVK CHKMISTRY these dyes
694 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY coal) with s
696 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY restricted i
698 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY ethyl lead w
700 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Large-scale
702 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY In addition
704 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY 6. What are
: 706 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY makes it p
708 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY In 1895 the
H 710 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY need not b
712 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY Another new
714 CREATIVE CHEMISTRY price of nat
: UNIT X MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE IS
' 720 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE and in
722 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Sugars a
724 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Coal, Oi
726 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE becomes
728 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE There Ar
730 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Plants R
732 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE elements
734 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE the Chil
736 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Proteins
UNIT X SECTION 3 VITAMINS, ENZYMES,
740 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Vitamin
742 MAN'S PHYSICAL WKLFARE Dietary
744 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE
746 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Periodic
748 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Ethylene
UNIT X SECTION 4 LARGE-SCALE CHEMIC
752 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Insects
754 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Over thr
UNIT X SECTION 5 THE UTILIZATION OF
758 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE ashes wi
760 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Detergen
: 762 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE floor
764 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE From the
766 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE 5. What
768 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE used wit
C I H C I H 770 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELF
C I . C I H C I H 772 MAN'S PHYSICA
C C C C 774 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE
776 MAN*S PHYSICAL WELFARE Still an
•78 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE by his
C C H C\ C— I CH H 1 I I H C C I
I I I I I I H I I 782 MAN'S PHYSICA
C I H C H C H 784 MAN'S PHYSICAL WE
786 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE composit
788 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Ephedrin
UNIT X SECTION 8 PROTOPLASMIC AND C
792 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE waste pr
794 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE ested in
UNIT X SECTION 9 THE PROGRESS OF CI
798 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE it is up
800 MAN'S PHYSICAL WELFARE Accordin
CONCLUSION You have just completed
804 CONCLUSION or the everyday prob
806 BIBLIOGRAPHY Author Thouless, R
808 BIBLIOGRAPHY Author
810 BIBLIOGRAPHY Author
812 BIBLIOGRAPHY Author Henney, K.
814 BIBLIOGRAPHY Author
816 IMBLlOCRAl'in' Author Smith, K.
818 INDEX Automobile {continued) de
820 INDKX Conductor, 487 Conglomera
822 INDEX Faraday's laws, 569, 587
824 INDEX Isomerism positional, 618
826 INDEX Music, 466-473 Musical in
828 INDEX Proton (continued) activi
830 INDEX Star {continued) Sirius,
832 Wind instruments, 470-471 Windm
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