Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Spherical or Geometrical spreading loss (TLg) Spherical spreading loss assumes a uniform or homogenous environment that is typical of deep waters (>2000m). Sound from a point source will spread outward as spherical waves, and intensity varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source: TL g ⎛ = 20log ⎜ ⎝ R R 0 ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ R < Where R is the range in metres of the receiver from the source and R0 is a reference range, usually 1m. With spherical spreading, sound levels decrease by 6dB if distance is doubled and by 20dB when distance increases by a factor of 10. R1 is the range in metres at which spherical spreading stops and cylindrical spreading begins. R 1 Source Seabed 23 R1 R Sea surface Receiver Figure 2.9. Spherical spreading. Note that for spherical spreading to occur R1> R. (adapted from http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part08.htm)
Cylindrical spreading loss Cylindrical spreading is appropriate when the medium is non-homogenous. Non-homogenous mediums are typical of stratified or shallow coastal waters (
Page 1 and 2: Oceans of noise A WDCS Science repo
Page 3 and 4: Contents Author biographies 4 Prefa
Page 5 and 6: Author biographies Sarah Dolman Sar
Page 7 and 8: Preface Over the course of the last
Page 9 and 10: some thoughts on the mitigation and
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction Lindy Weilgart The
Page 13 and 14: 2. The physics of underwater sound
Page 15 and 16: Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
Page 17 and 18: Box 2. The effects of temperature,
Page 19 and 20: Intensity The intensity of a sound
Page 21 and 22: For water, pref = 1µPa rms, _ = 1x
Page 23: 2.2. Types of sound source Sounds c
Page 27 and 28: Rain - - - - - - - - - 100-500 - Bi
Page 29 and 30: Energy source (Air gun array) 28 Se
Page 31 and 32: driving and pipe-laying (installati
Page 33 and 34: produced as the bubble collapses an
Page 35 and 36: and broadband noise sources decayed
Page 37 and 38: cetaceans to high levels of acousti
Page 39 and 40: Navigation (transponders) 38 7-60 1
Page 41 and 42: SONAR TYPE FREQUENCY RANGE AV. SOUR
Page 43 and 44: them from approaching fish farm cag
Page 45 and 46: 3.11. Research 3.11.1. Controlled E
Page 47 and 48: frequencies). These sound channels
Page 49 and 50: 4.3.6. Danger avoidance Many verteb
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.1. Summary of sound frequen
Page 53 and 54: Table 4.2. Summary of sound frequen
Page 55 and 56: 5. Noise as a problem for cetaceans
Page 57 and 58: Increased vulnerability to disease
Page 59 and 60: levels exceed the ear’s tolerance
Page 61 and 62: 5.6 A New Concern: Is noise causing
Page 63 and 64: stranding incident suggests that th
Page 65 and 66: The only cetaceans listed in Annex
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 The US Marine Mammal Protection
Page 69 and 70: 7. Solutions - mitigation and manag
Page 71 and 72: 2. More targeted studies into each
Page 73 and 74: Noise pollution also needs to be co
Page 75 and 76:
ange. Therefore prey must be closer
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identification of images collected.
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Pierson et al. (1998) indicated a m
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Baur, D.C., M.J. Bean, M.L. Gosline
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Cummings, W.C., Thompson, P.O. and
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Gedamke, J., Costa, D., Dunstan, A.
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Lagadere, J.P. 1982. Effects of noi
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National Research Council. 2000. Ma
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Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R
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Todd, S., Lien, J. and Verhulst, A.
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December 1989, Pacific Grove, Calif
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consider just the definition of pol
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This evidence therefore suggests th
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jurisdiction (“the UNEP Conclusio
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Designation of Particularly Sensiti
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inter alia, internal waters, the te
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ief framework provision on pollutio
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definitions are located in the anne
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Questions arise as to the identity
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opportunity for, or a hurdle to, ad
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145 LOSC in respect of polymetallic
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Seabed Authority) has been establis
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One possibility is the adoption by
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Identification and Designation of P
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Provisions on Ships’ Routeing to
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4. Conclusion This paper has analys
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Instruments adopted under Bonn Conv
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Appendix B - Treaties underlying re
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Appendix C - Selected provisions of
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abate, combat pollution of the Medi
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Annex 2. Guidelines for commercial
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1. Any commercial cetacean-watching
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Annex 3. Documented examples of cet
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Location: Sarasota, Florida, USA Pr
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Beluga whales, Delphinapterus leuca
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These results may indicate habituat
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Location: Northwest Atlantic Northe
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The dolphins started to display eva
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Boats that approached within 30m or
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Location: Hawaii On rare occasions
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Location: Beaufort Sea Aversion beh
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Location: Mexico Gray whale vocal b
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If boats changed their speed or cou
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Corkeron, P.J. 1990. Aspects of the
Page 163 and 164:
Kibal’chich, A.A., Dzhamanov, G.A
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ates of fin whales, Balaenoptera ph
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Annex 4. A note of the Recommendati
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4. the inclusion of anthropogenic n
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