64 to have been an institution of t

66 or citizens who were members of

68 that lived in this quarter on th

70 the term Dem4-kblla to mean 'an

72 conferred on certain officiala o

.74 body of indirect evidence, it m

76 suggest that there were Dravidia

7r chronicle. That by the tenth cen

80 India did not consider Ceylon as

82 b4 with the Xi4igani of the abov

84 CHAPTER II SL'rTLENTS IN THE PER

86 arrive at more than what has bee

88 struggle that went on between th

90 That Vijayablhu did not have any

92 large number of Tamil inscriptio

94 as well as the pariyclrakar, the

96 peninsula and three are in the K

98 of a 6trong civilian population

100 at Periyak4am. With this possib

of certain taxes for the coat of th

104 ndra-ca-pi and the cakra-ptyr w

106 The gifts were made by several

108 the gift a 1_' by a certain Ara

110 of the year 1067, mentions a pe

112 a-ma4alam, to the temple of Kut

114 set up by officials do not nece

About ten Siva Dv1es, five Viu temp

at Nalla-t ai-iakkam, Buddhannehe l

120 of the tenth century was built

122 supports him by stating that 't

124 are known from the Ca inscripti

126 Pli Pulattbinagara), Koiy'rain1

128 They reveal the presence of Tam

130 in provisionally marking those

132 to temples for the performance

Ceylon This period, therefore, sees

136 to them or to their associate b

138 therefore, date back to about t

140 on the interpretations of the t

142 There was also a community of B

144 to suggest that there was any k

146 The AifffhIruvar were primarily

145 that all these bodies were orga

150 suggest the nature of the work

152 between the Valafljiyar and the

the 1a1r,rattir as one of their lea

153 three lines of this inscription

158 local and a foreign group. But

160 to in the V 1kala and VihirhThn

As pointed out earlier, the period

164 e) Tiru-ciila-aikkrar (Taniil t

166 been a aikkra (Pii V.akkr& may

168 Among the other sections of the

170 inscription, an official who ha

172 status and was used for individ

the Ker4a and ica4ia mercenaries in

1(0 three wings, we are unable at p

178 army is said to have been 2, 11

180 of the southern Maavars' In Cey

182 general of Parkramabhu I who co

184 year of a ParkramabThu, who is

186 South Indian artisans found emp

188 of South India, especially in t

190 have been a Blow and unnoticed

192 Even these minor movements of p

194 evidence of the epigraphs help

196 from ruined Buddhist buildings

The evidence relating to this perio

200 inscription we find that the Vi

that we get the earliest occurrence

204 where this inscription is found

206 around the twelfth century the

208 consecration name of Ciica..ka-

210 ut from its occurrences in the

It is not probable that all these w

214 We also learn that the site of

216 communities were Tamils, for it

218 te pie, have been definitely id

in the area which point in the same

settlements here in the period of C

224 About a mile away from Kanadarv

22 at Polonnaruva As a result we ar

228 Nakarattr were probably of Kann

23 wars against the Cas and had the

232 were Tamils. Presumably this pa

234 not established in the Battical

23U CHAPTER IV STTLEHENTS IN THE TH

The first important feature of this

240 called Sasa vata, composed in t

242 record, the general Iti repelle

244 The conquest of northern Ceylon

The CUavaida account of the invasio

Almost inimediatel after the stroph

250 when the author of the Clavaisa

established himself at Polonnaruva,

254 there is no gainsaying the fact

importance of the foreign invasions

258 and that the majority of the Si

260 were among the more iportant re

262 In Paranavitana's opinion, 'all

264 One could suppose that the nume

It may be recollected that several

268 Jaffna peninsula does not help

It is not possible to identify the

1 establishment in the region in ea

274 anywhere. This poses a serious

27 who were responsible for giving

worthy of note in this respect: 278

280 etymology The account of the se

and tenth century some villages in

materials for the erection of lasti

28G much depreciated as a result of

288 etymology which attempts to exp

290 earlier traditions from the lat

9Q9 Those who went to the island in

The accounts in the Vaiy!pal and th

29 The Naavaryar (variant: Mauvarya

29 that all these castes were repre

300 These were evidently named afte

from Kpakanu and Pu.ya-inakIpla-ppa

301 in our sources. In view of such

3OGo. Province, the chieftaincies o

307 In l9kl Geiger published an int

309 Arier in bewu ten Gegensatz zu

311 include in their enumeration. P

313 of warriors or tribesmen who we

315 of Ceylon. It is even possible

317 In Ceylon, the earliest work in

319 C!1avasa. Though at first sight

321 of Vannis, namely the }iaha-van

The Vaiyars of the nineteenth centu

32 came into existence independentl

In the sources mentioned above Ku.a

(c) Co4agai a of the Trincomalee Sa

331 and aspired to the kingship of

333 enemies had led punitive raids

335 alias Co.agafiga whds mention i

337 with not only the renovation of

33) In the light of the evidence th

31 Sinhalese settlements that once

343 According to the Kcar-kalveu, K

345 Malaiyakam, T4uvai, Toaimatalam

347 Ppla Kttiram (Bh' la Gotra) and

34J Ukkiraciñka, , as it ap ears i

351 as Kantajy, Pakai and Carnpl!r

353 in the chronicles of Trincomale

35 va (chieftaincies) may be based

357 Probably Ki4akkan and possibly

35 settle ents of Dravidians that s

361 Ceylon by the Dravidians was no

1 . structures. A door-jamb from on

1 to the Tamil population, as in Ja

36/ Chaggxna (Skmam)finda mention i

369 The Ker4a origin of this caste

meanjn mariners or boatmen As a sea

narrated in the Vaiy and the Vaiypa

375 presence of Ilukkuva mercenarie

37' the rest. Consequently we are n

37 xniyam, the Xaliñga ruler (!gha

This tradition seems to refer to a

383 year 512 (2590 .c.) and underto

385 (Mugwiuvaavana), Villattavai (V

with Nu&varam in order to give it a

egion may have been forced to chang

391 The wi e rea occurrence of Tami

393 used in the inscription for 'wo

From the foregoing analysis it beco

Marumakkattyarn laws of Kera.a and

399 CHAP!ER VI THE BEGINNINGS OF TH

401 part of the ia].and in the four

aside these arguments and shown tha

405 as well are baaed on the errone

the account of Ku!aa in some of the

409 resembles in many ways the lion

411 bhildren, a son and a daughter.

413 and the avvaiapva-ifl!lai. In t

and obtained the arid peninsula of

derivation of the name and that is

ecently, there oceurs the name Subh

This statement is evidently due to

the basis of certain references in

d2 Vra-ca1nika, (Ka1ifikar-ma - Kin

427 the inscription. Similarly, the

429 P11 chronicle deals mainly with

431 an island off the peninsula of

433 been suggested that this may be

435 obliged to abandon it ' This wo

43? This is not quite convincing. D

439 and driven away from the Sinhal

441 is meant for those who were acc

443 almost always in poetry, for a

445 The text of this inscription fr

447 1vaka to be accused of having b

have been active in Ceylon in the t

451 inscriptions regarding the even

453 Paranavitana takes JAvagama to

455 No one would say that the latte

457 If, as we have suggested earlie

1 the T mi1 chronicles. 459 1. In h

,.&+ra k.'ro Nia-sagrahaya and the

a Ca prince named lit'iki riya, wen

463 The conclusion that Vicaym 1ci

467 denote some connection with the

463 nothing is known about this cit

471 before 1262. As we know, betwee

These invaders could not be ousted

473 given protection to the new kin

CHAPTER VII 477 THE BEGINNflGS OP T

479 The astronomical details in the

481 Pya I, began his rule in 115 an

483 Of these six inscriptions, four

485 Their inscriptions are not foun

48? produced in Jaffna, the ancesto

489 Ramnad who, as the ally of the

491 Izvaram a sect of Brhm{ns calle

493 the 7katTya kingdom by the Musl

aii2rir.ii pairuvarai varavalaittu)

497 very early tim.e We see, theref

"4- found in his workAaeema to b•

501 rTraAgam All these ryae of the

503 Te 1c!iRi tluk, in the Tinn.v.1

505 people from ya-nZu These settle

nearly ten years after the date of

509 attempting to seize power. Do Q

511 was the case, the invasion of I

513 to historians as the kingdom of

51 and !I.ppam for the kingdoms of

51? Ma4arial is a compound of two w

519 also seen that the aa of the in

521 Dem4a-paaji.ma (Tamil Port) was

Jafana-en-putalain as a variant of

525 the island, it was Na11Lr that

527 does not state whether he was a

529 But till very recently there wa

531 that CiA1t2ink,r and flpipafuna

533 to the use of the vT4 flag in C

535 which (lands) end in the River

537 Mracci-r4a has been identified

539 be subordinate territories of i

541 kingdom marks the cul mination

543 in the island in this period. T

545 the invasions of )!gba and the

541 of the thirteenth century favou

549 A SELT BIBLIOGRAPUT A, Tami]. I

551 15. PLTva1iya, ed. A.V.Suravira

553 IV. Modern Works (Articles on e

555 2k. Indrapa].a, Karthigesu 'The

557 k8. Paranavitana, Senarat (cont

559 57. Taylor, William, Catalowue