Horticulture Principles and Practices

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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis spp.), American elm (Ulmus Americana), poplar (Populus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), sumac (Rhus spp.), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum). Species that are not tolerant of transplanting include walnut (Juglans spp.), oak (Quercus macrocarpa), and buckeye (Aesculus spp.). 17.14 PLANTING TREES The success of a transplanted tree seedling depends on the timing of planting, seedling preplanting preparation, soil preparation, and planting technique, among other factors. 17.14.1 TIMING Spring offers the best conditions for planting many tree species. The conditions at this time provide adequate moisture and warm soils for plant root establishment and growth. The relatively cool temperatures of spring minimize moisture loss through transpiration and thus reduce the incidence of transplanting shock. The cool temperatures of fall (in areas where winters are mild) also provide good conditions for planting trees. The limitation to planting under this condition is frozen soil. Many deciduous and evergreen broadleaf trees as well as conifers may be planted during this period. Planting in summer is most challenging because of the high temperatures and intense sunlight that induce rapid drying of plant tissue. Some container plants may be planted during this period but will require great care for success. 17.14.2 LOCATING PLANTS Trees live for a long time in the landscape. Mistakes in locating them can be costly. Locating plants in the landscape should be done very judiciously, taking into account structures like sidewalks, pavements, light posts, buildings, and the adult plant size and form. Trees should be located where they will have ample room for both root and crown to develop fully. The light conditions, soil pH, and soil moisture are critical factors to consider as well. 17.14.3 DIGGING THE HOLE Some general guidelines should be observed in digging a hole for planting trees. First, the hole should be large enough to contain the plant roots without the need to squeeze or pack them tightly. There should be ample room around the roots for soil to be added. The hole should be at least 12 inches wider than the ball of roots. The depth of the hole should be such that when the plant is set, the original soil level on the plant is maintained after filling the hole with soil. It should be about 6 inches deeper than the soil ball around the roots. The topsoil should be carefully piled up near the hole in a separate heap from the subsoil, which is called the backfill soil. This practice may not be possible when a tractormounted power take-off is used to dig the hole. 17.14.4 PLANT PREPARATION Bare-root plants should be sent to the field in a container of water to avoid drying roots. The roots are then carefully pruned before setting in the hole. In container plants, the potbound roots should be straightened and spread out before placing them in the hole. 17.14.5 PLANTING Bare-root plants need to be held while setting them in the hole. First, some backfill soil is placed in the hole. The plant is then held such that the crown is slightly above the soil level, and the hole is refilled with topsoil or, as some growers prefer, amended soil (soil mixed with organic matter and sometimes fertilizer). After filling, the soil should be packed firmly by tamping with a foot or stick, making sure the trunk remains erect (Figure 17–8). In the Backfill Soil Topsoil dug out of a hole and used to fill it during seedling transplanting. 17.14 Planting Trees 529
FIGURE 17–8 Planting a bareroot tree seedling. Backfill Berm Prune root if too long FIGURE 17–9 Planting a balled and burlapped tree seedling. Backfill Untie rope Cut away exposed burlap Cut burlap in several places case of burlapped seedlings, the ball is set in the hole before untying the ropes. A broken soil ball may result in the seedling’s death. The crown should also be set above the soil line. The burlap material is usually biodegradable and need not be removed before planting. Instead, only the overhanging top is trimmed off (Figure 17–9). The remainder of the space is filled with topsoil and patted firm. If the burlap material is not biodegradable, it must be removed by making a slit in the bottom of the wrapping and pulling it up after properly setting the seedling in the hole. Under no circumstances should a plant be planted at a depth lower than it was before transplanting. Plants are easily killed when seedlings are planted too deeply. It may be helpful to mark the original soil level on the seedling prior to transplanting. 17.15 POSTPLANTING IMMEDIATE CARE Newly planted tree seedlings require immediate care to increase the chance of successful establishment. This care package includes the following: Berm A circular ridge of soil constructed around the base of a newly transplanted tree to hold water. 1. Installing a berm. After firming the soil, a water-retaining wall or ridged structure called a berm may be installed by using the excess soil to form a ring around the trunk (Figure 17–10). This structure forms a basin to hold water around the base of the tree. 2. Mulching. A mulch should be placed around the base of the stem to control weeds and retain moisture in the bare soil. Mulching also prevents the soil from cracking and aids in soil infiltration by water and rapid root development. 3. Staking and anchoring (or guying). Balled and burlapped seedlings are often selfsupporting. Newly planted tree seedlings, especially bare-root seedlings, are prone to toppling by the wind. Without additional support, the tree may be tilted 530 Chapter 17 Installation of the Landscape
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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Page 506 and 507: GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
Page 508 and 509: the landscape. Some very successful
Page 510 and 511: Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
Page 512 and 513: FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
Page 514 and 515: How frequently do they entertain? A
Page 516 and 517: the patio should be located on the
Page 518 and 519: 15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
Page 520 and 521: Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
Page 522 and 523: Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
Page 524 and 525: SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
Page 526 and 527: 3. Supply materials on a timely bas
Page 528 and 529: such as preparation rooms (for mixi
Page 530 and 531: of environmental fluctuations. Furt
Page 532 and 533: FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
Page 534 and 535: 17 Installation of the Landscape PU
Page 536 and 537: for walks, driveways, and patios (F
Page 538 and 539: Planting may be limited to accentin
Page 540 and 541: 17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
Page 542 and 543: FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
Page 544 and 545: SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
Page 546 and 547: TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
Page 548 and 549: TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
Page 550 and 551: they determine the success and surv
Page 552 and 553: 12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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Page 558 and 559: TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
Page 560 and 561: TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
Page 562 and 563: Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
Page 564 and 565: Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
Page 566 and 567: may be divided such that each secti
Page 568 and 569: FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
Page 570 and 571: Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
Page 572 and 573: Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
Page 574 and 575: Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
Page 576 and 577: The seed should be free from weeds
Page 578 and 579: Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
Page 580 and 581: A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
Page 582 and 583: way, plants are able to adapt to th
Page 584 and 585: form of a can placed on the lawn wi
Page 586 and 587: TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
Page 588 and 589: even surface soil surface for layin
Page 590 and 591: MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
Page 592 and 593: Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
Page 594 and 595: 4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
Page 596 and 597: 19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
Page 598 and 599: defeat the purpose of pruning. The
Page 600 and 601: Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
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FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
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25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
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FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
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Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
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is replaced by the by-product of re
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Stored produce may lose some color,
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with pricing. When selling by volum
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(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
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Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
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color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
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color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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