APPLICATION, CHALLENGES,

APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS OF DAYLILY TISSUE CULTURE FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT The cloning and subsequent transfer into plants of ubiquitin inhibitor gene(s) and perhaps other genes including those influencing flower color and forms, might prolong the life and diversity of the color and shape of the flowers. In addition, the use of modern techniques might also avoid the incorporation of unwanted genes into the crop, which could occur during conventional plant breeding. MERISTEM AND INFLORESCENCE EXPLANTS AND RELATED CHALLENGES In daylily, methods for in vitro organogenesis have been established (Aziz et al., 2003; Krikorian and Kann, 1981; Meyer, 1976). The vegetative meristem can be used as explant of choice for in vitro plant regeneration (Smith and Krekorian, 1991). However, since it is located underground, meristematic tissues are difficult to obtain in a sterile condition and excision destroys the mother plant (Meyer, 1976). Of all the floral tissues investigated, the use of the whole inflorescence has become common in part because it is available en masse and less difficult to obtain in sterile condition. Also, it is relatively easier to manipulate the whole inflorescence than petals or sepals. However, limitations with the use of floral tissues are obvious. For instance, those tissues are not available all year-round and, further, they are reproductive cycle dependent. Thus, this limits the freedom of scientists working with daylily to plan and effectively carry out experiments when needed. LEAF EXPLANT POTENTIAL Leaf tissue may be the key to overcome such problems because: (1) with some exceptions, it is the only daylily organ above-ground that is available year-round; (2) it might be easier to obtain such tissues in sterile condition; (3) the use of the leaf as an explant might not affect the survival of the mother plant; and (4) the fact that leaf is flat and flexible might make it a more suitable target for particle bombardment and gene transfer, than the round and tough inflorescence. Further, it might be much easier to produce leaf discs providing an efficient wound area for Agrobacterium infection than the inflorescence for gene transformation. Despite all these advantages, the use of leaf tissue in daylily tissue culture is limited. This tissue is flexible and has successfully been used to produce protoplasts for subsequent production of callus and shoots (Ling and Sauve, 1995). However, the induction of shoots (Matand, 1999) or callus directly from leaf tissue has not been widely investigated (Matand, 1999). MORPHOGENIC POTENCY OF SELECTED GROWTH REGULATORS Morphogenesis in daylily has been manipulated using mostly common types of growth regulators such as NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid), 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenylacetic acid), BA (6-benzyl aminopurine), and KIN (kinetin), (Aziz et al., 2003; (Griesbach, 1989; Meyer, 1976). Thidiazuron (TDZ) has been proven to be a very powerful cytokinin. It is up to 10,000 times more active than DPU (N, N’-diphenylurea), and 10 times more active than 6.3 The Concept of Genetic Manipulation 189

zeatin (Pierik, 1987). In general, thidiazuron is 1000 times more active than other standard growth regulators (Huettman and Preece, 1993). The use of TDZ in daylily is also limited (Matand, 1999, Aziz et al., 2003) but has several advantages. TDZ is characterized by a unique rapid induction of repetitive multiple shoots across explants and plant species, which needs to be fully explored also in daylily. This chemical has consistently induced shoots faster in higher frequencies than other cytokinins commonly used. TDZ is successfully used across species to induce direct as well as indirect adventitious shoots (Matand and Prakash, 2007). It is used for shoot regeneration even at lower concentrations. The lowest TDZ recommended concentrations (established after investigation) in plant propagation is 10 8 M (Huetteman and Preece, 1993). TDZ concentrations lower than the preceding proposed is also applicable. Reports also suggest that when TDZ is being used for the first time in a new species, the initial experiment should be designed using 10 7 M as a middle concentration and evaluating two orders of magnitude above and below that concentration. The normally recommended concentration range of TDZ activity is 10 9 to 10 5 M (Huetteman and Preece, 1993). However, depending on the species, this range might proliferate more calli than shoots. Thus to reduce callus proliferation in favor of shoot growth, it is recommended to use concentrations up to 10 -4 M (Huetteman and Preece, 1993). PHYSICAL STATEOFTHEMEDIUM In some plant species, the success or failure of tissue culture might depend upon whether a liquid or an agar medium is employed (Murashige, 1974). For, instance, most bromeliads studied in laboratories could be started in cultures only in a liquid nutrient (Murashige, 1974). This has been true also with the cattleman orchid (Murashige, 1974). In contrast, shoot tip cultures of Asparagus (the closest relative of daylily) and Gerbera required initiation on agar gel medium (Chen and Galston, 1967). It has also been reported that the same species may require a different physical form of medium during each of the three growth stages in vitro. This change of the physical state of the nutrient medium in progressive stages of culture has been illustrated with Asparagus officinalis and Daucus carota (Murashige, 1974). In daylily, Krihorian and Kann (1981) demonstrated that besides semi-solid, liquid medium could be used to produce plants. Their studies suggested that the cultural conditions might be cultivar specific. They reported also that it is possible to use both solid and liquid medium to induce new shoots in daylily. Liquid medium was preferred over solid medium because of its more efficient use of space and the enhancement in shoot production (Krihorian and Kann, 1981). Also liquid medium has the capacity of diluting plant cell-excreted chemical toxic waste compared to solid medium. In liquid, explant cells are fully exposed to nutrients than on solid medium. However, their report failed to determine a shoot production ratio of liquid to solid medium in daylily. A rationale in the use of either physical medium needs further investigation in crop. 190 Chapter 6 Breeding Horticultural Plants THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSFORMATION METHOD IN REGENERATION EXPLANT SELECTION As indicated earlier, the selection of tissue culture method one should utilize for modern gene transfer into daylily should be dictated by the transformation technique. For instance, callus cells are more suitable for particle bombardment because a large number of cells that might be susceptible to subsequent plant regeneration can be efficiently arranged on the target plate for efficient gene blasts. This is also true for leaf tissue, except that in most cases plant regeneration is more likely to occur at leaf wound sites than non-wound areas. However, practically leaf wound cells are less likely to be

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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
Page 164 and 165: 1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
Page 166 and 167: Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
Page 168 and 169: (a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
Page 170 and 171: texture. The most commonly used gra
Page 172 and 173: TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
Page 174 and 175: Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
Page 176 and 177: Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
Page 178 and 179: 5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
Page 180 and 181: Growth in an organism follows a cer
Page 182 and 183: 5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
Page 184 and 185: waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
Page 186 and 187: 5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
Page 188 and 189: CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
Page 190 and 191: Growth and Development The general
Page 192 and 193: TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
Page 194 and 195: Certain plants are adapted to dry e
Page 196 and 197: conditions exist to sustain growth
Page 198 and 199: Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
Page 200 and 201: for success, since high temperature
Page 202 and 203: FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
Page 204 and 205: Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
Page 206 and 207: conditions—pertaining to light, m
Page 208 and 209: them to maturity. The major process
Page 210 and 211: 6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
Page 212 and 213: Similarly, there can be no plant br
Page 216 and 217: hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
Page 218 and 219: Generally, within ten days of exper
Page 220 and 221: Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
Page 222 and 223: (b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
Page 224 and 225: e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
Page 226 and 227: eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
Page 228 and 229: Before the seed or product becomes
Page 230 and 231: 6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
Page 232 and 233: 2. Political disagreement. There ar
Page 234 and 235: REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
Page 236 and 237: PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
Page 238 and 239: 7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
Page 240 and 241: 8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
Page 242 and 243: is also a root parasite that obtain
Page 244 and 245: LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
Page 246 and 247: Example Integrated cultural, physic
Page 248 and 249: 7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
Page 250 and 251: Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
Page 252 and 253: sucking insects (also found with so
Page 254 and 255: FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
Page 258 and 259: 7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
Page 260 and 261: FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
Page 262 and 263: fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
Page 492 and 493:
FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
Page 510 and 511:
Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
Page 512 and 513:
FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
Page 522 and 523:
Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
Page 532 and 533:
FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
Page 546 and 547:
TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
Page 548 and 549:
TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
Page 550 and 551:
they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
Page 554 and 555:
pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
Page 556 and 557:
y winds. A stake, which is often a
Page 558 and 559:
TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
Page 560 and 561:
TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
Page 566 and 567:
may be divided such that each secti
Page 568 and 569:
FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
Page 572 and 573:
Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
Page 576 and 577:
The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
Page 582 and 583:
way, plants are able to adapt to th
Page 584 and 585:
form of a can placed on the lawn wi
Page 586 and 587:
TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
Page 588 and 589:
even surface soil surface for layin
Page 590 and 591:
MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
Page 592 and 593:
Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
Page 594 and 595:
4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
Page 596 and 597:
19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
Page 598 and 599:
defeat the purpose of pruning. The
Page 600 and 601:
Bud withers as cut end dries back d
Page 602 and 603:
19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
Page 604 and 605:
Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
Page 606 and 607:
3. In the third and subsequent year
Page 608 and 609:
(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
Page 614 and 615:
Summer pruning eliminates an energy
Page 616 and 617:
a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
Page 618 and 619:
FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
Page 620 and 621:
FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
Page 622 and 623:
years to promote continued lateral
Page 624 and 625:
Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
Page 626 and 627:
19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
Page 628 and 629:
FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
Page 630 and 631:
pyramid-like form that is wider at
Page 632 and 633:
After selecting the appropriate spe
Page 634 and 635:
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
Page 636 and 637:
20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
Page 638 and 639:
The National Agricultural Statistic
Page 640 and 641:
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
Page 642 and 643:
growers should take to determine an
Page 644 and 645:
pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
Page 646 and 647:
square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
Page 648 and 649:
High tunnels help increase the prof
Page 650 and 651:
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
Page 652 and 653:
20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
Page 654 and 655:
Establishing the Crop Planting into
Page 656 and 657:
home water supply from the tap. Thi
Page 658 and 659:
Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
Page 660 and 661:
6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
Page 662 and 663:
variable, ranging from creamy yello
Page 664 and 665:
There are two general production pr
Page 666 and 667:
This toxin is heat resistant and no
Page 668 and 669:
large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
Page 670 and 671:
REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
Page 672 and 673:
TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
Page 674 and 675:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
Page 676 and 677:
22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
Page 678 and 679:
22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
Page 680 and 681:
and the specific materials to be us
Page 682 and 683:
22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
Page 684 and 685:
preemergent or early postemergent o
Page 686 and 687:
Composting is a deliberate activity
Page 688 and 689:
22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
Page 690 and 691:
Moisture Supply Water is required b
Page 692 and 693:
Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
Page 694 and 695:
As microbial decomposition proceeds
Page 696 and 697:
Establishment and Management of an
Page 698 and 699:
night, freezing can occur in spring
Page 700 and 701:
accomplished by stratification. It
Page 702 and 703:
transmitted by the dagger nematode
Page 704 and 705:
PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
Page 706 and 707:
24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
Page 708 and 709:
to more than four-fold in standard
Page 710 and 711:
Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
Page 712 and 713:
FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
Page 714 and 715:
Principle Definition Types (or Uses
Page 716 and 717:
pH value-a measure of the acidity o
Page 718 and 719:
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
Page 720 and 721:
24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
Page 722 and 723:
3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
Page 724 and 725:
Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
Page 726 and 727:
24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
Page 728 and 729:
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731:
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
Page 732 and 733:
FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
Page 734 and 735:
25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
Page 736 and 737:
(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
Page 738 and 739:
TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
Page 740 and 741:
26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Page 742 and 743:
Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
Page 744 and 745:
26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
Page 746 and 747:
27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
Page 748 and 749:
whereas oranges are picked (they ha
Page 750 and 751:
(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
Page 752 and 753:
To reduce packaging injury, contain
Page 754 and 755:
is replaced by the by-product of re
Page 756 and 757:
Stored produce may lose some color,
Page 758 and 759:
with pricing. When selling by volum
Page 760 and 761:
(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
Page 762 and 763:
APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
Page 764 and 765:
APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
Page 766 and 767:
APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
Page 768 and 769:
Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
Page 770 and 771:
GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773:
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
Page 774 and 775:
Floriculture The science and practi
Page 776 and 777:
M Macronutrient An essential elemen
Page 778 and 779:
Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
Page 780 and 781:
INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
Page 782 and 783:
defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
Page 784 and 785:
Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
Page 786 and 787:
color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
Page 788 and 789:
color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
Page 790 and 791:
color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
Page 792 and 793:
color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
Page 794 and 795:
color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
Page 796 and 797:
color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
Page 798 and 799:
color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 800 and 801:
color plate 15 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 802 and 803:
color plate 17 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 804 and 805:
color plate 19 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 806 and 807:
color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
Page 808 and 809:
color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
Page 810 and 811:
color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
Page 812 and 813:
color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
Page 814 and 815:
color plate 29 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 816 and 817:
color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d

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