(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1–1 The many faces of horticulture. Horticulture’s role in society is diverse: (a) horticultural produce is found in the grocery store; (b) greenhouses provide employment and plants for various uses; (c) landscaping enhances urban centers; (d) landscaping residential areas; (e) potted plants are used to enhance the interior and exterior decor of homes; (f) researchers and teachers of horticulture train students and develop improved cultivars of plants; (g) florists cater to a variety of needs in the community where flowers play a role and provide jobs; (h) botanical gardens provide recreational and educational opportunities to visitors; and (i) commercial producers of horticulture crops contribute to the local and national economies. (Source: For (a), (b), (e-h): George Acquaah, (c) Kim Sayer © Dorling Kindersley, (d) Alan Keohane © Dorling Kindersley (i) USDA), (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) 1.2 A Brief History of Horticulture 5
MYRIAD BOTANICAL GARDENS 100 Myriad Gardens Oklahoma City, OK 73102 DR. ALLAN STORJOHANN, MANAGER 6 Chapter 1 What Is Horticulture? HISTORY OF THE GARDENS The idea of cultivating a garden in downtown Oklahoma City began when world-renowned architect I. M. Pei was commissioned by city leaders, led by oil and gas pioneer Dean A. McGee (CEO of Kerr-McGee Corporation), in 1964 to create a revitalization plan for downtown Oklahoma City. The resulting Pei Plan incorporated parkland for the development of a cultural, recreational, and commercial complex. The area that is now the Myriad Botanical Gardens was originally designed by I.M. Pei to model the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, Denmark. The development of the Pei Plan, and the gardens in particular, became the lifelong project of McGee. He even motivated a core group of civic leaders to travel to Tivoli Gardens and learn more about the success of the celebrated attraction. On May 5, 1970, the name Myriad Gardens was officially adopted. Three months later, on August 11, 1970, the Oklahoma City Council established a 19-member Myriad Development Task Force. The principal responsibility of the task force was to assist the City in the successful planning, programming and implementation of the Myriad Gardens. After a national competition in 1971, the task force chose an architect for the Gardens, the New York firm of Conklin & Rossant. The City of Oklahoma City purchased the site for the Myriad Gardens in 1975 for $900,000. Investment in the development phase, including initial site clearing and utility relocation, was approximately $1.2 million. Buildings that originally stood on the Myriad Gardens site included the Biltmore Hotel, City National Bank Building, and the Oklahoma Club. On September 16, 1975, the Myriad Gardens Authority, a public trust, was created and charged with developing the 17-acre property. McGee continued his leadership role at the Gardens and was appointed as the Trust Chairman. Work began on the Gardens on November 17, 1977, with a ceremonial groundbreaking. Construction of the garden’s infrastructure, including the base of the conservatory, tunnel, water stage, and other core facilities continued over the next four years as funding became available. Oklahoma City–based RGDC was the structural engineering firm heading the project. In 1981, the Myriad Gardens Foundation was formed to raise private funds for the construction of the conservatory designed by Conklin & Rossant. It was also at this time that Oklahoma City–based architectural firm HTB was hired to design and landscape the west perimeter of the outdoor gardens. Lippert Brothers Construction began work on the Conservatory in September 1983. Edmond, Oklahoma–based Trafco Constructors Inc. accomplished the difficult task of designing and building the 17 tricord trusses that make up the framework of the unique conservatory. The structure was completed in 1985. The interior design of the Crystal Bridge was done by Loftis Bell Downing and Partners, Architects and Planners with the exotic plants being acquired and installed from 1987 to 1988 by Director Mike Bush (Figure 1). In the summer of 1987, the Oklahoma City Parks and Recreation Department took over the operation and maintenance of the Gardens. The Crystal Bridge opened its doors to the public on March 25, 1988. The outdoor grounds continued to grow as funding became available. The Herman and LaDonna Meinders Foundation donated two outdoor specialty gardens to the Myriad
FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
called cristae; this extreme foldin
By virtue of its position, the prim
Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
absorption of water and minerals fr
Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
concentration in the atmosphere.A c
TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
and upward. Another important gener
Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
and plants that flower under only c
times of the year. Growers start th
content. This section is sometimes
TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
One of the most commonly used contr
Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
Fertilizers may be applied before p
It is neither practical nor safe to
Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
can self-install an underground irr
1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
texture. The most commonly used gra
TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
Growth in an organism follows a cer
5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
Growth and Development The general
TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
Certain plants are adapted to dry e
conditions exist to sustain growth
Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
for success, since high temperature
FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
conditions—pertaining to light, m
them to maturity. The major process
6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
Similarly, there can be no plant br
APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
Generally, within ten days of exper
Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
Before the seed or product becomes
6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
2. Political disagreement. There ar
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
is also a root parasite that obtain
LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
Example Integrated cultural, physic
7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
sucking insects (also found with so
FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
For the home growers or those who c
for consumers and the environment).
TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
In a competitive industry, a variet
Chemicals gain access to humans thr
2. Pesticide management. Controllin
Every organism has its natural enem
TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
application, a particular herbicide
Further, they do not provide unifor
SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
Sulfur may be applied for both prev
8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
Germination Test In laboratory prac
FIGURE 15 The essential structures
processing into flour or meal). How
physiologically immature seeds must
seeds may be treated in this way be
The two basic modes of seedling eme
locations in the field. Home garden
FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
y the gardener or grower. Whatever
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
species enables vegetative propagat
for rapid rooting. There are two ba
Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
This practice is especially importa
10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
variety of ways. In air layering, a
FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
The technique is used widely in cro
PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
Window Displays Plants in windows e
CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
annuals and hardy perennial species
of the large container filled with
perfection about four to six weeks
FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
The lighting condition near these w
Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
may be used for one pot or a group
garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
The photoperiod affects when the ho
patted firm to keep the plant erect
Other Materials Apart from clay and
(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
• Keep soil moist all the time
• Prefers high temperatures • P
amount and quality of light. If sup
12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
Detached greenhouses have several a
12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
horticultural business a less-expen
Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
source of heat for times when the t
FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
Research program on greenhouse engi
greenhouses equipped with a variety
FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
This system was demonstrated in a 5
FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
or object to be warmed. Failure to
objects in its path (e.g., the floo
FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
Source of Water The quality of loca
FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
However, in winter, greenhouse vent
OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
2. Labor. The size of the labor for
FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
knowledge, with concern for resourc
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
the landscape. Some very successful
Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
How frequently do they entertain? A
the patio should be located on the
15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
3. Supply materials on a timely bas
such as preparation rooms (for mixi
of environmental fluctuations. Furt
FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
17 Installation of the Landscape PU
for walks, driveways, and patios (F
Planting may be limited to accentin
17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
they determine the success and surv
12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
y winds. A stake, which is often a
TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
may be divided such that each secti
FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
The seed should be free from weeds
Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
way, plants are able to adapt to th
form of a can placed on the lawn wi
TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
even surface soil surface for layin
MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
defeat the purpose of pruning. The
Bud withers as cut end dries back d
19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
3. In the third and subsequent year
(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
Summer pruning eliminates an energy
a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
years to promote continued lateral
Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
pyramid-like form that is wider at
After selecting the appropriate spe
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
The National Agricultural Statistic
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
growers should take to determine an
pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
High tunnels help increase the prof
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
Establishing the Crop Planting into
home water supply from the tap. Thi
Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
variable, ranging from creamy yello
There are two general production pr
This toxin is heat resistant and no
large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
and the specific materials to be us
22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
preemergent or early postemergent o
Composting is a deliberate activity
22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
Moisture Supply Water is required b
Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
As microbial decomposition proceeds
Establishment and Management of an
night, freezing can occur in spring
accomplished by stratification. It
transmitted by the dagger nematode
PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
to more than four-fold in standard
Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
Principle Definition Types (or Uses
pH value-a measure of the acidity o
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
whereas oranges are picked (they ha
(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
To reduce packaging injury, contain
is replaced by the by-product of re
Stored produce may lose some color,
with pricing. When selling by volum
(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
Floriculture The science and practi
M Macronutrient An essential elemen
Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 15 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 17 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 19 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
color plate 29 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d