HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic

HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic

With love to Theresa, quarterback;

Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T

Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND

5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4

8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276

12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

PART 6 Summary 541 References and S

22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668

Preface Horticulture is the area of

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful

PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT

1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND

(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many

FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of

CYCADS Many people mistake these pr

FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran

FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on

FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu

1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS

1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic

TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export

Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te

What Is Horticulture? This site pro

Examples of botanical gardens http:

2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu

Eight major taxa are commonly used

TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King

HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F

AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events

possible system of nomenclature. Ho

TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N

2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O

2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun

Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B

FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by

2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES

(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George

FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So

FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras

such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj

c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t

Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level

ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an

called cristae; this extreme foldin

By virtue of its position, the prim

Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem

(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross

Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul

Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU

usually occur in xerophytes. In cer

FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma

FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti

absorption of water and minerals fr

Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T

Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41

Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4

PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.

4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT

concentration in the atmosphere.A c

TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se

and upward. Another important gener

Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr

and plants that flower under only c

times of the year. Growers start th

content. This section is sometimes

TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es

Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic

Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio

4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources

One of the most commonly used contr

Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l

Fertilizers may be applied before p

It is neither practical nor safe to

Solution: How much of ammonium nitr

1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu

Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl

Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water

FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le

can self-install an underground irr

1. Surface drainage. Surface draina

Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i

(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source

texture. The most commonly used gra

TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes

Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri

Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio

5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE

Growth in an organism follows a cer

5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH

waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o

5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis

CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of

Growth and Development The general

TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero

Certain plants are adapted to dry e

conditions exist to sustain growth

Shoot Elongation In certain plants,

for success, since high temperature

FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh

Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla

conditions—pertaining to light, m

them to maturity. The major process

6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR

Similarly, there can be no plant br

APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE

hit with target DNA. Therefore, it

Generally, within ten days of exper

Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200

(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R

e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele

eeder’s equation. Simply stated,

Before the seed or product becomes

6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE

2. Political disagreement. There ar

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac

PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA

7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur

8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways

is also a root parasite that obtain

LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal

Example Integrated cultural, physic

7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec

Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins

sucking insects (also found with so

FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S

TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases

7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,

FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P

fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,

SUMMARY Insects are a major class o

For the home growers or those who c

for consumers and the environment).

TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an

gibberellic acid spray overcomes st

In a competitive industry, a variet

Chemicals gain access to humans thr

2. Pesticide management. Controllin

Every organism has its natural enem

TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol

1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr

6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous

Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi

under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa

FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye

8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO

application, a particular herbicide

Further, they do not provide unifor

SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us

Sulfur may be applied for both prev

8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES

PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL

9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX

Anther Microspore Megaspore mother

Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa

FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal

Germination Test In laboratory prac

FIGURE 15 The essential structures

processing into flour or meal). How

physiologically immature seeds must

seeds may be treated in this way be

The two basic modes of seedling eme

locations in the field. Home garden

FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:

(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed

y the gardener or grower. Whatever

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co

species enables vegetative propagat

for rapid rooting. There are two ba

Cutting involving one node (e.g., s

This practice is especially importa

10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting

(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl

10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting

Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar

MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD

MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA

Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU

variety of ways. In air layering, a

FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop

Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi

The technique is used widely in cro

PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT

11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND

TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo

Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To

Window Displays Plants in windows e

CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR

annuals and hardy perennial species

of the large container filled with

perfection about four to six weeks

FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th

TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo

The lighting condition near these w

Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh

may be used for one pot or a group

garden rooms, atriums, or a large c

The photoperiod affects when the ho

patted firm to keep the plant erect

Other Materials Apart from clay and

(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan

TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House

• Keep soil moist all the time

• Prefers high temperatures • P

amount and quality of light. If sup

12 Controlled-Environment Horticult

6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do

Detached greenhouses have several a

12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b

horticultural business a less-expen

Texas, Hawaii, and California. The

source of heat for times when the t

FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production

FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing

Research program on greenhouse engi

greenhouses equipped with a variety

FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per

This system was demonstrated in a 5

FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut

Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini

or object to be warmed. Failure to

TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T

TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras

they determine the success and surv

12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t

pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s

y winds. A stake, which is often a

TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever

TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru

Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub

Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci

may be divided such that each secti

FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah

Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In

Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo

Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and

The seed should be free from weeds

Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup

A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging

way, plants are able to adapt to th

form of a can placed on the lawn wi

TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur

even surface soil surface for layin

MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns

Pruning is sometimes done in conjun

4. Pruning may be done to reduce th

19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t

defeat the purpose of pruning. The

Bud withers as cut end dries back d

19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR

Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a

3. In the third and subsequent year

(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step

Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab

TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT

Summer pruning eliminates an energy

a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple

FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can

FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to

years to promote continued lateral

Horizontal Espalier The horizontal

19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are

FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas

pyramid-like form that is wider at

After selecting the appropriate spe

PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG

20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP

The National Agricultural Statistic

(This item omitted from WebBook edi

growers should take to determine an

pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da

square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ

High tunnels help increase the prof

(This item omitted from WebBook edi

20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V

Establishing the Crop Planting into

home water supply from the tap. Thi

Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean

6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe

variable, ranging from creamy yello

There are two general production pr

This toxin is heat resistant and no

large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw

REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab

TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1

22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE

22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING

and the specific materials to be us

22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY

preemergent or early postemergent o

Composting is a deliberate activity

22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI

Moisture Supply Water is required b

Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir

As microbial decomposition proceeds

Establishment and Management of an

night, freezing can occur in spring

accomplished by stratification. It

transmitted by the dagger nematode

PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL

24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU

to more than four-fold in standard

Temperature and Humidity Wilting re

FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J

Principle Definition Types (or Uses

pH value-a measure of the acidity o

FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d

24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool

3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad

Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl

24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr

25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX

FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar

FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use

25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai

(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c

TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop

26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO

Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9

26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to

27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi

whereas oranges are picked (they ha

(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR

To reduce packaging injury, contain

is replaced by the by-product of re

Stored produce may lose some color,

with pricing. When selling by volum

(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p

APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting

APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart

APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na

Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa

GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from

Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th

Floriculture The science and practi

M Macronutrient An essential elemen

Root cap A mass of hard cells cover

INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A

defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434

Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re

color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M

color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (

color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (

color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (

color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (

color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow

color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

color plate 15 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

color plate 17 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

color plate 19 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)

color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)

color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)

color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)

color plate 29 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d