conditions—pertaining t

conditions—pertaining to light, moisture, temperature, nutrients, and air—as well as improper cultural operation, involving compaction of soil and pesticide application, for example. Since these disorders are nonpathogenic, their effect is localized and usually within complete control of the grower. Further, since plant production under uncontrolled environmental conditions is subject to the uncertainties of the weather, certain disorders are unpredictable and sometimes difficult to prevent. This section is devoted to nonpathogenic disorders, many of which are weather related. Chapter 4 contains related information. Plants are not affected equally by adverse weather conditions. An important caution to observe when inspecting plants for disorders is not to hastily attribute every disorder to parasitic or pathogenic causes and exercise caution before initiating pest-control measures. 5.7.1 WEATHER-RELATED PLANT DISORDERS The following are different categories of weather factors and how they inflict damage on horticultural plants when they prevail in adverse levels. It should be emphasized that these factors often interact or interplay in producing an effect. The role of these factors in plant growth has been discussed previously. Temperature Extreme Cold Plants in temperate zones may suffer one of two kinds of injury from extremely cold temperatures. Similar to frostbite in humans, plants may suffer from frost damage when temperatures suddenly drop below seasonable levels. Affected plants may show signs of wilting overnight. When this cold strikes during the blooming period, the plant may lose most or all of its flowers. Frost damage occurs more frequently in younger tissues, and herbaceous species are more susceptible than woody ones. A much more severe cold damage called winter kill occurs when plants are subjected to prolonged periods of freezing temperatures. Under such conditions, branches may die back (tips wilt); when roots are severely impaired, however, the plant may die. In evergreens, such as pine, extreme cold may cause the foliage to “burn” (turn brown). Extreme Heat Microclimates, both natural and human-made, occur in the landscape in places such as underneath trees and the eaves of homes. Brick structures absorb heat during the day and radiate it at night. This property is advantageous during the cold months, because radiated heat protects plants in the vicinity from frost. However, in hot months, these same walls, especially those that face south, can create extremely hot microclimates, thereby injuring plants within their spheres of influence. Similarly, the hot asphalt of parking lots, concrete, and some pavements can radiate intense heat that damages plants. Heat-sensitive plants may show marginal scorching of leaves. Moisture Excess Moisture Excess moisture overwhelms the pore spaces in the soil leading to waterlogged conditions. Poorly drained soils create anaerobic conditions that lead to root death (root rot), if they persist for an extended period. Plants vary in their response to poor drainage. Root rot eventually results in plant death through stages, starting with stunted growth and yellowing and wilting. Excess moisture received after a period of drought might cause tubers and roots of root crops, as well as the walls of fruits such as tomato, to crack. Excess Dryness (Drought) leaves. Lack of moisture usually is expressed as wilting of plant Low Humidity The tips and margins of leaves of tropical plants brown (tip burn) under conditions of low humidity. This browning is caused by rapid transpiration, which overwhelms the rate at which water is moved through the leaf to the ends. As a result, water fails to reach the edges of the leaf, leading to drying and browning. 5.7 Nonpathogenic (Physiological) Plant Disorders 181

Light Intense Light Strong and direct sunlight may scorch certain plants. Potted plants placed in south-facing windows receive direct sunlight unless the presence of a tree in the direction of the sun’s rays filters the light. Intense light also causes the foliage of certain plants to bleach and look pale and sickly. Low Light Inadequate sunlight induces etiolated growth (spindly) and yellowing of leaves. Plant vigor is reduced, and leaves drop prematurely. Nutrients Nutrient Deficiency Generally, an inadequate supply of any of the major plant nutrients, especially nitrogen, causes plants to be stunted in growth and leaves to yellow (chlorosis). Deciduous plant leaves may prematurely senesce and defoliate. In addition to yellowing, lack of potassium shows up later as marginal leaf burns of leaves; young and expanding leaves show purple discoloration when phosphorus is lacking in the soil. Calcium deficiency in tomato shows up as blossom end rot. Nutrient Excess Excess acidic soils may cause excess availability of trace elements (e.g., iron and aluminum), which can lead to toxicity in certain plants. 5.7.2 HUMAN-RELATED ACTIVITIES Industrial Production Industrialized and heavily populated areas often experience excessive amounts of chemical pollutants in the air. These toxic gases damage horticultural plants. Acute amounts of sulfur dioxide cause chlorosis and browning of leaves and sometimes necrosis (cell destruction and death). Fluoride injury has been recorded in sensitive plants such as ponderosa pine as reddish-brown bands that appear between necrotic and green tissue. Ozone is a major pollutant that is produced primarily from the photochemical action of sunlight on automobile emission. It can cause chlorosis and necrosis in a wide variety of plants. Pesticide Application Improper application of pesticides may cause collateral damage to cultivated plants. Applying sprays on a windy day may cause the chemicals to drift onto desirable plants, resulting in deformed leaves, discoloration, and in some cases death of tissue and possibly the entire plant. Herbicide damage appears suddenly and may last through the cropping season. Often, the symptom is bleaching; in severe cases, it may be followed by leaf drop. Unlike the effect of herbicides, collateral damage from insecticides shows up as browning of the foliage. Fertilizer Application Chemical fertilizers are frequently applied to houseplants or outdoor plants in production. Eagerness for good yield may lead some growers to overfertilize their plants, resulting in a buildup of excessive fertilizer in the soil. High amounts of salts create sodic soil conditions. A higher salt-soil concentration than root fluids can cause dehydration of roots. Instead of the roots absorbing soil moisture, they become depleted of moisture. Plant growth is inhibited under such conditions, and plants wilt (as they would under drought conditions) and eventually die. 182 Chapter 5 Plant Physiology SUMMARY The variety of activities that have been described to occur at various phases in plant growth and development are the results of certain growth processes. These processes provide the raw materials and the energy required for building new tissues and nurturing

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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
Page 156 and 157: Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
Page 158 and 159: Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
Page 160 and 161: FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
Page 162 and 163: can self-install an underground irr
Page 164 and 165: 1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
Page 166 and 167: Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
Page 170 and 171: texture. The most commonly used gra
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
Page 174 and 175: Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
Page 176 and 177: Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
Page 178 and 179: 5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
Page 180 and 181: Growth in an organism follows a cer
Page 182 and 183: 5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
Page 184 and 185: waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
Page 186 and 187: 5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
Page 188 and 189: CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
Page 190 and 191: Growth and Development The general
Page 192 and 193: TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
Page 194 and 195: Certain plants are adapted to dry e
Page 196 and 197: conditions exist to sustain growth
Page 198 and 199: Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
Page 200 and 201: for success, since high temperature
Page 202 and 203: FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
Page 204 and 205: Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
Page 208 and 209: them to maturity. The major process
Page 210 and 211: 6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
Page 212 and 213: Similarly, there can be no plant br
Page 214 and 215: APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
Page 216 and 217: hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
Page 218 and 219: Generally, within ten days of exper
Page 220 and 221: Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
Page 222 and 223: (b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
Page 224 and 225: e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
Page 226 and 227: eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
Page 228 and 229: Before the seed or product becomes
Page 230 and 231: 6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
Page 232 and 233: 2. Political disagreement. There ar
Page 234 and 235: REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
Page 236 and 237: PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
Page 238 and 239: 7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
Page 240 and 241: 8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
Page 242 and 243: is also a root parasite that obtain
Page 244 and 245: LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
Page 246 and 247: Example Integrated cultural, physic
Page 248 and 249: 7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
Page 250 and 251: Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
Page 252 and 253: sucking insects (also found with so
Page 254 and 255: FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
Page 372 and 373:
TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
Page 384 and 385:
perfection about four to six weeks
Page 386 and 387:
FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
Page 406 and 407:
TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
Page 414 and 415:
12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
Page 418 and 419:
Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
Page 434 and 435:
greenhouses equipped with a variety
Page 436 and 437:
FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
Page 442 and 443:
Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
Page 444 and 445:
or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
Page 448 and 449:
FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
Page 454 and 455:
Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
Page 462 and 463:
OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
Page 464 and 465:
. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
Page 466 and 467:
2. Labor. The size of the labor for
Page 468 and 469:
FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
Page 472 and 473:
13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
Page 474 and 475:
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
Page 476 and 477:
14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
Page 478 and 479:
FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
Page 482 and 483:
TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
Page 484 and 485:
(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
Page 486 and 487:
14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
Page 488 and 489:
FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
Page 490 and 491:
FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
Page 492 and 493:
FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
Page 494 and 495:
Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
Page 496 and 497:
PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
Page 498 and 499:
15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
Page 502 and 503:
knowledge, with concern for resourc
Page 504 and 505:
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
Page 506 and 507:
GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
Page 508 and 509:
the landscape. Some very successful
Page 510 and 511:
Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
Page 512 and 513:
FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
Page 514 and 515:
How frequently do they entertain? A
Page 516 and 517:
the patio should be located on the
Page 518 and 519:
15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
Page 520 and 521:
Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
Page 522 and 523:
Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
Page 524 and 525:
SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
Page 526 and 527:
3. Supply materials on a timely bas
Page 528 and 529:
such as preparation rooms (for mixi
Page 530 and 531:
of environmental fluctuations. Furt
Page 532 and 533:
FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
Page 534 and 535:
17 Installation of the Landscape PU
Page 536 and 537:
for walks, driveways, and patios (F
Page 538 and 539:
Planting may be limited to accentin
Page 540 and 541:
17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
Page 542 and 543:
FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
Page 544 and 545:
SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
Page 546 and 547:
TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
Page 548 and 549:
TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
Page 550 and 551:
they determine the success and surv
Page 552 and 553:
12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
Page 554 and 555:
pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
Page 556 and 557:
y winds. A stake, which is often a
Page 558 and 559:
TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
Page 560 and 561:
TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
Page 562 and 563:
Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
Page 564 and 565:
Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
Page 566 and 567:
may be divided such that each secti
Page 568 and 569:
FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
Page 570 and 571:
Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
Page 572 and 573:
Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
Page 574 and 575:
Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
Page 576 and 577:
The seed should be free from weeds
Page 578 and 579:
Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
Page 580 and 581:
A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
Page 582 and 583:
way, plants are able to adapt to th
Page 584 and 585:
form of a can placed on the lawn wi
Page 586 and 587:
TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
Page 588 and 589:
even surface soil surface for layin
Page 590 and 591:
MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
Page 592 and 593:
Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
Page 594 and 595:
4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
Page 596 and 597:
19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
Page 598 and 599:
defeat the purpose of pruning. The
Page 600 and 601:
Bud withers as cut end dries back d
Page 602 and 603:
19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
Page 604 and 605:
Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
Page 606 and 607:
3. In the third and subsequent year
Page 608 and 609:
(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
Page 610 and 611:
Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
Page 612 and 613:
TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
Page 614 and 615:
Summer pruning eliminates an energy
Page 616 and 617:
a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
Page 618 and 619:
FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
Page 620 and 621:
FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
Page 622 and 623:
years to promote continued lateral
Page 624 and 625:
Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
Page 626 and 627:
19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
Page 628 and 629:
FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
Page 630 and 631:
pyramid-like form that is wider at
Page 632 and 633:
After selecting the appropriate spe
Page 634 and 635:
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
Page 636 and 637:
20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
Page 638 and 639:
The National Agricultural Statistic
Page 640 and 641:
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
Page 642 and 643:
growers should take to determine an
Page 644 and 645:
pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
Page 646 and 647:
square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
Page 648 and 649:
High tunnels help increase the prof
Page 650 and 651:
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
Page 652 and 653:
20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
Page 654 and 655:
Establishing the Crop Planting into
Page 656 and 657:
home water supply from the tap. Thi
Page 658 and 659:
Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
Page 660 and 661:
6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
Page 662 and 663:
variable, ranging from creamy yello
Page 664 and 665:
There are two general production pr
Page 666 and 667:
This toxin is heat resistant and no
Page 668 and 669:
large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
Page 670 and 671:
REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
Page 672 and 673:
TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
Page 674 and 675:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
Page 676 and 677:
22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
Page 678 and 679:
22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
Page 680 and 681:
and the specific materials to be us
Page 682 and 683:
22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
Page 684 and 685:
preemergent or early postemergent o
Page 686 and 687:
Composting is a deliberate activity
Page 688 and 689:
22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
Page 690 and 691:
Moisture Supply Water is required b
Page 692 and 693:
Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
Page 694 and 695:
As microbial decomposition proceeds
Page 696 and 697:
Establishment and Management of an
Page 698 and 699:
night, freezing can occur in spring
Page 700 and 701:
accomplished by stratification. It
Page 702 and 703:
transmitted by the dagger nematode
Page 704 and 705:
PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
Page 706 and 707:
24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
Page 708 and 709:
to more than four-fold in standard
Page 710 and 711:
Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
Page 712 and 713:
FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
Page 714 and 715:
Principle Definition Types (or Uses
Page 716 and 717:
pH value-a measure of the acidity o
Page 718 and 719:
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
Page 720 and 721:
24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
Page 724 and 725:
Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
Page 726 and 727:
24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
Page 728 and 729:
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731:
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
Page 734 and 735:
25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
Page 736 and 737:
(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
Page 738 and 739:
TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Page 742 and 743:
Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
Page 754 and 755:
is replaced by the by-product of re
Page 756 and 757:
Stored produce may lose some color,
Page 758 and 759:
with pricing. When selling by volum
Page 760 and 761:
(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773:
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 800 and 801:
color plate 15 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 802 and 803:
color plate 17 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 804 and 805:
color plate 19 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 806 and 807:
color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
Page 808 and 809:
color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
Page 812 and 813:
color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 29 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 816 and 817:
color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d

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