Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 2003. Genetic transformation of Stella De Oro daylily by particle bombardment. Can. J. Plant Sci. 83: 873–876. Bent A.F., 2000. Arabidopsis in Planta transformation. Uses, mechanisms, and prospects for transformation of other species. Plant Physiology 124: 1540–1547. Chen H. and Galston A.W., 1967. Growth and development of Pelar geranium pith cells in virto Physiol. Plant 20:533–539. Courtney S.E., Rider C.C., Stead A.D., 1994. Changes in protein ubiquitination and the expression of ubiquitin-encoding transcripts in daylily petals during floral development and senescence. Physiol. Plant 90: 196–204. Griesbach R.J., 1989. Selection of dwarf Hemerocallis through tissue culture HortScience 24:1037–1028. Huettman C.A., and Preece J.E. Thidiazuron: a potent cytokinin for woody plant tissue culture. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 33:105–119. Krikorian A.D. and Kann R.P., 1981. Plantlet production form morphogenetically competent cell suspensions of daylily. Ann. Bot 47: 679–636. Ling J. and Sauve R.J., 1995. Isolation of daylily mesophyll protoplasts. Plant Cell Reports 15: 293–296. Matand K., 1999. Tissue and Histological Studies in Daylily. Ph. D. Thesis. Dept. of Plant and Soil Science, Alabama A & M University, Normal, AL., U.S.A. Matand K. and Prakash C.S., 2007. Evaluation of Peanut Genotypes for In Virto Plant Regeneration Using Thidiazuron Journal of Biotechnology (Online Publication ht://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=articleURL&_udi=B6T3C-4N4J2VP- 37_user=7517; doi:10.1016/jbiotec.2007.02.014) Meyer Jr.,M.M., 1976. Propagation of daylily by tissue culture. Horscience 11:485–487. Murashige T., 1974. Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25:135–166. Murashige T., and Skoog F., 1962. A revised suitable medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15:473–497. Panavas T., Pikula A., Reid P.D., Rubinstein B., Walker E.L., 1999. Identification of senescence-associated genes from daylily petals. Plant Mol. Biol. 40:237–248. Pierik R.L.M., 1987. In vitro culture of higher plants Eds Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp344. Smith D.L. and Krikorian A.D., 1991. Growth and maintenance of an embryogenic cell culture of daylily (Hemerocallis) on hormone-free medium. Ann. of Bot. 67:591–597. Stout A.B., 1986. Daylilies. Ed. Saga Press. N. Y. pp145. Traub H., 1936. Propagation of Hemericallis (dayliles) by crown cuttage. Herbertia 3:123. Vain P., 2007. Thirty years of plant transformation technology development. Plant Biotechnology Journal 5 (2): 221–229. 6.3 The Concept of Genetic Manipulation 195
6.4 REVIEW OF GENERAL GENETIC PRINCIPLES Phenotype A biological characteristic or a trait possessed by an organism that results from the expression of a specific gene. The dominant scientific discipline in plant breeding is genetics, since breeding is all about manipulating the genetics of the organism in a predetermined way. The cell is the unit of organization of living things. Some organisms, like bacteria, are entirely one cell (unicellular) while others comprise numerous cells (multicellular). In one group of organisms, prokaryotes, the cellular components coexist without barriers, while in eukaryotes, the components are compartmentalized into discrete units called organelles, with membranous walls. The organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, which are the three parts of a plant cell that contain DNA, the hereditary material. Each nucleus contains a set of chromosomes (or genes) that is characteristic of the species, called the genome. A sexually reproducing plant has two basic types of cells, the gametes (pollen, ovules) of the sex cell have half the number (haploid, n) of the chromosomes of the somatic (body) cells (diploid, 2n). The nuclear chromosomes are subject to the laws of genetics as described by Mendel and are transmitted through the hereditary process in a predictable fashion (Mendelian inheritance). The genes in the mitochondria and chloroplast (extranuclear) are not subject to Mendel’s laws (cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance). The totality of all the genes an individual possesses constitutes its genotype. However, this total number is hard to determine. The term is more commonly used to represent the specific combinations of alleles present at a locus or loci of interest. That is, if the alleles of height are H and h, the genotype of an individual with respect to height, could be HH, Hh, or hh. What is observed is called the phenotype. The cells in a sexually reproducing organism may undergo one of two basic kinds of cell division. Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus divides to create two identical daughter nuclei that contain the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell. It occurs only in the somatic tissue. Meiosis, the other division process, occurs only in the gametes and results in four cells with the haploid number of chromosomes as well as being nonidentical. This is because of the critical genetic phenomenon called crossing over in which certain chromosomes physically exchange parts. There is a shuffling of chromosomes in a new genetic matrix (recombination) to create new cells that are unlike the mother cell. Recombination is the primary source of variation in sexually reproducing organisms. It is the reason why no two individuals are genetically alike (except identical twins). 196 Chapter 6 Breeding Horticultural Plants 6.5 BRIEF REVIEW OF MENDELIAN GENETICS The fundamental unit of heredity is called a gene, a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait. There are alternate forms of a gene, called alleles. A diploid organism has two of these forms at a specific site on the chromosome (locus). Alleles control the same trait (e.g., height) but with different effects (e.g., short, tall). A diploid has only two alleles at one time at each locus, and may have identical or different effects (Figure 6–1). If different, one of the alleles (dominant) may mask the expression of the other (recessive). The locus with identical alleles is said to be homozygous, while one with different alleles is said to be heterozygous. An individual that is heterozygous for the locus of interest will produce two distinct types of alleles because the alleles segregate into different gametes during meiosis (Mendel’s law of segregation). Consequently, when two heterozygous individuals are crossed, random combinations will allow the two alleles to form new combinations, including one in which two recessive alleles will occupy the same locus. By being homozygous, the recessive allele whose effect was suppressed previously by the dominant allele in the heterozygous state, is now able to fully express its effect. When more than one locus of interest is simultaneously considered, the same principle operates. The genes for the different traits are inherited independently of each other. This is called Mendel’s law of independent assortment. Plant breeders, knowing these laws, can select parents for use in crosses to produce predictable outcomes.
HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
With love to Theresa, quarterback;
Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
Preface Horticulture is the area of
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
What Is Horticulture? This site pro
Examples of botanical gardens http:
2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
Eight major taxa are commonly used
TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
possible system of nomenclature. Ho
TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
called cristae; this extreme foldin
By virtue of its position, the prim
Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
absorption of water and minerals fr
Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
concentration in the atmosphere.A c
TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
and upward. Another important gener
Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
and plants that flower under only c
times of the year. Growers start th
content. This section is sometimes
TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
One of the most commonly used contr
Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
Fertilizers may be applied before p
It is neither practical nor safe to
Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
can self-install an underground irr
1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
In a competitive industry, a variet
Chemicals gain access to humans thr
2. Pesticide management. Controllin
Every organism has its natural enem
TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
application, a particular herbicide
Further, they do not provide unifor
SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
Sulfur may be applied for both prev
8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
Germination Test In laboratory prac
FIGURE 15 The essential structures
processing into flour or meal). How
physiologically immature seeds must
seeds may be treated in this way be
The two basic modes of seedling eme
locations in the field. Home garden
FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
y the gardener or grower. Whatever
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
species enables vegetative propagat
for rapid rooting. There are two ba
Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
This practice is especially importa
10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
variety of ways. In air layering, a
FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
The technique is used widely in cro
PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
Window Displays Plants in windows e
CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
annuals and hardy perennial species
of the large container filled with
perfection about four to six weeks
FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
The lighting condition near these w
Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
may be used for one pot or a group
garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
The photoperiod affects when the ho
patted firm to keep the plant erect
Other Materials Apart from clay and
(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
• Keep soil moist all the time
• Prefers high temperatures • P
amount and quality of light. If sup
12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
Detached greenhouses have several a
12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
horticultural business a less-expen
Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
source of heat for times when the t
FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
Research program on greenhouse engi
greenhouses equipped with a variety
FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
This system was demonstrated in a 5
FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
or object to be warmed. Failure to
objects in its path (e.g., the floo
FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
Source of Water The quality of loca
FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
However, in winter, greenhouse vent
OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
2. Labor. The size of the labor for
FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
knowledge, with concern for resourc
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
the landscape. Some very successful
Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
How frequently do they entertain? A
the patio should be located on the
15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
3. Supply materials on a timely bas
such as preparation rooms (for mixi
of environmental fluctuations. Furt
FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
17 Installation of the Landscape PU
for walks, driveways, and patios (F
Planting may be limited to accentin
17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
they determine the success and surv
12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
y winds. A stake, which is often a
TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
may be divided such that each secti
FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
The seed should be free from weeds
Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
way, plants are able to adapt to th
form of a can placed on the lawn wi
TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
even surface soil surface for layin
MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
defeat the purpose of pruning. The
Bud withers as cut end dries back d
19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
3. In the third and subsequent year
(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
Summer pruning eliminates an energy
a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
years to promote continued lateral
Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
pyramid-like form that is wider at
After selecting the appropriate spe
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
The National Agricultural Statistic
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
growers should take to determine an
pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
High tunnels help increase the prof
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
Establishing the Crop Planting into
home water supply from the tap. Thi
Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
variable, ranging from creamy yello
There are two general production pr
This toxin is heat resistant and no
large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
and the specific materials to be us
22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
preemergent or early postemergent o
Composting is a deliberate activity
22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
Moisture Supply Water is required b
Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
As microbial decomposition proceeds
Establishment and Management of an
night, freezing can occur in spring
accomplished by stratification. It
transmitted by the dagger nematode
PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
to more than four-fold in standard
Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
Principle Definition Types (or Uses
pH value-a measure of the acidity o
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
whereas oranges are picked (they ha
(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
To reduce packaging injury, contain
is replaced by the by-product of re
Stored produce may lose some color,
with pricing. When selling by volum
(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
Floriculture The science and practi
M Macronutrient An essential elemen
Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 15 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 17 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 19 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
color plate 29 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Magazine: Horticulture Principles and Practices
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